南海中部海域金枪鱼类仔稚鱼的分布

1977年9—11月和1978年5-7月,南海海洋研究所科学调查船《实验》号,在南海中部海域进行了两个航次的海洋综合调查。调查范围为东径110°-118°,北纬12°-16°30′。这两个航次共采集有金枪鱼类仔鱼282尾,经鉴定有黄鳍金枪鱼95尾、长鳍金枪鱼7尾、强壮金枪鱼69尾、金枪鱼3尾、新金枪鱼2尾、金枪鱼属8尾、鲣65尾、鲔7尾、白卜鲔11尾、扁舵鲣3尾和舵鲣属9尾。本文就这些金枪鱼类仔鱼的种类组成、分布特征及其与表层温度、盐度的关系作了讨论。     

日本开发养殖金枪鱼的现状

1970年起,由水产厅远洋水产研究所主持并委托东海、近畿二大学和静冈、三重、长崎三试验场参加研究开发金枪鱼养殖技术实现企业化的试验。几年来,在试验中,仍获得黄鳍金枪鱼、园舵鲣、扁舵鲣和东方狐鲣等天然亲鱼的产卵、人工孵化及采捕长鳍金枪鱼幼鱼培育产     

不同解冻方法对速冻圆(鱼它)鲣鲜度品质的影响

<正>近年来,浙江舟山市鱿鱼出口持续低迷,作为新兴产业的金枪鱼加工开始得到水产企业的青睐。目前舟山有15家以上企业在生产出口金枪鱼制品,年加工能力在15万吨以上。鲣鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)也称正鲣,是一种低值金枪鱼,包括扁鲣、圆鲣和东方狐鲣等。目前,鲣鱼是全球金枪鱼渔业中最为重要的目标鱼种,从1998年开始其渔获量基本维持在金枪鱼总渔获量的50%以上。鲣鱼营养丰富,具有健脑益智、预防心血管疾病等多种保健功效,是国际营养协会推荐的绿色无污染健康美食,其可供鲜食     

为应对燃油价的猛涨日本远洋金枪鱼延绳钓船正在研讨临时休渔的对策

2008年5月，日本鲣鱼金枪鱼渔业协同组合联合会（简称：日鲣渔协）属下的远洋超低温金枪鱼延绳钓船的总船数为380艘，分布于太平洋、大西洋、印度洋三大洋作业。最近，由于国际燃油价的飞快攀升，已有相当数量的渔船处于亏本生产之中。日鲣渔协为了应对这一紧急事态，于5月23日召开了理事恳谈会研讨对策，而提出了采取临时休渔的措施，并呼吁日鲣渔协等有关团体也采取同一步调。     

日本远洋鲣竿钓调查船发现长鳍金枪鱼群

远洋鲣竿钓船结束鲣鱼汛期后把目标转向了长鳍金枪鱼，在这之前主要是渔获鲣鱼。日本水产综合研究中心调查船日之出丸于2005年10月25日发现了长鳍金枪鱼鱼群。闻此信息到29日，约有15～16艘鲣竿钓船转移了渔场，生产者、市场人员、加工业者对产量寄予厚望。     

南海南沙群岛灯光罩网渔场金枪鱼科渔获种类、渔获率及其峰值期

根据2014年4~6月在南海南沙群岛附近海域灯光罩网渔场的调查数据,分析了该海域内金枪鱼科种类、渔获率及其峰值期等特征。结果表明:共采集到金枪鱼科鱼类6种,鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)的平均渔获率最高,为58.2 ind·net-1;其次为鲔(Euthynnus yaito)和扁舵鲣(Auxis thazard),平均渔获率分别为10.12 ind·net-1和9.96 ind·net-1;而金枪鱼属的黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)渔获率很低,仅为0.57 ind·net-1和0.02 ind·net-1,且以幼鱼为主。在上半夜(20∶00~23∶59)金枪鱼科渔获率明显低于下半夜(00∶00~06∶00),仅约是后者的10%。鲔和扁舵鲣渔获率随时间的变化趋势较为类似,而黄鳍金枪鱼渔获率变化与鲔、圆舵鲣(Auxis rochei)和扁舵鲣呈显著负相关。在农历新月前后期(农历二十二至下月的初八)作业网次数相对较高,每天的作业次数范围为4~10次;而满月前后期(初十至十七)未进行捕捞活动。总之,黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和圆舵鲣3种鱼类的渔获率值均相对较低,且仅在新月期间出现的比例较高;而其它3种鱼类的渔获率值相对较高,波动性也较大,也以新月期间渔获率值较高。本研究为我国南海金枪鱼开发提供基础数据参考。     

世界四个主要金枪鱼延绳钓渔业团体在日本东京召开第3次协议会

为了远洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的持续发展，经营稳定，加强金枪鱼延绳钓渔业者之间的相互合作，世界四个主要金枪鱼延绳钓渔业团体的日本鲣鲔渔业协同组合联合会（简称为日鲣渔协），韩国远洋产业协会，中国渔业协会远洋分会，台湾区远洋鲔渔船鱼类输出业同业公会（简称为台湾同业公会），于6月27日在日本东京召开第3次协议会（第2次协议会于2007年11月30日在东京召开）。     

1978年在太平洋渔获金枪鱼量

据泛美热带金枪鱼国际委员会负责人申称，1978年金枪鱼总渔获量达36．55万吨，价值31500万美元。其中，黄鳍金枪鱼为12．15万吨，鲣11．22万吨。美国船队的渔获量为23．37万吨。     

线粒体COⅠ、Cyt b和16S rRNA基因在6种金枪鱼鉴定中的适用性分析

探讨细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因(COⅠ)、细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)及16S rRNA基因对主要渔获区的蓝鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus thynnus)、马苏金枪鱼(Thunnus maccoyii)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)、大目金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)和正鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis) 6种重要的生食金枪鱼及其易混品种的物种鉴定和进化分析的适用性。采用3对通用引物对6种金枪鱼共63个样品的COⅠ、Cyt b和16S rRNA 3种序列片段进行PCR扩增、测序，并运用DnaSP 5.10、Mega 7.0等软件进行了DNA序列分析、遗传差异分析和进化树分析。结果显示，16S rRNA较为保守，不能很好区分6种金枪鱼，且不能对同一物种不同地理群体进行聚类分析；Cyt b和COⅠ配合使用能很好区分6种金枪鱼，且存在一定同一物种地理群体聚类的趋势。建议COⅠ与Cyt b基因联合用于上述6种金枪鱼的分子鉴别研究。本研究为生食金枪鱼及其制品的物种鉴定及金枪鱼产业的健康发展提供了技术支撑。     

降低饲料损耗的方法

日本东海大学海洋资源学专业，对黄鳍金枪鱼和扁舵鲣进行人工交配试验获得成功。     

A dynamic optimisation model for the behaviour of tunas at ocean fronts

We present a model that simulates the foraging behaviour of tunas in the vicinity of ocean fronts. Stochastic dynamic programming is used to determine optimal habitat choice and swimming speed in relation to environmental variables (water temperature and clarity) and prey characteristics (abundance and energy density). By incorporating submodels for obligate physiological processes (gastric evacuation, standard and active metabolic costs) and sensory systems (visual feeding efficiency), we have integrated into a single fitness-based model many of the factors that might explain the aggregation of tunas at ocean fronts. The modelling technique describes fitness landscapes for all combinations of states, and makes explicit, testable predictions about time- and state-dependent behaviour. Enhanced levels of searching activity when hungry and towards the end of the day are an important feature of the optimal behaviour predicted. We consider the model to be particularly representative of the behaviour of the warm-water tunas or Neothunnus (e.g. skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis , and yellowfin, Thunnus albacares ) and for surface-dwelling temperate tunas (e.g. young albacore, Thunnus alalunga ), which are often observed to aggregate near fronts. For the bluefin group (i.e. older albacore; northern and southern bluefin, Thunnus thynnus and Thunnus maccoyii ), for which extended vertical migrations are a significant and as yet unexplained component of behaviour, the model is able to reproduce observed behaviour by adopting the lower optimal temperature and standard metabolic rate of albacore. The model cannot explain why physiological differences exist between and within the different tuna species, but it does show how differences in susceptibility to thermal stress will permit different behaviour.     

4种海水鱼线粒体DNA大片段的PCR-RFLP分析

用蛋白酶k酚氯抽提法从圆斑星鲽、高眼鲽、大菱鲆和真鲷4种海水鱼的肌肉组织中提取基因组DNA,根据金枪鱼、牙鲆及相关鱼类的线粒体DNA(m tDNA)序列保守片断设计出扩增引物,扩增从16SrRNA到ND4之间约9400 bp的m tDNA长片段。用10种限制性内切酶(H inf I,H ind III,EcoR V,EcoT22 I,Mun I,EcoT14 I,Apa I,B ln I,Ava II,D ra I)对扩增得到的m tDNA长片段进行限制性酶切和分析,其中8种酶有酶切位点。利用Ne i-L i的片断法计算出单倍型的片断共享度,根据片断共享度计算出4种鱼之间的遗传距离,用M ega 3.1软件构建NJ系统关系树,同时探讨利用线粒体大片断PCR-RFLP方法进行鱼类系统发生研究的特点。     

Ocean eddies,predator pits and bluefin tuna: implications of an inferred ‘low risk–limited payoff’ reproductive scheme of a (former) archetypical top predator

The conventional view of the reproductive ecology of bluefin tunas (Thunnus thynnus, Thunnus orientalis, Thunnus maccoyii) leads to a conceptual paradox. Simple arithmetic yields an expectation for wide variation in annual reproductive success. However, the historical record does not support this prediction. A conclusion would seem to be that a much stronger than usual density dependence must be acting. It is here argued that this strong density dependence may likely occur within small strongly convergent segments of energetically forced ocean eddy structures. Success of the implied ecological scenario requires spawning schools of sufficient size to generate sufficiently copious reproductive product to circumvent resident predator pits, while exerting sufficient predatory loss on resident predators to facilitate this circumvention. This in turn implies existence of a dangerous ‘precipice’ in the form of self‐enhancing feedback loop, lurking unperceived beyond the range of historical experience, and a need for a particular degree of precaution in managing the exploitation of this iconic species.     

Changes in the proximate composition of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) reared in the cages located on the Gulf of Antalya (Turkey's Western Mediterranean coast) during the fattening period

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the proximate composition of bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus ) muscle reared in cages during the fattening period. Samples were taken from tunas at monthly intervals between July and October. Moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were analysed. The fat and ash contents increased, and the moisture content decreased during the fattening period. There were no significant differences in the protein content during this period. The mean protein concentration was 21% over this period. The highest levels of dry matter (40%), fat (15%) and ash (1.21%) were found in October. Baitfish ( Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella aurita and Alosa fallax nilotica ) were also analysed. There were no differences in the moisture, protein and fat contents between baitfish, but a lower ash content was found in sardine than in the others. The mean moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of baitfish were found to be 68.28%; 19.2%; 8.5%; and 1.4% respectively.     

Total mercury and methylmercury levels in commercially important fishes in Japan

ABSTRACT:   The distribution of mercury in the muscle and other tissues was determined in 23 species of fishes and invertebrates. This study reveals species-specific patterns of mercury accumulation in the muscle of tuna and alfonsino. Consistently high levels of total mercury were found in Beryx splendens (0.78 ± 0.56 µg/g), Atlantic Thunnus thynnus (0.42 ± 0.06 µg/g), Pacific T. thynnus (0.59 ± 0.34 µg/g), Thunnus obesus (0.98 ± 0.34 µg/g), Makaira nigricans (0.56 ± 0.05 µg/g), Tetraptrus audax (0.51 ± 0.08 µg/g), and Xiphias gladius (0.47 ± 0.24 µg/g). Other fish species had lower levels of total mercury or methylmercury in muscle than the maximum permitted level of mercury in fish in Japan (0.4 µg/g). Total mercury and methylmercury levels in the muscles of T. thynnus , T. obesus, and B. splendens were closely correlated with body weight.     

Molecular evidence for cosmopolitan distribution of platyhelminth parasites of tunas (Thunnus spp.)

Global distribution of platyhelminth parasites and their host specificities are not well known. Our hypothesis was that platyhelminth parasites of large pelagic fishes are common around the world. We analysed molecular variation in three different taxa of platyhelminth parasites infecting four species of tunas: yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, Scombridae) from Western Australia, southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, Scombridae) from South Australia, Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis, Scombridae) from Pacific Mexico and northern bluefin tuna (T. thynnus, Scombridae) from two localities in the Mediterranean (Spain and Croatia). Comparisons of ITS2 and partial 28S rDNA demonstrated two congeneric species of blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from multiple hosts and localities: Cardicola forsteri from southern bluefin and northern bluefin tunas, and Cardicola sp. from Pacific bluefin and northern bluefin tunas; and a gill fluke, Hexostoma thynni (Polyopisthocotylea: Hexostomatidae), from yellowfin, southern bluefin and northern bluefin tunas. Partial 28S rDNA indicates that a second type of fluke on the gills, Capsala sp. (Monopisthocotylea: Capsalidae), occurs on both southern bluefin and Pacific bluefin tunas. This appears to be the first report of conspecific platyhelminth parasites of teleosts with a wide‐ranging geographical distribution that has been confirmed through molecular approaches. Given the brevity of the free‐living larval stage of both taxa of flukes on the gills (H. thynni and Capsala sp.), we conclude that the only feasible hypothesis for the cosmopolitan distribution of these flatworms is migrations of host tunas. Host migration also seems likely to be responsible for the widespread occurrence of the two species of blood flukes (Cardicola spp.), although it is also possible that these were translocated recently by the spread of infected intermediate hosts.     

Variability of preferred environmental conditions for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae in the Gulf of Mexico during 1993–2011

The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is the primary spawning ground for western Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). In this work, information reported by previous studies about the preferred environmental conditions for the occurrence of bluefin tuna larvae in the GOM is integrated into a dimensionless index, the BFT_Index. This index is used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of areas with favorable environmental conditions for larvae within the GOM during 1993–2011. The main findings of this work are that: (i) the proposed index successfully captures the spatial and temporal variability in the in situ occurrence of bluefin tuna larvae; (ii) areas with favorable environmental conditions for larvae in the GOM exhibit year‐to‐year spatial and temporal variability linked with mesoscale ocean features and sea surface temperature; and (iii) comparison of the BFT_Index‐derived variability with recruitment of age‐0 fish estimated from recent stock assessment indicates that changes in environmental conditions may drive a relevant component (~58%) of the recruitment variability. The comparison with the recruitment dataset further revealed the existence of key regions linked with recruitment in the central/northern GOM, and that the Loop Current may function as a trap for larvae, possibly leading to low survival rates. Above (below) average conditions for occurrence of larvae in the GOM during spring were observed in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006–2008, and 2011 (1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003 and 2010). Results reported here have potential applications to assessment of bluefin tuna.     

虎嘉鱼食性及食物消化的研究

本文报导虎嘉鱼(Hucho bIeekeri K.)的食性及食物消化的研究结果,其食性以水生昆虫和鱼类为主食。虎嘉鱼是较有经济价值的鱼类,这一研究对虎嘉鱼的开发和利用及人工养殖提供了科学依据。     

金枪鱼类的生物学特征与资源概况

报道了黄鳍金枪鱼，副金枪鱼，金枪鱼，南方金枪鱼，长鳍金枪鱼的生物学，生态学特征和资源状况，以期对我国发展金枪鱼远洋渔业有所帮助。     

Relationships among yellowfin and skipjack tuna, their prey-fish and plankton in the tropical western Indian Ocean

Stomach contents of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tuna caught by trolling and purse seining in the tropical western Indian Ocean, together with those of the prey-fish found in their stomachs, have been analysed. Epipelagic fish are the main prey of these tunas, whereas no vertically migrating fish, which inhabit subsurface layers at night, have been found in their stomachs. These tunas are thus considered day-feeders. Purse-seine-caught tunas, which belong to large schools, have a much higher number of prey-fish in their stomachs than tunas caught by trolling on small schools. Similarly, prey-fish from purse-seine tunas have a much higher number of plank-tonic prey in their stomachs than those from troll-caught tunas. Therefore, these tunas adopt a wandering strategy in small schools when food resources are scarce and form large schools when they are abundant. The planktonic organisms found in the stomachs of prey-fish are described by taxa and sizes; they represent the fraction of the planktonic biomass actually supporting the stock of tuna. Size ratios between the three links tuna-prey-fish-plankton are very high, suggesting that these tunas benefit from a short food chain which is probably efficient from the energetic point of view.