饲料维生素E添加量对花鲈生长、组织中维生素E积累量和免疫指标的影响

采用单因子试验设计方法,进行了饲料中添加维生素E对花鲈生长(增重率、存活率、特定生长率、饲料效率)、组织中维生素E积累量和免疫指标(血清中溶菌酶活性和总补体活性)影响的研究,设计了5个不同维生素E水平(0.6、24.7、49.0、98.8、198.2 mg/kg)的等氮等能饲料,对花鲈进行为期8周的生长实验,每个水平含3个重复,每个养殖单元放养初始体重为10.1 g左右的花鲈20尾.饲养试验在海水网箱(1.5 m×1.0 m×1.0 m)中进行.结果表明:饲料中未添加维生素E组的增重率、饲料效率、特定生长率以及存活率显著低于维生素E添加组,随着饲料中维生素E添加量由0.6提高到49.0 mg/kg时,花鲈的增重率和特定生长率显著提高,以增重率和特定生长率为指标,花鲈最佳生长性能的饲料维生素E添加量为60.5 mg/kg左右;对鱼体生物学指标的分析表明,饲料中维生素E添加量达到49 mg/kg时能显著影响鱼体的肝体比指数,鱼体水分、粗脂肪不受饲料中维生素E添加水平的影响,然而对鱼体粗蛋白含量的影响显著;随着饲料中维生素E添加量由0.6提高到49.0 mg/kg时,花鲈肌肉和肝脏中维生素E的积累量显著升高,但当维生素E添加量达到49.0 mg/kg后,肌肉和肝脏中维生素E的积累量变化不显著;饲料中未添加维生素E组的花鲈血清溶菌酶和总补体活性显著低于维生素E添加组,花鲈血清溶菌酶和总补体活性随着维生素E添加量的增加而显著升高,饲料维生素E添加量达到98.8 mg/kg时,血清溶菌酶和总补体活性较高.综上所述,花鲈生长和免疫的维生素E适宜添加量为60.5～98.8 mg/kg.     

饲料中维生素A对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢酶活性及基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中维生素A(VA)对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢相关酶活性及基因表达的影响,实验选取360尾初始体质量为(6.10±0.10) g的青鱼幼鱼,随机分配至3个实验组中,每个实验组设置3个平行。采用单因素实验设计,以无维酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源、菜籽油为脂肪源、糊精为糖源,同时添加矿物质混合物和维生素混合物(无VA添加)配制成3组实验饲料,分别以饲料1 (Diet1)、饲料2 (Diet2)和饲料3 (Diet3)表示。在饲料1、饲料2和饲料3中分别添加0、2 200和20 000 IU/kg VA醋酸酯(500 000IU/g),经高效液相色谱法(Agilent-1100, Agilent,美国)检测后实验饲料中VA的实际含量分别为178.2、2 058.9和18 436.2 IU/kg,养殖周期为8周。结果显示:饲料中VA缺乏会显著降低青鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR);VA缺乏会显著降低血清血糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)浓度,增加总胆固醇(TCH)浓度。饲料中添加2 058.9IU/kg VA能显著提高肝脏己糖激酶(HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性,促进葡萄糖转运蛋白-2 (GLUT-2)、HK、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、PFK和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)基因表达。当饲料中VA含量为2 058.9 IU/kg时,对肝脏脂肪酸转运蛋白-1(FATP-1)基因表达无显著影响,但显著影响肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 (CPT-1)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-2 (CPT-2)基因表达。当饲料中VA缺乏时,CPT-1和CPT-2基因表达受到显著性抑制;当饲料中添加过量VA时,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶-2 (ACC-2)和脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达受到抑制;同时,VA过量组中肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)基因表达显著下降。研究表明,在饲料中添加2 058.9 IU/kg VA可以促进青鱼幼鱼生长,提高肝脏对葡萄糖的转运能力,促进糖酵解和糖异生代谢平衡,同时促进脂肪酸合成和转运。     

饲料维生素E添加量对花鲈生长、组织中维生素E积累量

采用单因子试验设计方法，进行了饲料中添加维生素E对花鲈生长（增重率、存活率、特定生长率、饲料效率）、组织中维生素E积累量和免疫指标（血清中溶菌酶活性和总补体活性）影响的研究，设计了5个不同维生素E水平（0.6、24.7、49.0、98.8、198.2 mg•kg-1）的等氮等能饲料，对花鲈进行为期8周的生长实验，每个水平含3个重复，每个养殖单元放养初始体重为10.1g左右的花鲈20尾。饲养试验在海水网箱（1.5×1.0×1.0 m)中进行。结果表明：饲料中未添加维生素E组的增重率、饲料效率、特定生长率以及存活率显著低于维生素E添加组，随着饲料中维生素E添加量由0.6提高到49.0 mg•kg-1时，花鲈的增重率和特定生长率显著提高，以增重率和特定生长率为指标，花鲈最佳生长性能的饲料维生素E添加量为60.5 mg•kg-1左右；对鱼体生物学指标的分析表明，饲料中维生素E添加量达到49 mg•kg-1时能显著影响鱼体的肝体比指数，鱼体水分、粗脂肪不受饲料中维生素E添加水平的影响,然而对鱼体粗蛋白含量的影响显著；随着饲料中维生素E添加量由0.6提高到49.0 mg•kg-1时，花鲈肌肉和肝脏中维生素E的积累量显著升高，但当维生素E添加量达到49.0 mg•kg-1后，肌肉和肝脏中维生素E的积累量变化不显著；饲料中未添加维生素E组的花鲈血清溶菌酶和总补体活性显著低于维生素E添加组，花鲈血清溶菌酶和总补体活性随着维生素E添加量的增加而显著升高，饲料维生素E添加量达到98.8 mg•kg-1时，血清溶菌酶和总补体活性较高。综上所述，花鲈生长和免疫的维生素E适宜添加量为60.5～98.8 mg•kg-1左右。     

β-葡聚糖对花鲈免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

通过室内循环水养殖试验和氨氮急性应激试验,研究了饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对花鲈免疫和抗氧化指标的影响。选用体质量为(8.35±0.17)g的花鲈720尾,随机分成6组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别投喂基础饲料和添加200、400、600、800、1000mg/kgβ-葡聚糖的试验饲料。6周生长试验结束后,对花鲈进行非离子氨质量浓度为3.29mg/L的氨氮应激试验,持续时间为96h。结果显示,与对照组相比,400~800mg/kg组免疫球蛋白M含量显著升高(P0.05),各添加组补体3含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。400~800mg/kg组血清碱性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组血清酸性磷酸酶活性、200~600mg/kg组血清一氧化氮含量显著高于对照组和其他添加组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,400mg/kg组血清总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P0.05),400~800mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05)。各组血清过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著(P0.05)。应激后,200~600mg/kg组碱性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组和600mg/kg组酸性磷酸酶活性、400mg/kg组总抗氧化能力与对照组相比显著升高;400mg/kg组和600mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著降低。试验结果表明,饲料中添加适量β-葡聚糖能提高花鲈的免疫和抗氧化水平。     

斜带石斑鱼对实用饲料中维生素D_3的需求量

实验设计了6个不同维生素D_3水平(0,1 000 IU·kg~(-1),2 000 IU·kg~(-1),4 000 IU·kg~(-1),8 000 IU·kg~(-1),100 000 IU·kg~(-1))的等氮等能饲料(组1、组2、组3、组4、组5和组6)来研究斜带石斑鱼对维生素D_3的需求量。结果显示,摄食组3饲料的斜带石斑鱼增重率、特定生长率以及饲料效率显著高于其他组(P0.05)。不同水平的维生素D_3不影响石斑鱼的肥满度和肝体比,添加量大于2 000 IU·kg~(-1)时,石斑鱼肠系膜脂肪和脏体比随着维生素D_3水平的升高而降低(P0.05)。鱼体肌肉和全鱼中蛋白含量随着维生素D_3水平的升高而降低,粗脂肪含量各组之间没有显著性差异。维生素D_3添加量低于2 000 IU·kg~(-1)时,石斑鱼骨骼中钙(Ca)、磷(P)含量与维生素D_3的添加量呈正相关。以增重率以及骨骼Ca、P含量为指标,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼实用饲料中维生素D_3的适宜添加量为2 000 IU·kg~(-1)。     

饲料中添加不同水平维生素A对大菱鲆亲鱼繁殖性能的影响

以维生素A添加量为0(对照组)、10 000IU/kg(1万组)和80 000IU/kg(8万组)的3种人工配合饲料饲养大菱鲆Scophthamus maximus亲鱼8个月,通过比较各饲料组亲鱼平均相对产卵量、卵子上浮率、受精率、孵化率、卵子与仔稚鱼的大小等,研究不同添加水平的维生素A对亲鱼繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,8万组卵子上浮率和孵化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与1万组差异不显著(P>0.05);8万组初孵仔鱼体长2 684.1±24.91μm,显著高于对照组2 562.3±30.00μm(P<0.05),与1万组2 484.2±56.16μm差异不显著(P>0.05);卵子中n-3HUFA、n-6HUFA的含量和性腺中维生素A的含量随着饲料中维生素A添加量的增加而增加;8万组血清中SOD(超氧化物歧化酶,Superoxide dismutase)活力为91.88U/ml,显著高于对照组70.57U/ml(P<0.05)。     

维生素E对斑点叉尾鱼回生长性能和消化酶活性的影响

试验研究了饲料中不同含量维生素E对斑点叉尾鱼回生长性能和消化酶活性的影响,并对其机理进行了初步探讨.选取900尾健康的斑点叉尾鱼回,平均体重(5.00±0.50) g,随机分成4个处理组(I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ处理依次分别添加维生素E 0、50、100和1 000 IU/kg饲料),每个处理3个重复,每个重复75尾.试验期105 d.试验结果显示:在一定添加水平内,维生素E能够显著提高斑点叉尾鱼回成活率、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率和摄饵量(P＜0.01).当维生素E添加量为100 IU/kg时,以上四个指标均达最高,分别为97.78%±0.96%,2.99%±0.50%,163.71%±5.62%和(7 478.00±62.01) g/尾,均极显著高于维生素E添加量为0 IU/kg组(P＜0.01);维生素E显著影响斑点叉尾鱼回胃肠道、--肝胰脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).100 IU/kg添加组胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性最高,分别达(29.33±1.66) U/(min*mg),(196.52±17.28) U/(min*mg),极显著高于0 IU/kg添加组(P＜0.01)和显著高于1 000 IU/kg添加组(P＜0.05).结果表明,维生素E在一定添加水平内能显著提高斑点叉尾鱼回生长性能和消化酶活性,促进鱼体生长.     

饲料中添加不同水平的维生素D_3对草鱼幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

本文以酪蛋白和脱脂豆粕为蛋白源,糊精为糖源,玉米油和豆油为脂肪源的半纯化饲料为基础饲料,研究维生素D3对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼生长及体成分的影响。维生素D3共设0,100,200,500,1000,2000,3000 IU/kg 7个添加梯度,每一梯度设3个重复,每个重复放养60尾初始体质量(3.86±0.34)g的草鱼,在(26.9±3)℃的流水系统中养殖8周。结果显示:维生素D3对草鱼幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、存活率、体水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和血清钙浓度没有显著性影响(P>0.05);对照组和添加100 IU/kg维生素D3的试验组中,草鱼幼鱼的粗灰分显著低于其它试验组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲料中添加维生素D3对全鱼钙磷含量、血清磷离子浓度以及碱性磷酸酶活性影响显著(P<0.05)。根据维生素D3对全鱼钙磷含量的影响,草鱼幼鱼饲料中维生素D3适宜的添加量为1000 IU/kg。     

饲料中维生素A对黄鳝生长性能、肠道微生物组成和肠道组织结构的影响

为研究饲料维生素A(VA)水平对黄鳝生长性能、肠道微生物组成和肠道结构发育的影响,实验以VA醋酸酯(50万IU/kg)作为添加源,制作添加水平分别为0(3 201)、500(3 620)、1 000(4 010)、2 000(4 730)、4 000(6510)、8 000(9720)、16 000(16 890)IU/kg(括号内为VA在饲料中的实测值)7种不同水平饲料,编号为A～G组,用7种不同水平饲料分别投喂(7.32±0.02)g的黄鳝,每组4个重复,每重复45尾,养殖70 d。实验结束后比较七组黄鳝生长性能、肠道组织结构,并基于生长性能比较A组、D组、G组肠道微生物变化。结果显示：与A组相比,B～D组黄鳝增重率、特定生长率显著提高;B～G组绒毛高度和C组微绒毛高度显著升高,C～D组肌层厚度和C～E组粘液细胞数量显著升高。以黄鳝特定生长率为评价指标,得出黄鳝VA适宜需求量为3 849.96 IU/kg。A、D、G三组的优势菌门均为变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门。其中D组黄鳝肠道菌群的物种多样性和丰富度最高,提高了黄鳝肠道厚壁菌门、放线菌门等有益菌的丰度,降低了变形菌门、邻单胞菌属...     

皱纹盘鲍维生素D营养需要的研究

在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的精制饲料中添加不同浓度梯度的维生素D,并以海带为对照组饲喂皱纹盘鲍幼鲍103d。结果表明:幼鲍的生长及软体部水分,脂肪和蛋白质含量受到饲料中维生素D添加水平的影响显著,但成活率不受饲料中添加水平的影响;饲料中适量添加维生素D可以提高幼鲍软体部碱性磷酸酶的活力,但饲料中缺乏或过高水平的维生素D导致幼鲍软体部碱性磷酸酶活力的降低;贝壳中灰分及钙、磷含量受饲料中维生素D添加水平的影响显著。以增重,蛋白质增量和软体部碱性磷酸酶的活力为指标,幼鲍饲料中维生素D的适宜含量为100IU·(100g)-1饲料。     

Effects of vitamin A on growth,serum anti-bacterial activity and transaminase activities in the juvenile Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

The present study examined the effects of dietary vitamin A (vitA) deficiency and excess on growth, serum anti-bacterial activity and serum enzyme activities of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Three semi-purified diets containing 0, 10,000 and 25,000 International Units of vitA per kg of diet (IU vitA/kg) were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder (initial weight 1.59 g) for 120 days. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were taken from the fish for haematocrit, serum biochemical analysis and serum anti-bacterial activity. Growth performance, in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate, was improved significantly (P < 0.05) with the addition of vitA to the diet. Total retinol contents in the liver increased with increasing dietary vitA levels. Haematocrit values did not show significant difference among the groups, but the values tended to increase with increasing dietary vitA levels. Serum total protein and albumin contents, and glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity tended to be lower in fish fed with 10,000 IU vitA/kg but significant difference was not observed among the groups. Serum total bilirubin content was significantly higher in treatment with no vitA than the other treatments. Glutamyl pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity was significantly higher in the fish fed 25,000 IU vitA/kg than the other two groups. Serum anti-bacterial activity was significantly higher in the groups fed with 10,000 and 25,000 IU vitA/kg than that of the fish fed with 0 IU vitA/kg. These data suggest that dietary vitA significantly improved the growth performance and anti-bacterial activity of juvenile Japanese flounder. The tendency observed of high values in the blood serum parameters of the fish the diets of 0 and 25,000 IU vitA/kg after 120 days, suggests some negative effect on the liver (the main vitA storage site).     

Optimum Dietary Level of L-ascorbic Acid for Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the optimum dietary level of ascorbic acid (AsA) for Japanese eel juveniles using L-ascorbic acid Ca based on growth, AsA content in tissues, hematology, and bactericidal activity of serum with Escherichia coli . Test diets with six levels of AsA (3, 10, 27,126, 645, and 3,135-mg/kg diet) as Ca ascorbate were fed to juvenile Japanese eels (11.0 ± 0.2 g) once a day for 8 wk. High survival rates (> 80%) were observed among all dietary treatment groups. The specific growth rates of the fish fed diets containing 3 and 10-mg AsA/kg were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of other groups. Liver and brain AsA contents of the fish fed diets containing 3, 10, and 27-mg AsA/kg were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the fish fed diets containing 645 and 3,135-mg AsA/kg. Hemoglobin content tended to be higher in the fish fed diets containing 645 and 3,135-mg AsA/kg than those of the fish fed other diets. Hematocrit value and total serum protein content of the fish fed diets containing 645 and 3135 mg AsA/kg were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of the other groups. The fish fed diets containing more than 27-mg AsAlkg showed a higher bactericidal activity of serum than the fish fed the diets containing 3-mg and 10-mg AsA/kg. The optimum dietary level of AsA for the Japanese eel juveniles growth was estimated to be more than 27-mg AsA/kg. Furthermore, the inclusion of 645-mg AsA/kg or more also increased the hematocrit, hemoglobin, total serum protein value, and liver and brain vitamin C concentrations.     

Dietary vitamin E requirement of the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to establish the minimum dietary vitamin E requirement of juvenile red drum by broken-line regression analysis. The semi-purified basal diet was supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 or 80 IU vitamin E kg⁻¹ as all-rac -α-tocopheryl acetate. Juvenile red drum were conditioned by feeding the basal diet for 8 weeks prior to the feeding trial to reduce whole-body vitamin E levels. Then, fish initially averaging 12.2 ± 0.4 g fish⁻¹ (mean ± SD) were fed the experimental diets at a rate approaching apparent satiation for 12 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency responses of fish fed diets were significantly ( P  < 0.01) altered by the level of vitamin E supplementation but not strictly in a dose-dependent manner. Vitamin E concentrations in liver and plasma also were significantly ( P  < 0.001) influenced by dietary vitamin E level. Plasma ascorbic acid in fish fed the basal diet tended ( P  = 0.066) to be lower than in fish fed diets containing the various levels of vitamin E. In addition, fish fed the basal diet showed edema in the heart, while fish fed all other diets were normal. Fish fed 60 or 80 IU all-rac -α-tocopheryl acetate kg⁻¹ diet had significantly higher respiratory burst of head kidney macrophages than fish fed all other diets, although dietary effects on hematocrit and neutrophil oxidative radical production were not significant. The minimum dietary vitamin E requirement of juvenile red drum was established based on broken-line regression of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances to be 31 mg all-rac -α-tocopheryl acetate kg⁻¹ diet.     

Effect of dietary vitamin C on growth performance,body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile Chu's croaker (Nibea coibor)

Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient for normal physiological and immune functions of fish. However, its requirements and effects in Chu's croaker (Nibea coibor) are currently unknown. A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimal dietary vitamin C requirements based on its effects on growth performance, body composition and biochemical parameters in juvenile Chu's croaker (14.17 ± 0.1 g). Six isoproteic (450 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (100 g/kg crude lipid) diets were formulated to contain 2.24 (basal diet), 39.03, 85.01, 171.16, 356.49 and 715.46 mg/kg of vitamin C. The results showed that fish fed on 171.16 mg/kg vitamin C diet had the highest growth performance and feed utilization. Fish fed on the basal diet had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower activities of antioxidant enzymes in the serum and liver as compared with those fed on vitamin C diets. Polynomial analysis indicated that the optimal dietary vitamin C requirements of juvenile Chu's croaker were 102.28, 98.21, 150.26, 165.38, 71.46, 176.19, 84.84 and 103.78 mg/kg based on weight gain, specific growth rate, liver storage, muscle storage, liver MDA content, liver alanine aminotransferase activity, liver alkaline phosphatase activity and liver superoxide dismutase activity, respectively. We recommend an inclusion level in the range of 71.46–150.26 mg/kg vitamin C in the diets of juvenile Chu's croaker for optimum growth performance, liver function, antioxidant capacity and innate immunity functions.     

急性盐度胁迫对摄食不同镁水平饲料鲈血清渗透压和离子水平以及鳃丝ATP酶活力的影响

为研究饲喂不同镁水平饲料后,鲈血清渗透压、离子水平和鳃丝ATP酶活力对急性盐度胁迫的反应,实验用镁水平为0.413 g/kg(D1,对照组)、1.042 g/kg(D2)、1.577 g/kg(D3)、1.991 g/kg(D4)的4种实验饲料,分别投喂初始平均体质量为(30±0.5)g的鲈。实验鱼在淡水循环养殖系统中饲养50 d后立即转入海水循环养殖系统,并在转入前(0 h)和转入后1、3、6、12、24 h分别采集鲈鳃丝和血液样本。结果显示:盐度胁迫前饲料镁水平对鲈血清渗透压、Na+、K+、Cl-、Mg2+含量和鳃丝中Na+/K+-ATP(NKA)与Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP(CMA)酶的活力有显著影响(P<0.05),其中血清渗透压、Mg2+含量和NKA酶活力随饲料镁水平的增加而升高。D4组的血清渗透压、Mg2+含量、NKA和CMA酶活力显著高于其他组(P<0.05),表明该组鲈处于高强度的渗透压调节的生理状态。急性盐度胁迫中,血清Na+和Cl-含量随胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐上升趋势,血清渗透压、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+和鳃丝ATP酶活力在0～24 h内呈波动性变化。D1组的NKA和CMA酶活力在胁迫1 h时显著低于其他组(P<0.05),表明长期摄食低镁水平的饲料会降低鲈鳃丝NKA和CMA酶对环境盐度刺激的敏感度。研究表明,淡水养殖鲈的饲料中镁水平应低于1.991 g/kg,以减少维持鳃丝NKA与CMA酶高活力而导致的能量损失,而在环境由低盐向高盐的快速转变过程中,较高的饲料镁水平可通过快速提高的鳃丝NKA与CMA酶活力而有利于鲈快速适应高盐环境。     

Interactive effects of dietary magnesium and vitamin E on growth performance,body composition,blood parameters and antioxidant status in Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) fed oxidized oil

A study was conducted to investigate effects and interactions of magnesium (Mg) and vitamin E (VE) on growth performance, body composition, hepatic antioxidant capacity and serum biochemistry parameters of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus under oxidative stress condition. Fish (initial average body weight of 6.10 ± 0.20 g) were fed 9 oxidized oil diets supplemented with 3 grade levels of Mg (0, 520 and 1570 mg kg^?1 diet) and VE (0, 60 and 200 mg kg^?1 diet) for 8 weeks in freshwater. The results showed that diets supplemented 520 mg kg^?1 Mg and/or 60 mg kg^?1 VE had highest growth and muscle lipid content. There were highest total superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities and lowest malondialdehyde content in liver of fish fed diets supplemented 520 mg kg^?1 Mg and/or 60 mg kg^?1 VE. Contrary to Mg concentrations, Ca concentrations and Ca/Mg ratio in whole body were inversely related to dietary Mg levels. However, combined deficiency or excess of dietary Mg and VE led to the decrease of hepatic antioxidant capacity, body lipid deposition and growth of Japanese seabass under oxidative stress condition.     

Effects of Dietary Vitamin A on Juvenile Red Sea Bream Chrysophrys major

A 55-d feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin A on growth of juvenile red sea bream Chrysophrys major . Nine semi-purified diets with supplemental retinol palmitate at levels of 0, 300, 600, 1,500, 3,000, 4,500, 6,000, 15,000 and 30,000 retinol eq/kg diet, were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of 10 juveniles per tank with an initial weight of 1.178 ± 0.001 g. Weight gain and specific growth rate increased with the increase of supplemental retinol palmitate in the diet up to a level of 6,000 retinol eq/kg diet, beyond which those indices tended to decrease slightly or to plateau. Significantly lower weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet. No significant differences were found in survival rates among the different levels of supplementation. The crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents in the whole body were not affected by the different vitamin A supplemental levels. Besides the reduced growth, fish fed with low levels of vitamin A supplement showed no other signs of deficiency. No hypervitaminosis A symptoms were observed in fish fed on high levels of supplementation. Fish fed on diets with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet showed a significantly lower content of vitamin A (as a total retinol) in the liver than those in groups fed with higher levels of supplementation. Vitamin A was stored in the liver mainly as retinyl esters. Total retinal content of the eye showed no significant differences among the treatments; however, fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg of diet had slightly higher concentrations. According to the results of the mean weight gain, specific growth rate and liver retinol content, the requirement of dietary vitamin A for juvenile red sea bream was estimated to be between 1,500 and 6,000 retinol eq/kg.     

Dietary Vitamin C Requirement of Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops♀× M. saxatilis ♂

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis . Fish were fed a semi-purified basal diet with 40% crude protein and an energy to protein ratio of 8 kcal/g for a conditioning period of 2 wk. This diet which was not supplemented with vitamin C contained approximately 6-mg vitamin C/kg. Following conditioning, fish (approximately 0.55 g initial weight) were stocked as groups of 20 in 38-L aquaria and fed the basal diet and experimental diets supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, or 150-mg vitamin C/kg as ascorbate polyphosphate for a period of 10 wk. Fish fed the basal diet and the diet supplemented with 10-mg vitamin C/kg exhibited signs of vitamin C deficiency including suppressed weight gain, reduced plasma and liver ascorbic acid levels, and abnormalities in isthmus cartilage formation. Plasma and liver ascorbic acid levels generally reflected dietary supplementation with the lowest levels occurring in fish fed the basal diet and higher levels in fish fed the supplemented diets. The minimum dietary requirement (±SE) based on non-linear least squares regression analysis of weight gain was 22 (±6) mg vitamin C/kg diet.     

硒和维生素E对牙鲆生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加维生素E(VE)(60mg/kg标为e或300mg/kg标为E)和硒(Se)(0mg/kg标为s或2.5mg/kg标为S),制成4种试验饲料(s/e,s/E,S/e,S/E)分别饲喂初始体重为38.5±0.15g的牙鲆70d,观察其对生长性能、肝脏及血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、非特异免疫力以及抗病力的影响。结果表明,饲喂添加高剂量VE的两组饲料(s/E,S/E),牙鲆的特定生长率和吞噬率明显地提高(P0.05)。饲喂添加硒的两组饲料(S/e,S/E),牙鲆血液和肝脏的GSH-Px活性显著升高(P0.05)。70d投喂实验结束后,利用鳗弧菌进行攻毒试验,不添加硒和低剂量VE(s/e)使牙鲆的累积死亡率明显高于其他3组。     

RRR-α-Tocopheryl succinate is a less bioavailable source of vitamin E than all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate for red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

Bioavailability of the succinate ester of α-tocopherol has never been investigated with aquatic animals to date. Therefore, a 12-week feeding trial was conducted to compare bioavailability of α-tocopheryl acetate and α-tocopheryl succinate by slope ratio analysis. The semi-purified diets were supplemented with either 0 (basal), 10, 20 and 40 IU vitamin E/kg as all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate or 10, 20, or 40 IU vitamin E/kg as RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate. Red drum juveniles were conditioned by feeding the basal diet for 8 weeks prior to the experimental period to reduce whole-body tocopherols. Fish initially averaging 12.2 ± 0.4 g/fish (mean ± SD) were fed experimental diets at a rate approaching apparent satiation for 12 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency responses of fish fed diets were not significantly altered by the type or level of vitamin E supplemented. However, α-tocopherol levels in liver and plasma were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by dietary vitamin E level and ester form. The liver retention of α-tocopheryl acetate was 14 times higher than α-tocopheryl succinate, while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver of fish fed α-tocopheryl acetate tended to be (P < 0.1) lower than that of fish fed α-tocopheryl succinate. In addition, plasma ascorbic acid in fish fed graded levels of α-tocopheryl acetate was significantly higher than fish fed graded levels of α-tocopheryl succinate. Fish fed the basal diet and 10 IU α-tocopheryl succinate/kg showed edema in the heart, while fish fed all other diets did not exhibit this pathology. Within the dose range of 0–40 IU/kg diet, hematocrit, neutrophil oxidative radical production and intracellular superoxide anion production of head kidney macrophages were not significantly influenced by α-tocopherol ester or dietary supplementation level. In conclusion, α-tocopheryl succinate is not readily available to juvenile red drum compared to the widely used α-tocopheryl acetate.