丝尾鳠肌肉营养成份测定和评价

对丝尾!（Ｍｙｓｔｕｓｗｙｃｋｉｏｉｄｅｓ）肌肉的营养成分进行了测定，并对其营养价值作出评价。结果显示，丝尾!含肉率为６８．３９％，肌肉中水分含量为７８．９２％，粗蛋白含量１７．８５％，粗脂肪含量０．８０％，灰分含量２．４３％；肌肉中水解氨基酸总量为１３．００％，含量最高为缬氨酸（Ｖａｌ），占１．２４％，最低为胱氨酸（Ｃｙｓ），占０．４１％；必需氨基酸含量为５．８０％，占氨基酸总量的４４．６２％。依据１９８５年ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ推荐的蛋白质模式为评价标准，计算得出学龄前儿童、学龄儿童和成人３种不同人群水平的氨基酸价（ＡＡＳ）分别为１７６．２６、２５５．６９和５１３．８２；第一和第二限制氨基酸都是亮氨酸（Ｌｅｕ）和赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ）。研究表明，丝尾!是一种高蛋白质、低脂肪、有开发前景的珍稀和优质鱼类。     

生长猪不同赖氨酸/消化能水平日粮饲养效果对比试验报告

生长猪饲喂Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ ３种日粮，Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ的消化能均为１２．７ＭＪ／ｋｇ，赖氨酸含量分别为０．７０％、０．７５％、０．８０％，Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ赖氨酸／消化能比分别为０．５５ｇ／ＭＪ、０．５９ｇ／ＭＪ、０．６３ｇ／ＭＪ。结果表明，饲养４周时，头均增重Ｂ＞Ｃ＞Ａ，Ｄ、Ａ间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），料重比Ａ＞Ｃ＞Ｂ，Ｄ、Ａ间差异显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；饲养８周时，头均增重Ｂ＞Ｃ＞Ａ，３组间差异不显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），料重比Ａ＞Ｃ＞Ｂ，Ｂ、Ａ间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），３组间每千克增重饲料成本比较Ａ＞Ｃ＞Ｂ，综上所述Ｂ粮为最优。     

鲤配合饲料中必需氨基酸的量对其在鱼体中沉积率的影响

采用２×３单因子有重复试验设计网箱养鲤鱼种，Ａ、Ｂ两种配合饲料中粗蛋白含量分别为１８．１７％和３１．５６％，氨基酸含量为１６．３５％和２９．５６％，必需氨酸（ＥＡＡ）含量为７．３９％和１３．０８％时，试验结果表明：鲤鱼对Ａ、Ｂ两组饲料中ＥＡＡ的平均沉积率分别为４９．９５％和３７．７３％。对除赖氨酸、组氨酸外的所有ＥＡＡ的沉积率因饲料中氨基酸量的不同呈显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。饲料中某种ＥＡＡ含量     

单环刺螠体壁氨基酸组分与含量的分析

单环刺螠体壁肌含有１８种氨基酸（其总量占体壁肌干重的５７．３９％）。其中，８种人体必需氨基酸含量 １７．７９％。５种鲜味氨基酸（Ｇｉｎ，Ａｓｐ，Ａｒｇ，Ａｌａ，Ｇｌｙ）含量都比较高。必需氨基酸含量组成模式与人体需要模式较接 近。支／芳值高达２．５９，接近正常人的支／芳值     

单环刺Yi体壁氨基酸组分与含量的分析

单环刺Ｙｉ体壁肌含有１８种氨基酸（其总量占体壁肌干重的５７．３９％），其中，８种人体必需氨基酸含量１７．７９％，５种鲜味氨基酸（Ｇｌｕ，Ａｓｐ，Ａｒｇ，Ａｌａ，Ｇｌｙ）含量都比较高，必需氨基酸含量组成模式与人体需要模式较接近。支／芳值高达２．５９，接近正常人的支／芳值。     

美洲鲥肌肉营养成分分析与评价

采用常规的生化分析方法对美洲鲥的肌肉营养组成分进行了测定。结果表时，美洲鲥肌肉鲜样中粗蛋白含量为18．88±0．41％，粗脂肪含量为6．80±0．27％，水份70．23±0．37％，灰份1．96±0．30％；肌肉含有17种氨基酸，总量占鲜样的15．27％，其中7种人体必需氨基酸（除色氨酸外）含量占鲜样的6．27％，与非必需氨基酸的比值（EAA／NEAA）为69．67％，其必需氨基酸构成比例基本符合FAO／WHO的标准；根据AAS，美洲鲥的第一限制性氨基酸为苏氨酸，第二限制性氨基酸为蛋＋胱氨酸；而根据CS，第一限制性氨基酸为蛋＋胱氨酸，第二限制性氨基酸为苏氨酸：必需氨基酸指数（EAAL）为56．11，支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值（F值）为2．43，4种鲜味氨基酸占鲜样的5．76％：不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为66．1％，高于其他经济鱼类：微量元素含量丰富，有较高的钙镁含量，铜，铁，锌的比值较为合理。美洲鲥是一种营养价值和经济价值都较高的鱼类。     

海星综合利用的研究

研究了罗氏海星可食部与皮的组成成分及脱毒处理。海星可食部蛋白质含量１５．９２％，８种必需氨基酸占所含总氨基酸的４４．７１％；脂肪含量１１．１３％，其中，ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ分别占总脂肪酸的１１．１４％和６．２５％；含有８种必需微量元素和多量的维生素Ａ、Ｂ１、Ｂ２、Ｂ６、Ｂ１２，其中含锌高达９３．２９μｇ／ｇ。将海星脱毒后可食部可制成保健食品，皮可制在鱼虾饵料，试验效果优于鱼粉。     

马氏珠母贝肉的营养成分及其游离氨基酸组成

对马氏珠母贝肉的营养成分及游离氨基酸组成进行了较系统的食品化学特性研究，结果表明：马氏珠母贝含粗蛋白７４．９％（干基），蛋白质的氨基酸组成中，富含Ｇｌｕ（２．２１％）、Ａｓｐ（１．４５）、Ｇｌｙ（１．０１％）等呈味氨基酸；蛋白质营养价高，氨基酸价为８２，第一限制氨基酸是含硫氨基酸（１９７３年（ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ标准）；无机盐含量丰富，尤其是微量元素Ｚｎ和Ｓｅ；游离氨基酸中，牛磺酸含量最高达１．３８％，     

用RNA/DNA比率评定鲤的生长及其配合饲料的营养价值

投饲不同动物蛋白源，不同蛋白质含量的配合饲料养殖鲤鱼种，在环境条件和投饲率相同的情况下，测定鱼体的增重率、肌肉、肝脏中脱氧核糖核酸（ＤＮＡ）和核糖核酸（ＲＮＡ）的含量。结果表明：Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组饲料蛋白质含量分别为１８．１７％、１７．８６％、３１．５６％时，其个体平均增重率分别为１０６．８７％、９４．６５％、１２９．４８％；平均饲料系数分别为２．０４、２．３０、１．５２时，ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ平均比率分别     

提高普钙中水溶性磷含量的研究

通过Ｌ９（３＾４）正交设计试验显示，影响普钙中水溶性磷的主要因子是酸的用量（Ａ），其次则是添加剂（Ｂ，Ｃ）和反应时间（Ｄ），其最佳条件是：ⅡＡⅠＥⅡＣⅢＤ组合，以此组合生产的普钙水溶性磷含量为１３．７％，比不加添加剂Ｂ、Ｃ生产的普钙水溶性磷高出４６．５２％。     

裸盖鱼(Anoplopoma fimbria)肌肉的营养成分分析及评价

采用生化方法对裸盖鱼肌肉的营养成分进行了分析,并对其营养品质进行了评价.结果显示,裸盖鱼水分含量为69.92%,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分和总糖含量分别占肌肉湿重16.48%、10.64%、1.69%和1.27%.裸盖鱼肌肉(干样)中含有17种氨基酸,总量为43.81%,其中必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(WEAA/WTAA)为40.68%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(WEAA/WNEAA)为81.74%,符合FAO/WHO 的理想模式;肌肉氨基酸的支/芳值(BCAA/AAA)为 2.51,接近人体的正常水平;鲜味氨基酸总量(FAA)为 16.94%,占氨基酸总量的 38.67%,高于我国北方主要海水养殖品种;第一限制性氨基酸为胱氨酸+蛋氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为76.35,属于氨基酸较为平衡的鱼类.裸盖鱼肌肉不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值(UFA/SFA)为 2.81,脂肪质量较高.此外裸盖鱼肌肉营养元素丰富,P和Zn含量较高,并富含VA、VB6和VB3.分析认为,裸盖鱼肌肉呈味氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、矿物质、维生素含量丰富,味道鲜美,具有较高的营养价值和保健作用.     

Effects of feeding diets containing an imbalance of branched-chain amino acids on fingerling channel catfish

A series of studies was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding diets imbalanced with respect to branched-chain amino acids on channel catfish. Basal diets contained casein and gelatin supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in 24% whole egg protein except for the branched-chain amino acids. Basal diets were formulated to be deficient in either leucine, isoleucine, or valine. Excess levels of either leucine, isoleucine, or valine were added to the appropriate basal diet. Growth and feed efficiency data demonstrate that excess leucine depressed growth of fish fed diets deficient in isoleucine or valine, but not in diets adequate in branched-chain amino acids. The deleterious effects of excess leucine could be reversed by supplementation with the deficient amino acid, but not by the other branched-chain amino acid. Growth was also depressed in fish fed excess isoleucine but not valine in leucine-deficient diets. Serum levels of isoleucine and valine suggest that leucine may control the tissue uptake of these amino acids in the channel catfish.     

华南沿海5种养殖贝类营养成分的比较分析

对华南沿海养殖的方斑东风螺、近江牡蛎、波纹巴非蛤、管角螺和九孔鲍软体部的常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量进行了比较研究。结果表明:小规格东风螺[平均体重(6.62±0.23)g]的粗蛋白质含量高于大规格东风螺[平均体重(29.74±3.26)g]和其他几种贝类;波纹巴非蛤软体部所含氨基酸总量和人体必需氨基酸的总量(未包括色氨酸)最高;呈味氨基酸含量以管角螺最高;方斑东风螺支/芳比和多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高。5种贝类软体部常量元素含量差异不大,微量元素含量差异较大。     

星斑川鲽的营养分析与评价

测定了养殖星斑川鲽肌肉中的蛋白质、脂类和灰分等生化组分，并计算了其比能值，分析了肌肉中构成蛋白质的16种常见氨基酸和主要脂肪酸含量。结果表明，星斑川鲽属高蛋白、低脂肪鱼类；肌肉氨基酸含量同其他鲆鲽鱼类相比，属中上等水平；必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的含量较高。肌肉蛋白中氨基酸的支／芳值为2．33。各类脂肪酸中，油酸（18：In）含量最高，其次为亚油酸（18：2n6）和棕榈酸（16：0）。星斑川鲽富含EPA和DHA，营养丰富且平衡良好，是值得推荐的优良养殖品种和优质食用鱼类。     

刀鲚两种生态类群-“江刀”和“海刀”鱼肉营养组成的比较及品质的评价

采用常规方法对刀鲚两种生态类群("江刀"和"海刀")的鱼肉营养成分进行了分析比较并评价了鱼肉品质。结果表明,"江刀"鱼肉粗脂肪含量显著高于"海刀"(P<0.01),是"海刀"的2.03倍,而粗蛋白、水分、灰分含量则低于"海刀"。"江刀"和"海刀"鱼肉的水解氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有18种氨基酸,总量分别占鱼肉鲜样的11.55%和15.37%,其中7种EAA(Leu、Ile、Phe、Try、Thr、Val、Lys)、1种HEAA(Arg)和4种NEAA(Glu、Ser、Tyr、Pro)的含量在"江刀"与"海刀"间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),8种人体必需氨基酸含量分别占鲜样的4.87%和6.4%,与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为85.59%、83.44%,其必需氨基酸构成比例符合FAO/WHO的标准。另外,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为22.32、41.82,支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值(F值)分别为2.43、2.49,4种鲜味氨基酸含量分别占鲜样的4.59%、6.12%;"江刀"鱼肉鲜样中牛磺酸含量(265.43 mg/100 g)显著高于"海刀"(200.93 mg/100 g)。采用甲酯化法衍生化"江刀"、"海刀",再经GC/MS分析鉴定出20种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)9种,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)5种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)6种。"江刀"多不饱和脂肪酸(9.05%)显著低于"海刀"(13.20%),其中"江刀"EPA与DHA(4.21%、2.26%)显著低于"海刀"(6.71%、2.92%),但绝对含量显著高于"海刀"(P<0.05);ω3PUFA/ω6PUFA值分别为2.67和2.87。全鱼肉中矿物质含量丰富,尤其是Se,Na、Mg、Se的含量在"江刀"和"海刀"之间均存在明显的差异。本研究结果将为刀鲚种质标准的建立和两种生态类群的鉴别提供科学依据。     

马氏珠母贝蛋白的分离及分子量分布研究

试验结果表明,马氏珠母贝全脏器各分离蛋白组分占总蛋白含量分别为:非蛋白氮1.48%,肌浆蛋白33.20%,肌原纤维蛋白13.14%,碱溶性蛋白21.54%,基质蛋白30.65%;贝肌肉各分离蛋白组分占总蛋白含量分别为:非蛋白氮0.83%,肌浆蛋白26.56%,肌原纤维蛋白18.48%,碱溶性蛋白30.34%,基质蛋白23.79%;马氏珠母贝蛋白氨基酸组成均衡,呈味氨基酸及支链氨基酸含量高,但在各蛋白组分中的含量存在一定差异性.利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)测定的分子量分布结果显示,2种原料蛋白的肌浆蛋白分子量分布范围较宽,集中在200～19 kDa,肌原纤维蛋白分子量分布集中在200～45 kDa,碱溶性蛋白集中分布在41～3 kDa.     

Optimizing diets to decrease environmental impact of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production

Aquaculture is one of the most thriving animal production sectors, and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming represents 8% of total finfish culture. However, the industry sustainability depends on the development of cost‐effective and environmental friendly feeds. This study aimed to reduce dietary protein levels in diets for juvenile tilapia and to minimize diet environmental impact while maximizing biological efficiency. A growth trial was performed using five isoenergetic plant protein‐based diets with decreasing levels of crude protein: 360, 340, 320, 300 and 280 g/kg diet (D360, D340, D320, D300 and D280, respectively). Dietary protein utilization was assessed by metabolic trials using a radiolabelled amino acid mixture. Tilapia in all treatments showed similar growth performance and feed intake. Feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in fish fed the D280 than the D360 diet, while no differences were found for other treatments. Protein retention was significantly higher in tilapia fed the D300 than the D360 diet. Amino acid catabolism increased in fish fed the D360 diet, though without significant differences in muscle amino acid retention. This study demonstrates that dietary protein levels can be reduced to 300 g/kg diet without hindering tilapia growth and feed conversion ratio, while reducing environmental nitrogen losses.     

Feed deprivation in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) juveniles: effects on blood plasma metabolites and free amino acid levels

The effects of prolonged feed deprivation were assessed on blood plasma metabolites and free amino acid levels in Solea senegalensis. Juvenile specimens were maintained at two experimental conditions (24 h fasted and 21 days feed-deprived). In feed-deprived fish, relative growth rate and hepatosomatic index as well as plasma triglycerides and proteins levels were significantly lower. However, plasma cortisol levels were higher in feed-deprived fish, while plasma glucose and lactate values were not significantly different between treatments. Furthermore, feed-deprived fish showed higher levels of total plasma free amino acids than 24 h fasted fish. In 21 days feed-deprived sole, an increase in plasma cortisol levels may suggest a functional role in mobilizing energy due to the catabolic action of this hormone in teleosts. Higher levels of glutamine, arginine and ornithine in 21 days feed-deprived fish may be indicative of a dual role for these amino acids: ammonia detoxification and carbon source for gluconeogenesis. The increased plasma glucogenic and branched-chain amino acid levels, together with the maintenance of plasma glucose in 21 days feed-deprived sole, suggest active liver gluconeogenic processes supported by tissue proteolysis.     

The role of cortisol in amino acid mobilization and metabolism following exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

The role of cortisol in the mobilization and metabolism of amino acids following exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout (Onorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated for 4h following exercise and 6, of a total of 22 amino acids, showed significant responses. In white muscle, alanine and glutamine were elevated immediately after exercise through to 4h, whereas glutamate, and the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), isoleucine, leucine and valine, all decreased over this time. In plasma all of these amino acids increased from 2-4h post-exercise, while in liver, alanine and glutamine increased, glutamate did not change and the BCAAs declined over this time. Blockade of the post-exercise elevation in plasma cortisol with either metyrapone (cortisol synthesis inhibitor) or dexamethasone (cortisol release blocker) prevented the changes in tissue amino acid levels. This study demonstrates that cortisol can act rapidly (within minutes to hours) to alter amino acid metabolism in fish. A model is presented to explain the action of cortisol on amino acid metabolism.     

稀有白甲鱼含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

试验结果表明，稀有白甲鱼含肉率为69．92％；肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量分别为16．58％、2．05％、0．99％；肌肉中17种常见氨基酸（除色氨酸）总含量（占肌肉干重）为77．89％。其中必需氨基酸含量为36．27％，占氨基酸总含量的46．56％。必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为0．87。鲜味氨基酸含量为26．26％，占氨基酸总含量的33．70％。必需氨基酸指数为70．44。缬氨酸和异亮氨酸分别为第一、二限制性氨基酸。