近交对中国明对虾生长、存活及抗逆性的影响

以"中国对虾遗传育种中心"2个近交家系为基础培育近交群体,近交系数为0375;以"中国对虾遗传育种中心"选育的核心群体做对照群体.将实验对虾养殖60 d,每隔20 d测量体长与体质量.通过体长、体质量、存活率、耐盐力、耐温力和抗白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)感染能力6个指标来评价近交对中国明对虾生长、存活和抗逆性的影响.方差分析表明,近交群体和对照群体在体长、体质量和存活率这3个性状上差异显著(P＜0.05),近交衰退系数分别为-4.027 0%、-7.300 0%、-5.803 3%;而近交群体和对照群体在耐盐力、耐温力和抗WSSV感染能力3个抗逆性状上差异不显著(P＞0.05),近交衰退系数分别为0.084 1%、-0.739 4%、1.911 0%.研究结果表明,近交使中国明对虾生长、存活等性状产生显著的衰退,而对抗逆性这-性状没有显著影响.     

凡纳滨对虾在氯化物型盐碱水养殖环境下不同家系间生长、存活性能分析

本研究以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)61个家系为材料,开展了为期50 d的氯化物型盐碱水混合养殖测试,分析了各个家系的生长和存活性能。研究结果显示,凡纳滨对虾家系在氯化物型盐碱水养殖环境下的体重和存活率均存在显著差异,且家系间体重和存活率差异较大,变异系数分别高达36.26%和46.82%;凡纳滨对虾家系的绝对增重率均值和特定增重率均值分别为0.09g/d和1.82%/d,绝对增重最快的家系比绝对增重率均值高7.54个百分点,比增重最慢家系高12.95个百分点;凡纳滨对虾家系存活率范围为1.00%~63.33%,家系平均存活率为26.61%,家系最高存活率比家系最低存活率高了62.33个百分点,比家系存活率均值高了36.72个百分点。本研究结果表明:凡纳滨对虾家系在氯化物型盐碱水养殖条件下生长、存活存在较大差异,具有较大的遗传改良空间和选育潜力,本研究结果可为下一步的凡纳滨对虾盐碱水选育工作提供数据支持。     

金鳟日本品系不同家系提纯复壮后生长性能的比较

本实验通过人工授精技术和苗种标准化培育方法建立16组金鳟(Oncorhyncus mykiss)日本品系全同胞家系。运用方差分析、多重比较等方法分析不同家系不同时期的生长性能。结果显示:不同时期各组家系间平均体长、体重存在显著性差异,其中在5月龄阶段,J7家系增重最快,绝对增重率比全部家系的均值高38.83%,比增重最慢的家系J25高98.66%,表现出明显的生长优势;9月龄阶段,J7家系增重最快,绝对增重率比全部家系均值高25.93%,比增重最慢的家系J27高85.37%;12月龄时,J7家系增重最快,绝对增重率比全部家系均值高27.68%,比增重最慢的家系J25高58.27%,但不同月龄阶段各组家系的绝对增重率及体重值排序并不一致;金鳟日本品系个体体重性状的变异系数高于体长性状的变异系数,1月龄、5月龄、9月龄、12月龄体重的变异系数分别为34.34%、30.60%、27.91%、27.06%,体长的变异系数分别为10.34%、10.31%、9.91%、9.40%。在整个生长测量过程中,J7、J11、J15三个家系,无论是体长还是体重都表现出较优的生长速度和增长量,生长优势明显,可以判断J7、J11、J15家系为优秀家系。研究结果为进一步的选育提供了良好的材料。     

凡纳滨对虾野生群体F1与近交群体杂交和自交子代的抗逆、生长性状比较

为了探究野生群体的引入对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)近交群体子代性状的影响,利用源自厄瓜多尔海区的野生群体群选F_1(EC)与自建的全同胞兄妹近交群体(ZG)双列杂交,构建了EC♂×EC♀(EE)、ZG♂×ZG♀(GG)、EC♂×ZG♀(EG)、ZG♂×EC♀(GE) 4个子代群体,并对4个群体的仔虾进行了急性低盐度、亚硝酸盐暴露下的存活率和急性微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)暴露下的抗氧化酶活性分析,同时进行了养殖生长性状测试。结果显示:4个群体仔虾急性低盐度暴露下的存活率、急性MC-LR暴露下的抗逆性和生长性状都表现为EEGEEGGG,急性亚硝酸盐暴露下的存活率GEEEEGGG;杂交群体GE在急性低盐度、亚硝酸盐暴露和生长性状的杂种优势率分别为31.83%、77.01%和2.77%;而EG群体的杂种优势率分别为-19.21%、-8.01%和-8.14%,性状弱于双亲中值。4个群体的抗逆、生长性状总体表现为EEGEEGGG。研究发现:凡纳滨对虾杂交群体的性状以母本遗传占主导优势,近交群体的性状衰退可能是导致以其为母本的杂交子代性状退化的主因;凡纳滨对虾选育工作可能需要每年补充外源基础群体,才能保持选育群体的优势性状。     

不同近交系数蛤仔橙色品系的生长和成活研究

以不同遗传背景的蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）橙色品系为材料,采用建立半同胞家系子一代H1（F=0.125）、全同胞家系子一代F1（F=0.250）、全同胞家系子四代F4（F=0.594）及自然对照组C1（F=0）的方法,进行了不同近交系数蛤仔橙色品系生长和成活的研究.结果表明,在整个养殖周期中F1组的壳长生长最慢,在稚贝期和养成期均显著小于F4和C1组（P＜0.05）,H1、F4和C1组之间的壳长生长差异不显著（P＞0.05）.C1组的成活率在整个养殖周期中为最小,除幼虫期3日龄外,其他各日龄均显著小于其他试验组（P＜0.05）,而H1、F1和F4组之间的成活率则差异不显著（P＞0.05）.试验组F1壳长生长的衰退率为2.92％ ～ 18.33％,平均值为（12.05±6.54）％,试验组H1在稚贝期、养成期显现出一定的衰退现象,而试验组F4在整个养殖周期中均未表现出近交衰退现象;各试验组的成活性状在各日龄均未出现近交衰退.该研究为橙色品系的选育奠定一定的理论基础.     

中国对虾新品种“黄海2号”的培育

选取中国对虾“黄海1号”、“即抗98”2个养殖群体,朝鲜半岛南海群体、乳山湾群体、青岛沿岸群体及海州湾群体4个自然群体,采用不平衡巢式交配设计方案,于2005年建立了中国对虾育种的基础群体.设计并建立了中国对虾的多性状复合育种技术,选育的目标性状为生长速度、白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)感染后的存活时间及养殖存活率.结果显示,养殖170 d收获体质量的遗传力为0.22,抗WSSV存活时间的遗传力为0.14,存活率的遗传力为0.03.采用BLUP法估算个体育种值,通过百分比加权的形式,分别赋予生长速度、抗WSSV存活时间和存活率的加权值为80％、15％和5％,并对性状育种值进行标准化,获得综合选择指数；按照每个家系及个体的综合选择指数大小进行家系间及家系内留种,并根据系谱信息,设计交配方案,将每代的近交系数控制在1％以内.选育4代后的统计结果表明,平均每代的遗传进展为生长速度,13.56％;抗病力,6.76％；存活率,5.05％.3个性状中,收获体质量的遗传力最高、加权最大,每代获得的遗传进展稳定在12％以上；抗WSSV存活时间与存活率遗传力较低,每代获得的遗传进展相对小且不稳定.实验培育的新品种“黄海2号”于2009年通过全国水产原良种委员会审定,可在适合中国对虾的养殖区进行推广养殖.     

凡纳滨对虾7个引进群体的生长性能评估

为了对凡纳滨对虾7个引进群体的生长性能进行评估,通过巢式交配和人工授精的方式,用201 1年源自不同国家和地区的7个凡纳滨对虾群体建立了130个全同胞家系,包括17个杂交组合(正反交合并)和7个自交组合.各家系的仔虾、幼虾经中间暂养和标记后混合,在河北黄骅(HBHH)和青岛鳌山(QDAS)两个养殖场养殖,测定了153日龄虾体质量性状.用混合线性模型估计不同群体和家系体质量最小二乘均值,计算不同杂交组合杂种优势率,评估不同群体和杂交组合的生长性能.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾各群体体质量变异系数变化范围为13％～26％；UA5、UA4和SIN三个群体为亲本的153日龄虾体质量最小二乘均值均较高,分别比群体均值高5.34％、2.51％和1.67％,是体质量性状育种的优良亲本；杂交组合均值(18.14 g)比自交组合(17.17 g)高5.65％,杂交组合UA4×UA5体质量最小二乘均值最高(19.52 g),比杂交组合均值高7.61％；组合杂种优势率在-1.77％～ 11.72％,均值为5.45％,大部分杂交组合(＞75％)存在正向杂种优势,UA1×UA2杂交组合杂种优势率最高.研究结果有助于提高凡纳滨对虾生长性能遗传选择的准确性,并为实现良种选育奠定基础.     

团头鲂5个选育群体2龄阶段生长性能比较

为评估团头鲂5个选育群体的配套系育种潜力,采用剪鳍标志和同池比较法对5个团头鲂选育群体(编号A~E)进行了为期12个月的2龄阶段生长性能比较。结果显示,5个选育群体2龄鱼试验末体质量为925.64~1123.86 g;5个选育群体的特定增重率为0.44~0.49%/d,绝对增重率为2.03~2.56 g/d,体质量变异系数为13.35%~22.01%,成活率为73.33%~93.00%。LSD多重比较分析表明,A群体、B群体、C群体在特定增重率、绝对增重率、体质量变异系数和成活率等方面的表现均显著(P0.05)优于D群体和E群体。本研究结果表明A群体、B群体和C群体具备用作配套系育种亲本的优势。     

中华卤虫不同近交水平家系生长性能比较

本研究评估了近交对中华卤虫生长性状的影响。使用实验室养殖的4个世代的中华卤虫近交家系，统计其生长数据，利用一般线性模型计算获得体长最小二乘均值，其中Gz代3个近交群体（F=0．0625，F=0．125，F=0．25）的最小二乘均值分别为9749．24、9298．87、9259．42μm，相比对照家系10179．57um，分别降低了4．23％、8．65％、9．04％，3个群体体长性状均有不同程度的衰退，并且随着近交系数的增加，衰退呈现加重趋势。3个近交群体每10％近交系数导致的近交衰退分别为-6．77％、-6．92％和-3．62％，综合计算所得所有近交家系每10％近交系数导致的近交衰退为一5．77％。研究结果表明，中华卤虫近交家系的体长性状有明显的衰退。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)选育群体与杂交群体遗传多样性差异及其在低温条件下生长性能的比较

选取连续3年选育的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)群体作为选育群体(SP),选育群体与引进的凡纳滨对虾群体的杂交F1代群体(HP),探究了这2个群体在低温条件下的生长性能及遗传多样性的差异.结果显示,在生长性能方面,HP群体与SP群体的平均体重分别为(13.18±3.65)g和(12.20±3.14)g,变异系数(CV)分别为27.69％和25.74％.HP群体的体重和其他可测量性状的平均值均大于SP群体.单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)表明,2个群体体重(BW)和第3腹节宽(TASW)存在极显著差异(P＜0.01).HP群体的特定增长率(SGR)和绝对增重率(AGR)分别为(5.09±0.61) ％/d和(0.26±0.60) g/d,SP群体的SGR和AGR分别为(4.94±0.57) ％/d和(0.24±0.63) g/d,HP群体的SGR和AGR均极显著高于SP群体(P＜0.01),表明HP群体相对于SP群体有着明显的生长优势.在遗传多样性方面,HP群体的平均等位基因数(Na=7.9)略高于SP群体(Na=7.6).HP群体和SP群体的平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.63和0.62,均为高度多态.2个群体的平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.492(HP群体)和0.483(SP群体),平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.675(HP群体)和0.663(SP群体),HP群体的He和Ho均略高于SP群体,表明HP群体相比SP群体有着更加丰富的遗传多样性.遗传分化分析表明,2个群体间遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.1556,表明群体间遗传分化水平显著.     

Effect of Dietary Astaxanthin on Growth,Survival, and Stress Tolerance of Postlarval Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

The effect of dietary astaxanthin on growth, survival, and stress tolerance was determined in postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei. An experiment was performed with postlarval shrimp (mean initial wet weight 1.2 mg) fed four isoenergic and isonitrogenous diets containing four supplemented levels of astaxanthin (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg diet, respectively). Shrimp fed diets containing 100, 200, and 400 mg astaxanthin/kg diet for 30 d showed higher weight gain (WG, %) and survival compared to the control (without supplementation of astaxanthin). Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and final body wet weight (FBW, mg) showed the same pattern as WG. There were no significant differences in growth performance (FBW, WG, and SGR) among the groups fed the diets with astaxanthin supplementation at the termination of feeding trial. Survival of shrimp in the control and 100 mg/kg diet treatments was significantly lower than that of shrimp in the treatments with 200 and 400 mg/kg diet. After 9 d of a stress tolerance test, survival of shrimp in the 200 and 400 mg astaxanthin/kg treatments was significantly higher than that of shrimp in the 0 and 100 mg astaxanthin/kg treatments (P < 0.05). We concluded from this experiment that astaxanthin was a necessary ingredient for the development of larval L. vannamei. Considering the effect of astaxanthin on both, growth performance and survival of postlarval L. vannamei, the level of astaxanthin supplemented in the diet should be between 100 mg and 200 mg/kg of diet.     

Effects of dietary chitosan on growth,survival and stress tolerance of postlarval shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

The effect of chitosan, a polymer of glucosamine obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, on growth, survival and stress tolerance was studied in postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei. An experiment was performed with postlarval shrimp (mean initial wet weight 1.2 mg) fed five isoenergic and isonitrogenous diets containing five supplemented levels of chitosan (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g kg^?1 diet, respectively). The five compound diets (C0, C0.5, C1, C2 and C4) sustained shrimp growth throughout the experiment. Growth performance (final body weights; weight gain; SGR: specific growth rate) in shrimp fed diet C2 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed diets C0, C0.5 and C1 (P < 0.05), diet C4 treatment provided intermediate growth result. The survival in shrimp fed diet C1 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed C0 diet (P < 0.05), other diets treatments gave the intermediate survival results. No significant differences were found in growth and survival between diet C2 and C4 treatments. After 9 days of a stress tolerance test, survival in shrimp fed diets C1, C2 and C4 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed diets C0 and C0.5. We concluded from this experiment that the incorporation of a moderate dietary chitosan was beneficial to the development of postlarval L. vannamei. Considering the effect of chitosan on both growth and survival of postlarval L. vannamei, second‐degree polynomial regression of SGR and survival indicated optimum supplement of dietary chitosan at 2.67 and 2.13 g kg^?1, respectively, so the level of chitosan supplemented in the diet should be between 2.13 and 2.67 g kg^?1.     

凡纳滨对虾多个引进群体的杂交配合力分析

利用人工授精技术,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计,以7个凡纳滨对虾群体生产家系130个,建立育种基础群体.利用混合线性模型和广义线性模型,结合约束极大似然法估计不同引进群体体质量和存活性状的一般配合力(general combining ability,GCA)和特殊配合力(special combining ability,SCA).结果显示,对于体质量性状,UA5、UA4和SIN 3个群体的GCA值最高,分别为0.42、0.32和0.19；17个杂交组合中,UA5×SIN、UA1×UA2、UA4×UA5、UA4×SIN和UA1×SIN 5个组合体质量和存活性状的SCA值正向优势较明显,是生产优良子代的优先搭配组合；体质量和存活性状配合力方差分析结果显示,不同环境下体质量性状GCA和SCA方差组分所占比例不同,但总体差异不大；相关性分析显示,不同环境下体质量性状配合力之间存在正相关,而存活性状存在负相关.     

Influence of dietary phospholipids level on growth performance,body composition and lipid class of early postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei

One experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of phospholipids on growth performance of early postlarval shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Five isoenergic and isonitrogenous diets with five supplemented levels of phospholipids (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 with 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 g kg^?1 diet, respectively) were fed to triplicate groups of L. vannamei (mean initial wet weight 0.8 mg) for 27 days. After the 27‐day feeding trial, the lowest weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) was found in P1 treatment, the highest WG and SGR was found in P3, P4 and P5 treatments, P2 treatment provided intermediate result and showed significant difference compared to P1, P3, P4 and P5 treatments. Shrimp fed the P1 diet had significantly lower survival than shrimp fed other diets, while no significant difference was found in survival among P2, P3, P4 and P5 treatments. Broken‐line analysis on WG indicated that the optimum dietary phospholipids for early postlarval shrimp, L. vannamei, is 45.96 g kg^?1 diet.     

七种不同结构糖源对凡纳滨对虾三大营养物质代谢的影响

本实验研究了不同结构糖源饲料对初始体质量为(0.14±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成及相关代谢的影响。实验共设7个处理,基础饲料中分别添加7种结构不同的糖源:葡萄糖、果糖、葡萄糖+果糖(1∶1)、蔗糖、麦芽糖、玉米淀粉和糊精,添加水平为20%。每处理设3个平行,每个平行放50尾虾,实验期56 d。结果表明,实验饲料对凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率和蛋白质效率有显著影响,呈现多糖蔗糖其他,其中葡萄糖组最低;实验饲料对凡纳滨对虾的全虾水分、灰分、蛋白质无显著影响,但对脂肪、肝糖原、肌糖原的影响显著。不同结构的糖源饲料对糖代谢相关酶及产物产生显著影响,对脂肪和蛋白代谢酶及产物影响不显著。     

Effects of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaf protein concentrate as soybean protein replacement in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) postlarvae diet

The potential of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in formulated diets for the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) postlarvae, was assessed. Isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated containing 40% protein and 8% lipid. WHLPC replaced 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of soybean meal protein in the formulated diets. Twenty postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei weighing 5.0 ± 0.00032 mg were randomly assigned to twelve 30‐L aquarium tanks and were fed experimental diets for 70 days. Results show that the overall biological performance of shrimp in terms of specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed efficiency (FE) and survival in treatment receiving the 25% WHLPC replacement is comparable to that of the control diet. Replacement levels beyond 25% exhibited significant depression in terms of growth performance of the shrimp. Collectively, these findings indicate that WHLPC can replace 25% of soybean meal protein in the formulated diets of L. vannamei.     

近交对长牡蛎幼虫和稚贝生长与存活的影响

分别以2010年通过2个野生个体进行交配获得的A01全同胞家系和2011年通过A01家系子代进行交配获得A02全同胞家系为亲本,在2013年6月采用同时建立全同胞交配子一代F1(F=0.250)、全同胞交配子二代F2(F=0.375)及设置对照组(F=0)的方法,研究在相同环境条件下,不同实验组的受精率与孵化率以及近交对长牡蛎幼虫期、稚贝期生长和存活的影响,并初步探讨近交代数与近交衰退的关系。结果发现,各组的受精率均在90%以上,除F2组外其余2组的孵化率也在90%以上;幼虫阶段,F1组和F2组的壳高与壳长均从12日龄出现衰退(近交衰退系数,inbreeding depression coefficient,IDC0),且F2组壳高的近交衰退系数均小于同日龄F1组壳高的近交衰退系数;F1组和F2组的存活率在整个幼虫期间均出现衰退,且F1组和F2组存活率的近交衰退系数均随着幼虫日龄的增加而逐渐减小。稚贝阶段,F1组和F2组的平均壳高在各日龄均表现出近交衰退(IDC0),且F2组壳高的近交衰退系数均小于相同日龄F1组壳高的近交衰退系数;3个实验组的平均壳长在整个稚贝阶段无显著性差异;F1组和F2组存活率的衰退在不同日龄始终存在(IDC0),且随着稚贝日龄的增加其衰退程度逐渐加大。研究结果为长牡蛎选择育种和遗传改良提供了基础资料。     

Could the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei be compensated by long-term cyclic feed deprivation and following refeeding?

ABSTRACT

The effects of long-term cyclic feed deprivation and refeeding on compensatory growth and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei were assessed for five different feeding protocols (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 days fasting/days feeding) during 15 study weeks. Shrimp in each tank were weighed to calculate growth parameters. The control group has shown the highest specific growth rate (SGR) and the highest final weight compared to the cycling-feeding groups during the first 8 weeks (P < 0.05). On the other hand, during the realimentation period (9–15 weeks), SGR of the cycling feeding groups and the control group are equivalent (P < 0.05). It has been concluded that long-term cycling starvation and feeding treatment lead to compensatory growth of L. vannamei. Final survival rates ranged between 64.4% and 79.9% in all the groups (P > 0.05).     

Growth parameters of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and red seaweed Gracilaria corticata in integrated culturing method under zero water exchange system

Growth parameters of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and red seaweed Gracilaria corticata were measured using integrated culturing method under zero‐water exchange system in a 45‐day period. A 2 × 3 factorial design was used with two levels of shrimp stocking densities and three levels of seaweed weight densities. G. corticata was cultured on a net tied to a round polyethylene frame. Culture tanks were filled with 750‐L filtered seawater. A 40‐W compact fluorescent lamp was hung over each tank to provide adequate and sufficient light for seaweed growth. Growth parameters of shrimp and seaweed such as specific growth rate (SGR), weight gained (WG) and average daily growth (ADG) were computed based on the initial and final weight of shrimp and seaweed. The maximum and minimum SGR of L. vannamei (1.97 and 1.69%/day) were observed in treatment S₁A₃ (25 shrimp/m² and 400 g seaweed/m²) and S₂A₁ (50 shrimp/m² without seaweed) respectively. The best survival rate (94.67 ± 1.33%), WG (129.9 ± 2.9%) and feed conversion ratio (1.67 ± 0.04) were also observed in treatment S₁A₃. The SGR of G.corticata in the treatment S₁A₃ (1.97 ± 0.00%/day) was significantly higher, compared to others. Strong positive correlations were obtained between the density of G. corticata and the growth parameters of L. vannamei. The red seaweed G. corticata could boost the growth parameters, survival rate and total production of L. vannamei under zero‐water exchange system.