水环境Mg2+、Ca2+含量对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长和能量收支的影响及其机制

采用人工海水,在保持海水盐度为30的条件下,设置了8个处理,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7和R8,其Mg2+/Ca2+比值(mg/mg)和Mg2+、Ca2+实测含量(mg/L)分别为0.11(35,330),0.53(175,330),1.59(525,330),2.42(800,330),3.36(1110,330),4.78(1110,232),7.87(1110,141),11.81(1110,94),研究了水环境Mg2+、Ca2+含量对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长和能量收支的影响及其机制。实验持续40d(其中R8处理因为实验虾死亡率高而只进行了30d)。实验结果:对虾的生长、蜕皮、食物转化效率和能量收支受水环境Mg2+和Ca2+含量的影响均很显著(P<0.05);其摄食量受水体Ca2+浓度的影响明显(P<0.05),而受Mg2+含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。本研究表明,凡纳滨对虾对水体低Mg2+含量的耐受能力较强,而对低Ca2+含量的耐受力很弱。在利用内陆低Mg2+或Ca2+含量的天然咸水进行对虾养殖中,通过添加Mg盐或Ca盐,只需将Mg2+浓度调节到该盐度下正常含量的15%以上,保证Ca2+浓度...     

影响碳酸盐水体pH因素的实验研究

在6组200mm×400mm×300mm的玻璃缸中配制0.5~8.0mmol/L碳酸氢钠浓度梯度的溶液,加入硝酸钾(以氮计1.0mg/L)、磷酸二氢钾(以磷计0.2mg/L)和用25生物网过滤养殖池塘的浮游植物样,之后每24h检测一次水体营养盐并及时补充,在光合作用条件下检测p H变化。结果表明:单一的碳酸盐水体p H小于11,夏季水体p H在9.23~10.66之间;在碳酸盐水体中加入不同浓度的氯化钙和氯化镁检测p H变化,结果表明,水体p H与碳酸盐、Ca2+、Mg2+含量及光照度相关。碳酸盐浓度一定时,Ca2+含量增加,抑制p H的能力增强。Ca2+含量一定时,碳酸盐含量增加抑制p H的能力增强,但在自然水体中Ca2+含量明显低于碳酸盐含量时易形成苏打水;Mg2+浓度增加,抑制p H的能力增强,当Mg2+浓度为10-2mol/L时,Mg2+只对p H大于9.63水体有抑制作用;在0.5mol/L碳酸盐水体中,光照度由6:00的2290(Lux)增加到9:00时的54200(Lux)时,p H由9.90增至10.33,p H增加明显。12:00至15:00时光照度变化范围为47500~88700(Lux),水体p H变化在10.39~10.44之间,变化不明显。     

Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及风味的影响

采取L49(78)安排7水平Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度正交试验,开展60d凡纳滨对虾养殖试验,通过比较凡纳滨对虾成活率、日均增长值、日均增重量及鲜味氨基酸含量,分析养殖水体中Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度三因子对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及虾体风味的影响;采取L8(27)安排2水平Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度正交试验,分析养殖水体中Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度三因子间交互作用对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及虾体风味的影响。结果表明:水体中Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对成活率和虾体鲜味氨基酸都有显著影响(P<0.05),Ca2+、Mg2+对凡纳滨对虾生长具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中Mg2+对成活率影响最大,Ca2+对生长影响最大,而鲜味氨基酸受盐度影响最大。Ca2+浓度为100mg/L和400mg/L,Mg2+为1200mg/L,盐度为10时,成活率最高;Ca2+≥200mg/L与Mg2+≥300mg/L时,生长速度无明显变化,Ca2+浓度为100mg/L,Mg2+浓度为150mg/L,盐度为10~20时,体长和体质量增加最快;Ca2+、Mg2+含量与盐度越高,鲜味氨基酸含量越高,Ca2+浓度为400mg/L,Mg2+浓度为750mg/L,盐度为35和20时,风味氨基酸含量最高;低盐、低钙、低镁水体显著降低了凡纳滨对虾的生长存活;Ca2+与Mg2+对成活率及体质量日均增长具有显著的交互作用影响,Ca2+与盐度对成活率具有显著的交互作用影响,Mg2+与盐度对各试验指标均没有显著影响。     

罗氏沼虾规模性育苗的水质标准及水质优化技术

探讨了罗氏沼虾育苗水体的水质标准及水质优化的技术措施.在监测生产1亿余尾虾苗过程中育苗水体水质变化的基础上,建议罗氏沼虾育苗水体的水质标准为水温30±0.5℃,盐度12‰～14‰,溶氧量3.5mg/L以上,pH值7.0～8.2,总氨氮2.0 mg/L以下,Mg2+Ca2+2.0～2.6,磷酸盐0.05～0.2mg/L,透明度大于30 cm,重金属离子的含量Cu＜0.01 mg/L、Pb＜0.05 mg/L、Cd＜0.005 mg/L、Zn＜0.01 mg/L、Hg＜0.0005 mg/L,水源的水质应新鲜和充满"活力".     

应用激光共聚焦显微技术研究Ca2+在三角帆蚌组织内的积累与分布

为了探讨淡水贝类Ca2+吸收和转运信号传递机理,采用激光共聚焦技术研究了三角帆蚌不同组织细胞在静息状态下细胞内游离Ca2+浓度,以及水体Ca2+浓度对外套膜组织细胞内钙沉积的影响。试验选取10只健康的三角帆蚌,分别获得外套膜外膜、内膜、斧足、腮及内脏团上表皮组织细胞,短期培养后用Fluo-3/AM荧光探针孵育细胞1 h,观察细胞内Ca2+荧光强度。研究结果表明,蚌不同组织细胞内Ca2+荧光强度存在显著差异,外套膜外膜细胞内Ca2+荧光强度最高,内脏团上表皮细胞的最低(P<0.05);育珠三角帆蚌在相同Ca2+浓度的孵育水平下,外套膜细胞内Ca2+荧光强度比非育珠蚌都有增加的趋势,其中在1.25 mmol/L添加组中,两组外套膜内膜细胞内Ca2+荧光强度差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);不同Ca2+孵育水平对细胞内Ca2+荧光强度有显著影响(P<0.05),随着Ca2+在孵育液中浓度的升高,外套膜细胞内Ca2+荧光强度显著增强(P<0.05),表明外套膜是从外界吸收Ca2+的主要组织,蚌体珍珠的培育增强了其对Ca2+的沉积,并且水体Ca2+浓度在1.25～3.00 mmol/L有助于蚌体内Ca2+的贮藏,这对进...     

三角帆蚌对杀灭菊酯、Ca2+、Cu2+吸收作用的研究

采用苦味酸-CTMAB分光光度法、EDTA滴定法、双硫腙法分别对杀灭菊酯、Ca2 和Cu2 养殖三角帆蚌水体中的含量进行了定量监测,研究了不同浓度对吸收作用的影响.结果表明三角帆蚌对杀灭菊酯、Ca2 和Cu2 均有一定的沉积作用,在持续处理30 d后,能使水体中这些化合物的含量明显下降.其中,杀灭菊酯在三角帆蚌存活条件下,浓度越大,沉积速度就越快;Ca2 在三角帆蚌体内的沉积量也与水样中的钙浓度有关;Cu2 沉积在三角帆蚌存活条件下,浓度越大,沉积速度就越慢,并且这种沉积量影响着三角帆蚌的存活率.     

河蟹和罗氏沼虾幼体对海水中K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的需要量

河蟹(Eriocher sinensis)、罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachiun rosen-bergii)在发育过程中均需蜕壳变态。壳的主要成分为几丁质,其中含有大量的Ca2 。水体中Ca2 的含量高,则甲壳中沉积的Ca2 也高,使甲壳钙化,难以蜕壳;若水中Ca2 的含量过低,甲壳形成困难,影响其正常生理机能,同样会影响生长发育。K 是维持细胞渗透压的离子之一,参与机体的酸碱平衡调节,过高或过低同样会影响虾蟹类的生长发育[1]。所以,水体中的K 和Ca2 的含量必须满足甲壳类生长发育的要求。水体中K 和Ca2 的含量变动很大,育苗前必须对育苗用水进行水质分析,K 和Ca2 的含量过高…     

饲料中添加中草药对鲤血清主要离子含量的影响

采用五种常用中草药 (黄芪、板兰根、茯苓、黄芩和鱼腥草 )作为饲料添加剂 ,按 1 0g·kg- 1 的剂量添加到饲料当中饲喂一龄鲤 ,测定这几种中草药对鲤的血清中的K+、Na+、Ca2 +、Cl- 、Mg2 +、Fe2 +、Zn2 +含量的影响。结果表明 ,中草药使血清中的游离离子浓度发生了一定的变化。同时也测试了生活在含高浓度敌百虫水中的鲤在加中草药及不加中草药时血清的几种主要离子含量 ,并同正常水体中对照组及加中草药鲤血清的离子含量作了比较。     

黑龙江勤得利湾水质理化特征

20 0 3年 5月、 7月、9月和 1 2月对黑龙江勤得利湾水化学特征进行了调查 ,结果表明 :勤得利湾水质良好 ,透明度变幅在 2 5～ 45cm ,pH值变幅在 7 1 4～ 7 5 2 ,水呈中性。水型属重碳酸盐类 ,钙组Ⅰ型 (CcaⅠ)软水。水中主要营养元素含量 ,总氮含量较高平均为 1 0 30mg/L ,磷酸盐含量较低平均为 0 0 1 7mg/L。离子含量以冬季最高 85 5 2mg/L ,春季最低 48 1 1mg/L。水中离子含量高低次序为HCO-3 >Ca2 +>Cl- >Na+s+K+>Mg2 +。探讨了水体的营养类型和利用。     

小体鲟血清卵黄蛋白原和 Ca2+浓度与卵巢发育的关系

采用ELISA方法、分光光度计法和组织学方法,系统研究了不同年龄小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenus)血清卵黄蛋白原(Vitellogenin Vg)、血清钙离子(Galcium Ca2+)含量与卵巢发育变化的关系.结果表明:血清Vg浓度、Ca2+浓度与卵巢的发育时期相关;在卵黄沉积期内,血清中Vg浓度与Ca2+浓度呈线性正相关(R2=0.926 4);卵黄生成前期和沉积初期,血清中Vg浓度和Ca2+含量较低;卵黄沉积期内,卵母细胞由沉积初期的0.56 mm 增大到卵黄沉积末期的2.0l mm,血清Vg质量浓度由110.65 μg/mL 上升到242.22 μg/mL,血清Ca2+浓度由2.34 mol/L增大到2.72 mol/L.对同年龄的雌、雄小体鲟血清Vg浓度和Ca2+浓度测定表明,根据血清中Vg和Ca2+含量差别,可以区分出沉积期小体鲟的性别.     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

头足类耳石微化学研究进展

耳石是位于平衡囊内起平衡作用的一对钙化组织,它是头足类的加速度感应器,记录其生命周期内的生物和生态信息。随着鱼类耳石微化学研究及应用的日趋成熟与完善,头足类耳石的相应研究也逐渐兴起。目前头足类耳石微化学的研究内容主要包括无机和有机大分子、微量元素、同位素、微化学标记等方面,其中微量元素是应用研究的重点,在头足类种群识别、生活史分析及栖息环境重建等方面发挥了重要作用。分析认为,头足类微量元素在与栖息环境尤其水温关系的研究中取得了很好的结果,被认为是测定头足类生活水温的温度计。然而,涉及种群识别、生活史分析以及与盐度和食物关系的研究还不够充分,且多集中于Sr/Ca的研究。因此,建议在今后的研究中要综合多种研究方法按时间和空间序列从日轮水平分析多种微量元素的含量与变化。     

不同品系盐生杜氏藻培养技术的研究

4种不同品系盐生杜氏藻培养结果表明：常温下,A33是最适宜培养的藻种,经4天培养,藻细胞密度可达到114×104cell／ml,细胞生长率达到0．369;其次是A23、A140、A5藻种,细胞生长率分别为0．317、0．314、0．234。控温条件下,4种品系杜氏藻细胞生长速度明显增高,是常温条件下的1．2倍。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。