洋口港水产品重金属含量状况调查及评价

调查了南通洋口港水产品中重金属铬、铜、铅、砷、汞、镉的含量，结果显示：同一水产品对不同的重金属的富集程度是有差异的，同一重金属在不同的水产品中含量水平也各不相同。其中，铬、铜、铅、汞在水产品中的含量均远低于我国水产品重金属质量相关限量标准，砷在各种水产品中含量普遍较高，镉在贝类中超标严重，应引起有关部门重视。     

浙南主要养殖海域环境和贝类两种重金属含量调查研究

为研究浙南地区(台州、温州)主要养殖海域的海水、表层沉积物及缢蛏、泥蚶、青蛤等主要养殖贝类产品中重金属Hg、As的污染状况,利用原子荧光光谱法对样品中的重金属含量进行了测定。结果表明:浙南海域的海水、沉积物中,汞、砷含量符合无公害产地环境质量标准,贝类中汞、无机砷含量符合无公害贝类质量标准,但缢蛏、青蛤中的无机砷含量仍然较高,应进一步加强监测。     

乐清湾围塘中重金属在贝类中的富集分布

以乐清湾四个典型水产品综合养殖围塘为研究基地,分别测定水体、沉积物和贝类生物体中镉、铬、铅、汞、砷5种重金属的分布、富集情况,开展三者间的相关性研究,并对不同贝类生物体对水体重金属富集吸收能力进行比较分析。结果表明,贝类中镉、铬、铅、汞、砷含量均符合无公害水产品要求。以生物富集因子(BCF)来表征贝类对水体中重金属的富集能力,研究发现:泥蚶、缢蛏、青蛤对镉、砷的富集能力较强,其富集系数分别为:967.7,193.5,161.3和687.5,1 218.8,1 000。缢蛏对砷的富集系数最高。     

重金属砷对黄海、渤海主要几种经济贝类影响的研究进展

本文综述了重金属砷在海产品中的存在形态及其与食品安全的关系，讨论砷对几种经济贝类的生理生化影响。海水中砷含量的规定是≤0．03mg／L，对比目前国内标准中涉及到砷在贝类的限值发现，海洋贝类的无机砷限值在≤0．5mg／kg—lmg／kg，并且发现不同的标准规定值不一样。重金属对贝类的危害描述方法研究上，目前国内采用的研究方法基本上都是来源于双箱模型，其他的例如全封闭的双箱循环水模型、静态水模型、半静态循环水模型都是在双箱模型的基础上加以改进创立的。笔者建议应加强重金属对魁蚶的危害描述研究，不但可以积极应对国际上的技术性贸易壁垒，还可以为扩展我国在贝类与重金属关系领域的研究。     

重金属砷对黄海、渤海主要几种经济贝类影响的研究进展

本文综述了重金属砷在海产品中的存在形态及其与食品安全的关系，讨论砷对几种经济贝类的生理生化影响。海水中砷含量的规定是≤0．03mg／L，对比目前国内标准中涉及到砷在贝类的限值发现，海洋贝类的无机砷限值在≤0．5mg／kg—lmg／kg，并且发现不同的标准规定值不一样。重金属对贝类的危害描述方法研究上，目前国内采用的研究...     

辽东湾兴城海域增养殖区渔业环境与养殖贝类砷污染状况及健康风险评价

利用原子荧光光度法测定2013年兴城邴家湾海水增养殖区的海水、沉积物和养殖贝类样品中砷含量,对该养殖区砷污染状况及贝类消费健康风险进行评价。测得该海水增养殖区海水砷含量范围在0.149~1.74μg/L;沉积物砷含量范围在1.50~2.63mg/kg;养殖贝类砷含量为0.006 75mg/kg,均符合国家标准。所产食用贝类砷摄入量占JECFA制定的砷暂定每周可耐受摄入量PTWI值的0.002%;无机砷摄入量占PTWI值的0.005%。结果表明,辽东湾兴城海域所产贝类对消费者引起的砷暴露健康风险很小。     

福建平潭海坛海峡贝类监控区海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的分析与评价

2003年5至10月对平潭县海坛海峡贝类监控区的养殖环境及贝类质量状况进行了全面的调查。通过对该海域海水、表层沉积物及菲律宾蛤仔的汞、砷、铅、镉、铜、锌6个重金属含量的检测分析，海水中汞的含量较高。但是由于特殊的底质状况与水文条件，海水中较高含量的汞并未过量富集在该海域底质中，沉积物中的6项重金属指标全部符合海洋沉积物质量标准。在良好的底质环境条件下，菲律宾蛤仔体内Hg、As、Cu、Zn的含量符合无公害水产品质量标准，但Pb、Cd有部分样品超标。尽管该海域海水中汞的含量较高，但贝体并未受到汞的污染。据此认为影响贝类产品安全卫生质量的因素除了养殖环境受污染的程度外，还与养殖环境的地理、水文条件以及贝类的养殖品种有关。     

对贝类产品标准中重金属限量指标的探讨

对我国现行的国家标准、行业标准及国外相关标准中有关贝类重金属的指标进行比较分析。在此基础上,结合我国目前贝类卫生状况调查结果以及国内外文献资料,对我国贝类标准中的重金属限量进行探讨,提出我国贝类标准中重金属的建议限量指标为:汞0.5 mg/kg,无机砷1.0 mg/kg,铅1.5 mg/kg,镉2.0 mg/kg(不包括牡蛎、扇贝、泥蚶),铜50 mg/kg,铬2.0 mg/kg。     

国内外水产品中重金属限量标准研究

重金属作为一种持久性污染物已越来越多地被关注和重视,水产品重金属污染在世界范围来说是一个较普遍的食品安全问题。如加拿大、美国、日本因河流被污染,大量鱼、贝类的汞含量超过规定标准,诸如此类的问题给人类带来了严重危害,通常水产品中需要重点监测的重金属项目有无机砷、铅、镉和甲基汞,其中砷属于非金属,但常将其纳入重金属类加以考虑。     

闽南沿海牡蛎、花蛤、缢蛏体内重金属的检测与评价

本文利用1998-1999年福建闽南沿海养殖贝类体的重金属检测资料,分析了3种主要养殖贝类体的重金属含量及分布。结果表明:厦门杏林宝珠屿、马銮湾海域养殖的褶牡蛎体内的重金属含量明显高于其他养殖区。不同养殖区之间养殖贝类的Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg含量,以及这些元素在各种贝类中都存在较大的差异。文中还根据全国海岸带污染综合调查专业组制定的海洋生物污染评价标准,对养殖贝类的重金属污染程度进行了评价,结果闽南沿海的养殖贝类基本未受重金属污染或污染程度较轻。     

2004年夏季黄、东海表面水温状态分析

对 2 0 0 4年夏季黄、东海表面水温进行了分析。结果表明 :黄、东海 2 0 0 4年夏季表面温度表现为沿岸区域偏高、暖流势力一般的特点 ,并显示出前中期偏高较甚 ,后期趋缓的特征。在沿岸的大部分区域 7、8月的平均表面水温都超过了历史同期新高 ,意味着 2 0 0 4年夏季至少就沿岸海域而言是一个非同寻常的夏季。     

Partial migration of juvenile temperate seabass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lateolabrax japonicus</Emphasis>: a versatile survival strategy

Partial migration describes intrapopulation variation in the migratory behavior, i.e. some individuals from a population migrate to low-salinity river areas, while others remain in coastal areas. This paper reviews the partial migration pattern of juvenile temperate seabass Lateolabrax japonicus, which is a migration pattern not commonly seen in Japan. Seabass spawn offshore, and eggs and larvae are transported to coastal areas. Some of these juveniles then ascend rivers, while others remain in coastal areas. Juveniles efficiently use physical structures in their habitat; they use tidal currents to ascend rivers in macrotidal estuaries, while they use the salt wedge in microtidal estuaries. Once juveniles ascend the river, they can feed on the abundant prey and attain more rapid growth than those remaining in coastal areas. As estuaries are highly productive areas, they play significant roles as nurseries for juveniles of various fishes. However, compared with coastal areas, the relative area of estuaries is considerably smaller and its environmental conditions are more variable. For example, nearly 40% of adult seabass in Tango Bay were estimated to use estuarine areas as a nursery, while the other 60% use coastal areas during their juvenile stage. Using both estuaries and coastal areas through partial migration during the juvenile stage is concluded to contribute to the stabilization and yield of seabass populations.     

2005年东海及黄海部分海域表面水温状况分析

东、黄海表面水温分布状况对中国沿海的生态系统有很大的影响,因为研究表面水温的年变化对了解生态系统的变化很有意义。本文分析了2005年东海及黄海部分海域的表面水温状况。研究表明不同的水团具有不同的水温年变化特点。2005年暖流区域的表面水温总体上与多年平均状况相比差别不大。虽然显示出上半年较冷,年末较热的现象,但只是在秋初一段时间内暖流区的表面水温比多年平均值高一些,而显示出较强的势力,年中的其余时间与多年平均的差别不大。沿岸海域的水温变化比较复杂,福建沿岸表面水温与多年平均状况差别不大;浙江沿岸及长江口邻近海域除春季的一段时间外,年中大部分时间的水温比多年平均值偏高,特别是在夏秋季节,偏高持续的时间既长,且幅度也较大;江苏北部沿岸及山东沿岸的表面水温与多年平均值相比差别不大,除在夏季一段时间内有偏高现象外,其余时间都呈略微偏低状态。中间水体的表面水温与多年平均值相比,在2005年的前3季的状况比较一致,都呈现了初冬偏暖,春季偏冷,夏季略微偏热的变化特征;秋季则南部的区域偏暖,北部区域与多年平均状况差不多。     

Importance of estuarine nursery areas for the adult population of the temperate seabass Lateolabrax japonicus,as revealed by otolith Sr:Ca ratios

Otolith Sr:Ca ratios were used to evaluate the contribution of estuarine nursery areas to the temperate seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) population in Tango Bay, the Sea of Japan. Otolith Sr:Ca ratios of juveniles collected from freshwater, brackish and coastal areas were analysed to determine a criterion for distinguishing whether individuals used estuarine or coastal areas as nurseries. Otolith Sr:Ca ratios of adult seabass collected around Tango Bay were also analysed to detect the records of salinity that juveniles experienced and to estimate the contribution of each habitat. Sr:Ca ratios of the edges of otoliths of juveniles from freshwater areas were 2.4 × 10^?3 in average, which were significantly lower than those of juveniles collected from a coastal area (4.9 × 10^?3 in average) owing to differences in salinity conditions among these areas. Based on the threshold criterion determined by this difference, 39 out of 107 (36%) adult seabass were estimated to have used the estuary as a nursery during their juvenile stage according to their Sr:Ca chronologies. Despite the small area covered by estuarine nurseries compared with coastal waters, the Yura River estuary contributed considerably to the adult seabass population. This indicates estuaries play an important role as nurseries for seabass juveniles, and it should be noted that the estuaries are important nurseries to conserve the stocks of coastal fishes.     

Conservation strategies for endangered fish breeding and nursery grounds within the coastal wetlands of Nigeria

The Nigerian coastal system—estuaries, lagoons, creeks and wetlands—extends for a distance of approximately 850 km with the Niger Delta (area: 75 000 km²) dominating the entire ecosystem. Human activities—(oil exploration, haphazard mining of sand from coastal areas, sand filling of wetlands for industrial use, heavy pollution by industries)—severely destroyed the breeding and nursery grounds of commercial fish species between 1973 and 1992. As a result, fish landings from capture fisheries decreased from 500 000t in the late 1980s to the present 300 000t. With the Nigerian population increasing at a rate of 3%–4% per year, there is an urgent need for the Federal Government to protect the 850 km coastline, and the riverine wetlands. Conservation education should be vigorously pursued on the socio-economic benefits of coastal and riverine wetlands. The Federal Government should encourage States and Local Governments to enact environmental laws and regulations. Stiff penalties for violations should be vigorously enforced. Companies involved in exploitation and manufacturing in coastal areas should increase their funding of research directed at minimizing oil spillages and discharge of wastes in their areas of operation.     

福建中、东部沿海主要养殖贝类体内石油烃含量调查分析

2002～2004年对福建中、东部沿海主要贝类养殖区8种贝类体内石油烃含量调查结果表明，贝类体内石油烃平均含量为10．6mg／kg，基本符合《海洋生物质量》第一类标准(GB18421—2001)，质量状况较好。本文还对不同地区养殖的贝类体内石油烃含量、以及国内外其他海域的贝类体内的石油烃含量进行比较分析；同种贝类在不同贝类养殖区其体内的石油烃含量差异较大，这与其生活习性以及栖息场地环境条件受污染的程度有关。     

河北沿海大型水母生物量调查

河北沿海自2008年起水母数量逐年增加,严重影响渔业生产、破坏近岸旅游业。2012年对河北沿海大型水母进行调查,设置了34个站位,对大型水母生物量和种类、海洋理化因子、浮游动物数量变动及分布进行调查。调查发现大型水母种类4种,其中沙海蛰生物量最大,其次是海月水母,海蛰、霞水母生物量最低。沙海蜇数量均较去年增多,秦皇岛沿海、渤海湾沧州沿海,滦河口数量最高,达到了15~75t/km2;其次是渤海湾,为7.6~15t/km2;最低的为0.5~1.5t/km2。近岸海区营养盐含量较远海高,营养盐含量高的地区水母数量居多,说明水体富营养化在一定程度上导致水母数量增长。浮游植物数量、浮游动物数量与水母分布图分析发现,水母数量较多浮游动植物数量均较少,说明水母和浮游生物量在空间分布上可能具有一定的负相关关系。     

Simulated carrying capacities of fish in Norwegian fjords

The influence of oceanographic and meteorological conditions and topography on the carrying capacity of organisms in coastal areas of western Norway is investigated by field studies and dynamic modelling. Published data on Calanus finmarchicus , the dominant species in the zooplankton biomass of west Norwegian coastal waters, demonstrate a strong gradient, with high densities at the outer coastal areas and lower densities at the innermost localities. This gradient spans several orders of magnitude. A similar tendency is found in the data from pelagic trawling and from beach seine catches, and simulation modelling indicates that fish production depends on zooplankton availability. According to the model, the carrying capacity level of fish production is high in the outer areas and decreases with distance from the outer coast according to the decrease in advected biomass of zooplankton. The simulations indicate that while growth prospects for individuals at lower trophic levels vary with the distance from the coast, potential for growth seems largely unaffected by the distance from the coast for the sublittoral piscivores (e.g. cod). This indicates that, for immigration of a new sublittoral piscivore to a habitat, it does not matter whether the habitat is situated close to the outer coast or far from it. A consequence for stock enhancement may be that a small-scale release of sublittoral piscivores will be equally productive in most coastal areas, while the outcome of a large-scale release will be strongly dependent on distances from the coast. The outcome may be high, but variable, in the outer areas and low, but probably more constant in the innermost areas, provided that releases of juvenile, sublittoral, piscivorous fish do not result in a fish stock density in excess of the carrying capacity level.     

Identification of essential habitats: Including chimaeras into current shark protected areas

1. Essential habitats are areas required to support specific functions, such as providing foraging grounds, shelter or used for reproductive purposes. For mobile aquatic species that move throughout numerous components of the seascape, identifying essential habitats within a species' broader distribution range is crucial to understanding their ecology and provide vital information needed to underpin effective conservation and management (e.g. the implementation of protected areas).
2. In Tasmania (Australia), a number of coastal habitats have been declared shark refuge areas (SRAs), where fishing for elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates) is prohibited.
3. Chimaeras are relatives of elasmobranchs (class Chondrichthyes) and share traits that predispose many elasmobranch species to be vulnerable to overfishing (e.g. slow growth rates and low reproductive output). However, fishing for elephantfish Callorhinchus milii (the chimaera species found in coastal Tasmania) is still permitted in SRAs.
4. Here, a combination of acoustic tracking, catch data and reproductive information was used to determine the significance of the SRA coastal habitats for C. milii.
5. Results suggest that these areas are essential habitats for reproduction and likely important for other purposes, such as foraging.
6. Given that a key strategy in managing fish stocks is protecting areas important for reproduction, and the importance of these coastal areas of Tasmania for C. milii reproductive purposes, we recommend including C. milii in current SRAs, and decreeing these areas as chondrichthyan refuge areas.

     

Biological and ecological aspects of the deep‐water red crab populations inhabiting isolated seamounts to the west of the Azores (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge)

Seamounts are common topographic features in the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) including the Azores. However, the knowledge on the ecology of seamounts in this region remains scarce despite needs for assessment and management of seamount resources such as the developing fisheries for deep‐water crabs. We described here for the first time the biological characteristics of an unexploited virgin deep‐water red crab Chaceon affinis population on seamount areas of the MAR to test the hypothesis that its general life history characteristics are similar in different ecosystem types (coastal areas and seamounts) across Macaronesia. We used a randomly stratified design to prospect a layer between 600 and 900 m depth around the summit of two isolated seamounts off the Azores. Results were consistent with the literature information in relation to the patterns of depth distribution, size and sex structure, and reproductive aspects. On the other hand, seamounts showed higher abundances when compared to previously studied coastal areas. Abundance may be also different between seamount areas as a function of the suitable bottom type available and presence of hydrothermal vents. We recommend that the essential habitat of the species should be better mapped identifying vulnerable areas before the development of any fishery.