亲鱼营养状况对繁殖效果的影响

综述了n-3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白能量比和维生素E、C和B等物质对亲鱼怀卵量、卵的受精率、孵化率和仔鱼质量的影响。海水鱼类亲鱼饲料蛋白质含量在40-50%，并添加10-20%的乌贼粉或磷虾（2%n-3HUFA）、0.025%的维生素E能提高海水鱼的繁殖效果。     

大黄鱼室内育苗阶段的病害与防治

大黄鱼室内育苗阶段是指受精卵孵化出苗—鱼苗出池下鱼排这一阶段，历时约３０～４０天。这一阶段的主要病害有３大类即：营养性疾病、寄生虫类疾病和细菌性疾病。本文就上述３大类疾病的症状、病因、流行情况及防治方法介绍如下：１营养性疾病１．１胀鳔病症状鱼苗大批量浮集水面，时而抽搐，时而打转，挣扎１～２天后出现死亡。镜检患苗，可发现其鳔比健康苗的鳔大１／３以上。病因投喂的轮虫强化培育不够，致使鱼苗体内缺乏高度不饱和脂肪酸所致。大黄鱼属海水鱼，其生理机能比淡水鱼类低，不能利用摄入的食物合成高度不饱和脂肪酸，当投…     

海水鱼种苗工厂化生产中生物饵料的稳产技术

近几年来，我国海水鱼种苗培育技术取得了较大的突破。但是，在海水鱼种苗工厂化生产中，往往由于环境、气候、育苗设施及某些人为因素的影响，造成鱼苗的生物饵料产量的不稳定，从而大大地抑制了工厂化生产规模的进一步扩展。故此，如何稳定的培养生物饵料，成了海水鱼种苗工厂化生产中的关键问题。 一、海水鱼育苗中的生物饵料 目前，在海水鱼种苗生产中所采用的生物饵料一般是指：单细胞藻、双壳类幼虫、轮虫、枝角类、桡足类等。实践证明，这一系列的生物饵料能提供海水鱼苗各个发育阶段所需的大量高度不饱和脂肪酸等营养物质，能大幅度…     

玄彩神阳海水鱼

特点 玄彩海水鱼颗粒S富含不饱和脂肪酸（DHA、EPA）、优质的动物蛋白、维生素和矿物营养素，可以提高小型海水鱼对鱼缸环境压力所引起的疾病的抵抗力。     

海水育苗活饵料--桡足类的采捕与运输技术

随着海水鱼类、虾蟹类人工育苗的迅速发展,幼体鲜活饵料的需求量愈来愈大。目前常用卤虫无节幼体做鱼虾蟹类的幼体饵料,效果较好,但卤虫休眠卵价格昂贵,育苗厂常望而却步;而其他代用饵料因效果欠佳而尽量少用,故适口活饵料已成为海水鱼虾蟹类育苗生产的瓶颈,开发价廉、营养丰富的适口活饵料已迫在眉睫。 海水桡足类俗称水蚤、虾籽,隶属于节肢动物门、甲壳纲、桡足亚纲,是海洋浮游动物的一个重要组成部份;其体内不饱和脂肪酸含量高、并含有鱼虾蟹生长发育的必需氨基酸,是营养全面的海水鱼虾蟹的活饵料。实践证明,海水人工育苗投喂桡足类可提高海水鱼虾蟹幼体的成活率与活力,因而,在海水育苗中用桡足类作饵料日益被人们所接受与重视。     

海水鱼类微量元素需求研究进展

微量元素作为海水鱼类生长发育和繁殖重要的营养物质,近年来受到越来越多水生动物营养与饲料方向科研工作者的关注。在这个背景下,本文简述了部分微量元素的生理功能、吸收机理,综述了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、大黄鱼(Larimichthys croceus)、石斑鱼属鱼类(Epinephelus)等海水鱼类对不同微量元素的需求量与缺乏或过量症,并列举了微量元素之间交互作用的研究进展。在此基础上,对海水鱼类微量元素需求研究进行了展望,提出了今后微量元素在海水鱼类营养需求上的研究方向。     

上海海水鱼类人工育苗和养殖的现状与开发前景

本文分析了上海地区海水鱼类育苗和养殖研究和发展的状况。探讨上海地区海水鱼类增养殖存在的问题,并提出今后可持续发展的几点设想。     

我国海水鱼类增养殖技术研究现状及其发展前景

本文概述了我国海水鱼类增养殖技术研究现状,探讨我国当前海水鱼类人工繁殖和育苗研究以及放流增殖试验存在的问题,并提出今后发展近海增养殖的研究方向和必要的措施。     

黄海所培训朝鲜水产技术人员

前不久，在联合国粮农组织（FAO）资助下，中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所成功举办了国际海水鱼类养殖培训班。 此次培训班是在FAO技术合作项目（TCP）框架下，为朝鲜5名有关鱼类技术人员进行海水鱼类养殖基础理论培训，由黄海所雷霁霖院士、柳学周研究员等15位长期从事海水鱼类繁育及养殖研究的专家授课。     

海水鱼育苗中营养强化的重要性及方法

轮虫和卤虫是海水鱼育苗过程中的重要饵料,其所含营养对鱼苗的成活率、生长速度及抗病能力均有重要影响。通常海水鱼苗需要从饵料中获得高级不饱和脂肪酸(n—3HUFA),磷脂、氨基酸、维生素、类胡萝卜素等营养物质中以高级不饱和脂肪酸最为重要。     

饵料中高不饱和脂肪酸在海水鱼苗培育中的作用

大量研究表明，海水鱼苗对饵料中的某些高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)有特殊的需要，如果饵料中缺乏这些HUFA，如DHA(docoaahexaenoic acid 22：6n-3)、EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid 20：5n-3)和AA(arachidonic acid 20：4n-6)，将严重影响其营养价值。主要介绍了HUFA对海水鱼苗的营养和生理作用以及饵料中的各种HUFA水平在海水鱼苗培育中的作用，并且给出了某些海水鱼苗对饵料中HUFA的需要量和各种HUFA之间的适宜比例。     

鲣鱼加工废弃物中鱼油的提取及纯化的工艺研究

鱼油所含的不饱和脂肪酸既有助于脂的消化吸收、转运和形成,又是生物膜的重要结构物质.鲣鱼加工中产生大量的下脚料,如果用于提取鱼油,可以创造可观的经济效益.本文探讨了利用鲣鱼加工废弃物提取、精制、纯化鱼油的工艺条件,并且对从鲤鱼废弃物中提取鱼油并纯化出高不饱和脂肪酸的方法进行了研究,得到的鱼油中高不饱和脂肪酸占24%,其中...     

Transgenic modification of the n‐3 HUFA biosynthetic pathway in nibe croaker larvae: improved DPA (docosapentaenoic acid; 22:5n‐3) production

Marine fish are generally unable to produce sufficient quantities of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 HUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3). Consequently, the seed production of marine fish requires careful nutritional enrichment of live feeds such as rotifers and brine shrimp Artemia to meet n‐3 HUFA requirements for normal growth. Another strategy for improving n‐3 HUFA availability is modifying the biosynthetic pathway of marine fish using transgenic technology. In this study, we conducted a feeding trial with non‐transgenic and transgenic nibe croaker Nibea mitsukurii carrying the elongation of very long‐chain fatty acids protein 2 (Elovl2) gene isolated from masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and three groups of Artemia (non‐enriched and enriched with two products). For all Artemia groups, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n‐3), which is a direct product of Elovl2, was significantly higher in the transgenic fish than that in non‐transgenic fish, despite the absence of DPA in all diets. Thus, applying transgenic techniques to marine fish at the larval stage are a powerful strategy for modifying n‐3 HUFA biosynthetic pathways.     

丁(鱼岁)不同生长阶段肌肉脂肪酸和微量营养元素的比较

对丁不同生长阶段鱼体肌肉中脂肪酸组成及微量营养元素含量进行了比较。结果表明:丁不同生长阶段肌肉中的脂肪酸含量及组成有明显差异。脂肪酸总量、不饱和脂肪酸总量和饱和脂肪酸总量,亲鱼均高于幼鱼和成鱼,成鱼均高于幼鱼;不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸总量,成鱼和亲鱼均高于幼鱼;同时,成鱼和亲鱼肌肉中高度不饱和脂肪酸花生三烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和EPA、DHA含量明显高于幼鱼肌肉。成鱼和亲鱼肌肉中微量营养元素Fe和Mn含量显著低于幼鱼(P<0.05);亲鱼肌肉中Zn含量显著低于成鱼和幼鱼(P<0.05),成鱼显著高于幼鱼(P<0.05);亲鱼肌肉中Cu含量显著低于成鱼和幼鱼(P<0.05)。     

Potential of meat meal to replace fish meal in extruded dry diets for barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch). II. Organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid composition

The organoleptic quality of barramundi fed for 66 days on pelleted diets containing varying amounts of fish meal and meat meal was determined in two experiments (E1 and E2). Each compared four diets: a 430 g kg^?1 crude protein (CP) control diet (containing 35% Chilean anchovy fish meal); two diets containing high inclusions (40% or more) of meat meal; and a proprietary barramundi diet. In E1, the two meat meal diets contained 10% Chilean fish meal whereas the two meat meal diets in E2 had no marine protein ingredients. Panellists identified and rated the colour of flesh, and scored odour, flavour and texture characteristics and overall liking on structured graphic line scales (0–100). Fish fed the high‐meat meal diets were sweeter and firmer than those fed the high‐fish meal control diet in E1 (P < 0.05). Scores for fishy flavour were also highest for the meat meal diets and lowest for the proprietary diet. In both E1 and E2, scores were high (> 60) for overall liking and low (< 10) for undesirable odours and tastes. Exclusion of all sources of marine protein from the diet in E2 did not detract from the sensory value of the fish. The influence of diet on the fatty acid profile of the fish was examined in E2. Compared with fish fed the control diet, the neutral lipid fraction of those fed the meat meal diets had higher proportions of saturated and short‐chain monounsaturated fatty acids at the expense of longer chain fatty acids, especially 22:6n‐3. Polar lipids showed only subtle dietary effects, which were confined to the long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids.     

Oil from Calanus finmarchicus—Composition and Possible Use: A Review

The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are produced by phytoplankton in the marine food web. Zooplankton acts as an important link between phytoplankton and fish at higher trophic levels and may therefore be a potential source for these fatty acids. The copepod Calanus finmarchicus is a lipid-rich zooplankton present in large amounts in the North Atlantic Ocean. The astaxanthin-rich oil contains 80–90 % wax esters consisting of mainly long-chain monounsaturated fatty alcohols esterified to saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. The long-chain n-3 fatty acids may account for 20–30% of the fatty acids in the wax esters. The wax ester rich oil is well utilized by fish, and the history of utilization, safety, and tolerability of wax esters for humans are being addressed. Recent reports indicate that oil from C. finmarchicus may have beneficial health effects beyond those which may be ascribed to intake of EPA and DHA alone.     

Essential fatty acid requirements of cultured marine fish larvae

Feeding of marine fish larvae is, in most cases, limited to the administration of two species of live prey. This reduction in the range of food available for the cultured larvae may occasionally lead to nutritional imbalances or deficiencies. A large amount of research has been recently devoted to the study of the essential fatty acid requirements of marine fish larvae. Studies on the biochemical composition of developing eggs and larvae, as well as the comparison of the patterns of loss and conservation during starvation, pointed out the importance of n-3 HUFA and arachidonic acid as essential fatty acids for larvae of marine fish. The biochemical composition of marine fish larvae, in terms of lipid content and fatty acid composition of total and polar lipids, is modified by dietary levels of essential fatty acids. Larval growth, survival and activity have also been reported to be affected by dietary levels of essential fatty acids. In addition, some pathological signs, such as hydrops or abnormal pigmentation, have been related to essential fatty acid deficiency in these fish. Based on these effects, the essential fatty acid requirements of marine larval fish have been reported to range between 0.3 and 55 g kg^?1 n-3 HUFA on a dry weight basis, suggesting that quantitative requirements of fish larvae may differ from those of juveniles or adults. But quantitative requirements for larvae of the same species reported by various authors are often contradictory. These differences are discussed in relation to the dietary lipid content, ratio 20:5n-3/22:6n-3 and culture conditions used.     

Fatty acids as trophic biomarkers in vitellogenic females in an impounded tropical river

Fatty acids have been used in marine biogeochemistry as food chain biomarkers, but in freshwater these studies are rare. In order to evaluate the fatty acid potential as biomarkers in freshwater, their profile was analyzed during vitellogenesis in two fish species, in both waterfall and reservoir environments of the Paraíba do Sul River Basin. Detrivorous Hypostomus affinis and omnivorous Geophagus brasiliensis seem to elongate and desaturate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and transfer them to the ovaries’ phospholipids. Waterfall Geophagus brasiliensis have more highly unsaturated fatty acids in the liver, but in the reservoir, accumulation mainly occurs in muscle and ovary triglycerides, suggesting trophic opportunism and a plasticity during vitellogenesis. In Hypostomus affinis, PUFA alteration occurs only in the reservoir, suggesting a high phytoplankton occurrence. Eutrophication and water speed is reflected in Hypostomus affinis ovaries by higher PUFAn3 and bacterial fatty acids. As in marine environments, analysis of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids during vitellogenesis can be used as a tool in food chain studies in freshwater.     

Effects of dietary lipid level and vegetable oil on fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) over the whole production cycle

Changes in fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) induced by vegetable oil (VO) replacement of fish oil (FO) and high dietary oil in aquaculture diets can have negative impacts on the nutritional quality of the product for the human consumer, including altered flesh fatty acid composition and lipid content. A dietary trial was designed to investigate the twin problems of FO replacement and high energy diets in salmon throughout the entire production cycle. Salmon were grown from first feeding to around 2 kg on diets in which FO was completely replaced by a 1:1 blend of linseed and rapeseed oils at low (14–17%) and high (25–35%) dietary oil levels. This paper reports specifically on the influence of diet on various aspects of fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acid compositions of liver, intestinal tissue and gill were altered by the diets with increased proportions of C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased proportions of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in fish fed VO compared to fish fed FO. HUFA synthesis in hepatocytes and enterocytes was significantly higher in fish fed VO, whereas β-oxidation was unaltered by either dietary oil content or type. Over the entire production cycle, HUFA synthesis in hepatocytes showed a decreasing trend with age interrupted by a large peak in activity at seawater transfer. Gill cell prostaglandin (PG) production showed a possible seasonal trend, with peak activities in winter and low activities in summer and at seawater transfer. PG production in seawater was lower in fish fed the high oil diets with the lowest PG production generally observed in fish fed high VO. The changes in fatty acid metabolism induced by high dietary oil and VO replacement contribute to altered flesh lipid content and fatty acid compositions, and so merit continued investigation to minimize any negative impacts that sustainable, environmentally-friendly and cost-effective aquaculture diets could have in the future. Abbreviations: FO - fish oil; HUFA - highly unsaturated fatty acids acids (carbon chain length ≥C ₂₀ with ≥3 double bonds); LO - linseed oil; RO - rapeseed oil; VO - vegetable oil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of non‐marine HUFA supplementation with fish oil removal on growth and survival of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

The use of non‐marine arachidonic acid (ArA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) enrichments was evaluated as complete replacements for marine fish oil in practical diets formulated with solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SESM). Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (0.59 g) were reared over 84 days in an outdoor tank system with no water discharge. Fishmeal was replaced with SESM, while fish oil was replaced with HUFA‐rich algal cells, alternative oil and/or fermentation products. Spray‐dried Schizochytrium algal cells (Schizomeal‐Hi DHA) served as the DHA enrichment source. Oil extracted from Mortierella sp. was used as the ArA enrichment (AquaGrow^® ArA). DHA and ArA sources (Advanced BioNutrition Corp., Columbia, MD, USA) were non‐marine products obtained from a commercial supplier. Five diets were formulated with ArA inclusion levels of 0, 0.65, 1.3, 2.6 and 5.2 g kg^?1. In addition, one diet was formulated to be DHA deficient and another was formulated with menhaden fish oil (control). Different inclusion levels of non‐marine ArA had no effect on survival or growth. Shrimp fed the non‐marine HUFA‐supplemented diets had lower average weight compared to shrimp offered the diet containing fish oil. No differences were detected in average weights of shrimp offered the ArA‐deficient and ArA‐supplemented diets.