渤海硬骨鱼类鱼卵和仔稚鱼分布及其动态变化↑（*）

渤海硬骨鱼类鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类４１种，隶属７目２７科３８属，优势种类依次为科、石首鱼科、鲱科、科、科和舌鳎科。鱼卵、仔稚鱼分布几乎遍及整个渤海海域，产卵盛期密集中心为辽东湾中南部、渤海中南部至莱州湾西北部以及三湾的底部。并对主要种类鱼卵、仔稚鱼的数量分布及变化进行了详细地描述。     

渤海莱州湾硬骨鱼类早期资源群落结构及演变

莱州湾作为黄渤海众多渔业生物关键栖息地,其鱼类早期发生量和补充量直接影响渤海乃至黄海渔业资源动态及其可持续性。实验基于历史调查资料并结合补充调查,构建莱州湾鱼卵、仔鱼调查数据集,通过数理统计和时间序列分析阐述近40年来莱州湾鱼类早期资源(浮性鱼卵、仔稚鱼)群聚特性和演替过程。结果显示,莱州湾鱼类早期资源结构处在持续更替过程中,不同时期早期资源的种类组成、资源丰度、优势种类和物种多样性水平等呈明显季节更替。鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类数和资源丰度均在2010s (2010—2019,以下同此表示)初期跌至历史低值,近年来均又呈现一定程度回升。鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类数由1980s的44种,1990s前期的34种、后期的40种,2000s的35种,逐次下降至2010s前期的24种,2010s中后期开始逐步回升至38种。当前鱼卵种数仅为1980s的60%左右,资源丰度不足彼时三分之一;仔稚鱼种数为1980s的四分之三左右,资源丰度约为彼时的90%。生命周期短、性成熟早、处于食物链低端的中上层和底层小型鱼类为莱州湾鱼类早期资源的主体成分。长期变化,相同季节优势种种类更替现象明显,且近年来呈明显加快趋势;鱼卵仔稚鱼...     

福建三沙湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成及其丰度时空分布

根据2008年春季(5月5日、5月17日)和秋季(11月14日、11月30日)分别在三沙湾进行4次鱼卵、仔稚鱼调查资料及历史相关资料,对三沙湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成、丰度分布的变化进行分析和讨论.结果表明:调查海区出现的鱼卵、仔稚鱼有35种(包括2种未定种类),比1990年和2007年分别增加了9种和12种；其中鱼卵数量...     

东海生态系统中鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成、数量分布及其与环境因素的关系

为了解当前东海生态系统中鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成和数量分布的现状及其变化与物理环境因素的关系,根据2006年11月—2008年6月5个航次的鱼卵、仔稚鱼和物理环境调查资料,对鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成、数量分布与产卵场物理环境进行分析,探讨不同季节、不同年份鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成和数量分布的变化及其与物理环境的关系。结果显示,5个航次采集到74 813粒鱼卵、16 826尾仔稚鱼,共有135个种类。其中,鉴定到种的有109种,隶属于15目67科99属,还有17个种类仅能鉴定到属、6个种类仅能鉴定到科和3个种类仅能鉴定到目。2006年—2007年秋季、冬季和春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类和数量随着季节变化逐渐增多;2008年春季的种类和数量较2007年春季明显偏少;2008年初夏种类的数量与2008年春季基本相近,但鱼卵的数量明显增多,仔稚鱼的数量基本相近。42种优势种类、重要种类和主要种类构成当前东海生态系统中鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成的主要成分。东海表层水温和盐度分布有显著的季节变化。秋、冬季表层水温锋面强度最强,春季次之,初夏最弱;锋面的位置秋季离岸最近,冬季次之,春季和初夏离岸最远,冬季偏南,初夏季节北移。表层盐度锋面主要分布在近岸区域,与岸线大致平行,其强度冬季最强,春、秋季次之,初夏季节最弱。秋、冬季节陆架深水海域的水温较沿岸海域高,鱼类生殖群体在陆架深水高温区产卵;春季和初夏季节沿岸海域明显升温,鱼类生殖群体由深水区向近岸海域进行生殖洄游,产卵场分布由陆架中部向近岸海域扩展,并在近岸海域形成了中心产卵场。鱼卵和仔稚鱼的分布与温、盐锋面和种类的温、盐属性的关系密切,主要分布在温度锋面暖水一侧,并有各自最适宜的温度和盐度范围。水温、盐度与种类的繁殖生物学特性是导致鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成与数量发生变化的主要因素;适宜的温度和盐度范围、锋区的辐聚和卷夹作用以及种类的生物学属性是影响鱼卵和仔稚鱼数量分布以及密集分布区形成的主要因素。     

2007年春、夏季黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

2007年春季和夏季,利用浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物水平和垂直拖网对黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了调查.春季和夏季分别设置19个(6个断面)相同的调查站位.每站表层水平拖网10min,拖网速度为2.0nmile/h;垂直拖网由底到表,拖网速度约0.5m/s.调查结果表明:春季和夏季共采集鱼卵7661粒、仔稚鱼70尾,共18种,能鉴定到种的有17种,隶属于5目12科16属,其中1种虾虎鱼类的稚鱼仅能鉴别到科的水平.优势种为斑鲦(Konosirus punctatus)、油鲟(Sphyraena pinguis)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri).春季的水平和垂直拖网分别采集6932粒鱼卵、6尾仔稚鱼和11粒鱼卵、0尾仔稚鱼.鱼卵、仔稚鱼的出现频率分别为84.21%、10.53%和15.79%、0%,平均密度分别为364.84粒/网、0.32尾,网和0.34粒/m3、0尾/m3;夏季水平和垂直拖网分别采集658粒鱼卵、57尾仔稚鱼和60粒鱼卵、7尾仔稚鱼,鱼卵、仔稚鱼的出现频率分别为84.21%、63.16%和31..58%、15.79%,平均密度分别为34.63粒/网、3尾,网和1.85粒/m3、0.22尾/m3.结果表明,黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类季节更替明显分成春夏季-夏季2种生态类型,种类更替率高达83.33%;河口南部海域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的群落结构相对较稳定,优势种突出,优势度较大,物种多样性水平与种间分布均匀度高于北部海域.上述规律符合该海域的水文地理学特征和硬骨鱼类的繁殖生物学规律.此外,本研究分别对春季和夏季鱼卵、仔稚鱼的数量分布以及斑鲦、油(鱼予)、短吻红舌鳎等优势种类的鱼卵数量分布绘制了密度等值分布图.与1982-1983、1984-1985、1992-1993年同期调查结果比较发现,2007年春季和夏季黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成与数量分布发生了显著变化.分析认为,在渔业捕捞压力和环境条件变化的双重扰动下,黄河口生态系统中鱼类资源的种群交替和群落结构发生了很大变化,从而导致资源补充群体也随之改变.     

厦门南部海域春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

根据2013年4月在厦门南部海域的调查资料,对其鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成与数量分布特点进行初步研究和探讨.结果表明,本调查海域春季共出现鱼卵和仔稚鱼21种,其中鱼卵14种,仔稚鱼9种.21个种类隶属于16科.鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量主要以黄姑鱼（Nibea albifora）、青鳞小沙丁鱼（Sardinella zunasi）和鰕虎鱼科（Gobiidae sp.）为主;春季水平拖网鱼卵和仔稚鱼平均密度分别为107.7 ind/网和1.0ind/网,垂直拖网鱼卵和仔稚鱼平均密度分别为0.69 ind/m3和0.47 ind/m3;春季鱼卵数量分布以浯屿岛东侧的11站位和小金门岛北侧的9站位较为集中,仔稚鱼以下鸡屿北侧的4站位和大担岛东南侧的12站位较为集中.比较以往的研究成果,随着厦门南部海域的高度开发利用,海域生态环境已发生很大变化,导致鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类数明显减少,主要优势种也发生较大变化.     

2003年春季东海区浮性鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成及数量分布

本文分析研究了2003年春季东海区(27°00′～34°00′N)150m以浅海域浮性鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成及数量分布。共鉴定49种鱼类的鱼卵、仔稚鱼,其中31种鉴定到种,隶属于26科、29属。优势种类为日本鳀、方氏云鳚、太平洋鲱。带鱼、小黄鱼等经济鱼类鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量少,鲱形目鱼类鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量较多。鱼卵、仔稚鱼分布主要在近海禁渔线附近海域。     

基于广义加性模型的天津近海鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构研究

2018、2019年的4—11月利用大型浮游生物网对天津近岸海域进行逐月调查,分析天津近岸海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成,优势种、群落结构变化,以及丰度分布与环境因子的关系.调查结果表明,2018年监测到鱼卵10种,隶属4目9科,仔稚鱼9种,隶属5目8科;2019年监测到鱼卵9种,隶属4目8科,仔稚鱼8种,隶属5目7科.20...     

福建诏安湾春、秋季鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成及数量变化

2012年10月和2014年5月在诏安湾海域进行了鱼卵、仔稚鱼的调查,对诏安湾秋季和春季的鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量和分布进行了研究。结果表明,本调查海域共鉴定的鱼卵7种、仔稚鱼7种,隶属于10科10属;秋季共采集到鱼卵31个和仔稚鱼47尾,密集区出现在湾口的西屿北侧海域,春季共采集到鱼卵662个和仔稚鱼69尾,密集区主要分布在诏安湾中部偏北海域和湾口西屿西侧海域。秋季主要优势种为隆头鱼科鱼类、美肩鳃鳚,春季主要优势种为黄姑鱼、红鳍笛鲷和美肩鳃鳚。与东山湾相比,春季诏安湾鱼卵密度明显较大、仔稚鱼资源密度略低;秋季两个海湾的鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量均处于低水平;两个海湾的产卵时期主要在春季。     

泉州湾浮性鱼卵和仔、稚鱼的种类和数量分布

根据2001-2002年在泉州湾海域分别进行4个季度月的调查资料，研究分析泉州湾鱼卵和仔、稚鱼的种类组成，数量和主要种类的分布。结果表明，本海区共出现鱼卵和仔、稚鱼34种，分别隶属于14科21属。在数量上，鱼卵和仔稚鱼最高值均出现在春季(5月)，其中鱼卵数量最大的种类是鳀科鱼类，约占总卵量34．2％。仔稚鱼则以鱚科鱼类最为丰富，占61．8％。在数量分布上，不论鱼卵或是仔、稚鱼均以9号站最为密集。这表明该区鱼类主要产卵期在春季。     

Influence of abiotic factors on ichthyoplankton occurrence in stretches with and without dams in the upper Grande River basin,south‐eastern Brazil

The influence of abiotic factors on ichthyoplankton occurrence was assessed in lotic stretches with and without dams in the Grande River basin from November 2008 to March 2009. Water transparency and temperature were the main abiotic factors that influenced temporal variation of ichthyoplankton occurrence in unregulated stretches. On the other hand, the best predictors of ichthyoplankton occurrence in regulated sites were water transparency and time of day. The catch of ichthyoplankton was significantly greater at low transparency and during night‐time in areas downstream of dams, which may be attributed to either adaptive behaviour of fish species in favouring greater protection of offspring, or the greater predation rate of ichthyoplankton at higher transparencies and during daytime. Results of this study indicate an association between abiotic factors and fish reproduction, but the nature of this relationship in regulated rivers contrasts with that found in stretches without dams.     

Fish assemblages in the Southern California Current: relationships with climate, 1951–2008

We examined the dominant patterns of variability in the fish fauna of the southern California Current based on a principal component (PC) analysis of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations ichthyoplankton data set, 1951–2008. Eighty‐six taxa were analyzed, including all ecologically dominant fish species, both exploited and unexploited. The first three PCs accounted for 20.5, 12.4 and 6.8% of the variance of the data, respectively (total: 39.7%). Each was dominated by taxa from particular adult or larval habitats. PC 1 predominantly represented the coherent response of 24 mesopelagic taxa from 10 families and was most highly correlated with long‐term trends in midwater oxygen levels. PC 2 was dominated by six of the seven most abundant ichthyoplankton taxa in the region, predominantly California Current endemics including key pelagic species (northern anchovy, Pacific sardine and Pacific hake), rockfishes (genus Sebastes) and two midwater taxa. It was correlated primarily with sea surface temperature and exhibited a significant declining trend. PC 3 was dominated by coastal and reef‐associated fishes with predominantly southerly affinities. It was positively correlated with sea surface temperature and sea level height, a proxy for diminished flow of the California Current. The taxa dominating PCs 2 and 3 mostly spatially co‐occur as ichthyoplankton. These results suggest that fish assemblages in the California Current are predominantly influenced by environmental forcing of their ocean habitats as adults or larvae, or both.     

九龙江口仔稚鱼多样性及其漂流模式的探讨

2007年11月至2008年8月,按季度采用Ⅰ型浮游生物网和小型拖网分别对九龙江口湾区的9个站位和碎波带的5个站位进行仔稚鱼采样,并对2号站位水深8 m的水域进行中层拖网。河口区表层水域获得30种仔稚鱼(965 ind),2号站位的中层水域有12种仔稚鱼(631 ind),碎波带42种(1 006 ind),河口表层水域和碎波带的仔稚鱼共有种为11种,其中5种也出现于中层水域。调查表明碎波带仔稚鱼的Shannom-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef物种丰度指数均最高,Pielou物种均匀度指数相差不大。根据个体发育阶段和体长分布的差异,推测在九龙江口仔稚鱼优势种的漂流模式:后弯曲期仔鱼和稚鱼选择碎波带进行生栖,而早期仔鱼则随潮流在河口漂流。     

岩滩水库渔业生态环境变动研究

分析岩滩水库渔业生态环境的变动,为库区渔业生产提供理论指导。使用岩滩水库1981-2014年间6个时间段共11个年度的监测数据,分析库区的水质、饵料生物、渔业生产的变化情况。从蓄水的1996年至2014年,总磷浓度由0.073 mg/L下降至0.02 mg/L,铁离子浓度由0.110 mg/L下降至0.053 mg/L,下降趋势明显;2008年监测结果显示,底层总磷浓度0.04~0.08 mg/L,是表层的4倍,全年垂直分层明显。蓄水后1996-2014年,浮游植物数量和生物量分别变化于101.3×104~263.6×104个/L和1.115~3.342 mg/L,浮游动物数量和生物量分别变化于332.5~1 045.5个/L和0.642~6.186 mg/L。1985-1986年调查共采集到鱼类4目17科71种,2003-2004年4目14科42种,2013-2014年4目14科55种。鲢、鳙年产量2003年以前近5 000 t,以后2 500 t左右。采用技术手段打破水体分层,使底层营养盐持续供给表层,满足生态养殖的饵料生物生长需要,是重振库区生态养殖的有效手段。     

海州湾及邻近海域春夏季典型断面鱼类浮游生物群落的结构特征

根据2015年5―7月在海州湾及邻近海域存在空间异质性的南北两个典型断面进行的鱼卵、仔稚鱼水平拖网调查数据,采用多元统计分析等方法研究了该海域春、夏季鱼类浮游生物群落的空间变化。结果表明,本次调查共获得鱼卵33587粒,仔稚鱼713尾。出现鱼卵25种(未定种1种),隶属于14科25属,仔稚鱼13种(未定种1种),隶属于13科13属。鱼卵优势种主要是鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、多鳞鱚(Sillago sihama)、(魚銜)属(Callionymus spp.)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)、江口小公鱼(Stolephorus commersonni)和短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri);仔稚鱼优势种主要是(魚銜)属和斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)。鱼类浮游生物种类组成年代际变化明显,目前以生命周期短、个体小、资源更新节律快的小型鱼种为主;研究表明,鱼类浮游生物的优势种在不同月份和断面之间存在一定变化,5、6月南北两断面优势种组成不同,7月开始出现共同优势种。从鱼类浮游生物的空间分布来看,近岸海域的丰度较高,5、6月鱼类浮游生物的平均丰度均为北面断面1高于南面断面2,7月反之。鱼类浮游生物群落在两个典型断面随月份呈现出不同特征,水深、温度和盐等海洋环境因子综合影响着春、夏季海州湾及邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落结构。     

Seasonal and inter‐annual variations in the abundance and biomass of Neocalanus plumchrus in continental slope waters off Oregon

Seasonal and inter‐annual variability in the abundance and biomass of copepodid stages of the sub‐arctic oceanic copepod, Neocalanus plumchrus, was studied during the January–May growth season, using an 11‐yr time series of zooplankton samples collected over the upper 100 m of the water column. Abundance and biomass peaks occur in March/April. Abundance and biomass of N. plumchrus were significantly negatively correlated with sea surface temperature and significantly positively correlated with sea surface chlorophyll a, salinity, and density above the pycnocline. The seasonal integrated abundance and biomass of N. plumchrus declined during the warm years (2003–05), and increased during the cold years (2006–08). The date when 50% of the population had passed through stage C5 was significantly negatively correlated with temperature – earlier in warm years and later in cold years. In 3 yr (2003, 2007 and 2008), a second cohort appeared in mid‐May, as indicated by the presence of stages C1 and C2 in the samples. Unusually high abundances of N. plumchrus in the spring of 2007 and 2008 were associated with cool ocean temperatures and an early spring transition in the NCC ecosystem, suggesting that the NCC ecosystem has returned to a cold phase. We discuss the merits of a hypothesis that the N. plumchrus population observed off Oregon is a local population as opposed to one that is expatriated from the Gulf of Alaska.     

Intra‐annual patterns of coastal larval fish assemblages along environmental gradients in the northeastern Mediterranean

To date, little is known about the larval‐fish assemblages (LFAs) in the eastern Mediterranean. The purpose of this study is to investigate the intra‐annual variations of LFAs with an emphasis on the effects of physical, chemical, biological and meteorological conditions in the gulf of Iskenderun, which is a shallow (100 m maximum depth), semi‐enclosed bay located in the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean. The gulf is under the influence of offshore waters throughout the year. The study was based on an ichthyoplankton survey program performed at 28 stations over 12 months, between November 2009 and October 2010. During the study, a total of 11,411 larval individuals belonging to 177 taxa were sampled. The jackknife estimate of maximum species richness was 225 ± 19 for the study area. The maximum larval richness (84 species) and abundance (827 larvae/10 m²) values coincided with spring bloom in April. Gobiids dominated the ichthyoplankton of Iskenderun Bay by constituting 9% of species richness and 42% of total individuals. Four LFAs were identified which were in early winter (November to January), late winter (February and March), spring (April to June) and summer (July to October). The intra‐annual variations of richness, abundance and composition of ichthyoplankton were significantly correlated with the temperature and mesozooplankton biomass. The wind conditions and thermal stratification were also significantly correlated with the composition of LFAs. In conclusion, phenology of LFAs were formed under the influence of physical and tropho‐dynamic conditions in Iskenderun Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean.     

Sampling error resulting from depth-dependent plankton distributions and current differentials in a two-layered system

We evaluate a source of error observed in standard ichthyoplankton bongo tows in which volumes of water filtered did not result in increased catches of red-fish. Our analyses demonstrate that, under conditions where redfish larvae are distributed in surface waters in a two-layered system, current differentials between surface and subsurface layers resulted in biased, standardized estimates of larval abundances as a result of filtering varying amounts of subsurface waters. Analysis of standard survey results on Flemish Cap demonstrated that this source of bias was limited to the May-June period, after waters became stratified and before redfish passed from the larvae to pelagic juvenile stage. Correcting for this source of sampling bias wIII result in more accurate absolute estimates of ichthyoplankton abundance, and we estimate that variation (CV) for replicate samples may be reduced by 10%.     

东海南部海域蟹类种类组成及其数量分布

主要根据1998~1999年和2008~2009年在东海南部海域(26°00′~28°00′N、120°00′~125°30′E)开展的各季度月蟹类资源调查资料及1989~1990年在福建东北外海渔业资源调查等相关资料,研究分析该海区蟹类的种类组成、数量分布及主要渔获种类的变化特点。结果表明,该海区蟹类有66种,隶属于15科,39属;2008~2009年东海南部海域蟹类数量明显比1998~1999年减少,蟹类占总渔获量的比重下降9.8个百分点,平均资源密度指数减少36.2%;两次调查蟹类数量均以春季和夏季为高,但主要渔获种类不同,1998~1999年细点圆趾蟹渔获量占绝对优势,而2008~2009年细点圆趾蟹数量降幅最大,资源密度很低,光掌蟳、双斑蟳数量明显增多,取代了细点圆趾蟹成为最主要的渔获种类,其余种类如卷折馒头蟹、银光梭子蟹、武士蟳等所占比例变化不大;2008~2009年蟹类主要分布区域与1998~1999年不同,在海区内侧水深60 m以内海域数量分布较多,这与主要渔获种类双斑蟳分布海域范围关系密切;细点圆趾蟹资源量明显减少的原因有待以进一步调查和研究。     

北部湾春季多齿蛇鲻生物学特征及其年际变化

根据北部湾渔港采样及海上调查生物学测定与数据分析，研究了北部湾多齿蛇鲻(Saurida tumbil)春季生物学特征及其年际变化。结果显示，2008~2018年春季，多齿蛇鲻个体呈小型化趋势，各年度平均体长范围为15.8~16.9 cm，平均体质量范围为48.8~77.5 g，2018年的平均体长和平均体质量比2008年分别降低了6.5%和34.5%。体长–体质量关系式中的异速生长参数b的范围为3.03~3.42，表明春季群体主要呈正异速生长状态(b>3)。性成熟体长年际变化分析表明，北部湾多齿蛇鲻存在性成熟提前的现象，雌性群体50%性成熟体长从2008年(19.0 cm)至2018年(16.6 cm)整体呈减小趋势，10年间减小比例为12.6%，其中，2011~2015年海上采样的样品对比显示，50%性成熟体长减小比例为3.8%。2008~2018年北部湾多齿蛇鲻的肥满度整体呈下降趋势，均值变化范围为1.09~1.29，渔港采样样品和海上采样样品的肥满度年际变化皆呈下降趋势。