二倍体、三倍体虹鳟的血液指标分析

通过对二倍体和三倍体虹鳟红细胞大小的测量,发现两者之间存在着极其显著的差异.三倍体虹鳟红细胞长径和核长径分别是二倍体的1.34和1.33倍;红细胞面积和核面积分别为二倍体的1.43和1.41倍:核体积为二倍体的1.47倍.用MEK-6318血液自动分析仪检测二倍体和三倍体虹鳟血常规值,结果显示:在红细胞计数(RBC)和红细胞平均容量(MCV)上,二、三倍体之间都有着极其显著的差异.此外,三倍体虹鳟的淋巴细胞、中间细胞和中性粒细胞数量都显著超过了二倍体.     

三倍体与二倍体泥鳅的组织细胞学比较

为探明三倍体和二倍体泥鳅的组织细胞学差异，运用血液涂片及组织切片方法，对三倍体、二倍体泥鳅的红细胞及其细胞核的长轴和短轴，血液中血细胞的组成及仔鱼眼部构造等进行了比较。结果表明，三倍体泥鳅红细胞及其核的长轴均比二倍体的要大，其中前者红细胞核的长轴约为后者的1．12倍，红细胞体积、核体积分别约为后者的1．62和1．44倍。三倍体泥鳅红细胞的相对数量明显少于二倍体泥鳅，而嗜中性细胞、单核细胞及淋巴细胞则多于后者。此外，三倍体泥鳅眼部色素层细胞数量少于二倍体。     

三倍体与二倍体泥鳅的组织细胞学比较

为探明三倍体和二倍体泥鳅的组织细胞学差异,运用血液涂片及组织切片方法,对三倍体、二倍体泥鳅的红细胞及其细胞核的长轴和短轴,血液中血细胞的组成及仔鱼眼部构造等进行了比较.结果表明,三倍体泥鳅红细胞及其核的长轴均比二倍体的要大,其中前者红细胞核的长轴约为后者的1.12倍,红细胞体积、核体积分别约为后者的1.62和1.44倍.三倍体泥鳅红细胞的相对数量明显少于二倍体泥鳅,而嗜中性细胞、单核细胞及淋巴细胞则多于后者.此外,三倍体泥鳅眼部色素层细胞数量少于二倍体.     

不同倍性团头鲂群体的线粒体DNA 分析

测定了来自5个不同倍性团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）群体（4n-F1、正交3n、反交3n、异源3n、二倍体2n）57个个体的线粒体DNA控制区、细胞色素b基因、16S rRNA基因和COⅡ基因序列，通过对这4段基因序列的联合分析，研究了5个不同倍性团头鲂群体的遗传变异。这4个基因片段的长度分别为：控制区937bp，细胞色素b基因1140bp，16S rRNA基因片段564bp，COⅡ基因片段642bp。将4个基因片段合并为1条总长度为3283bp的片段：在这条3283bp片段中，T、C、A、G4种核苷酸的平均含量分别为27．18％、25．45％、30．71％、16．66％。57个个体中确定了55种单倍型，未发现群体间有共享的单倍型，五群体的单倍型多样度在0．9848-1．0000之间，显示不同倍性团头鲂群体内单倍型类型丰富。5个群体内各序列平均核苷酸差异数（目在8．000-24．273之间，核苷酸多样性指数（π）在0．2483％～0．7866％之间：群体间遗传距离范围为0．0039～0．0106，显示不同倍性团头鲂群体遗传多态性丰富。核苷酸多样性指数（π）、平均核苷酸差异数（K）和核苷酸序列间平均遗传距离在5个群体间的变化趋势一致，由大到小依次为反交3n、异源3n、正交3n、同源4n-F1、二倍体2n。而且，反交3n、异源3n、正交3n和同源4n-F1群体的核苷酸多样性指数（π）、平均核苷酸差异数（K）以及核苷酸序列间平均遗传距离均显著大于2n群体（P〈0．05）。结果表明，反交3n、异源3n、正交3n和同源4n-F1群体的遗传多样性水平显著高于2n群体。[中国水产科学，2008，15（2）：222-229]     

二、三倍体鲤性腺发育的比较研究

二、三倍体鲤鱼在单养时，三倍体鱼的性腺重和GSI均低于二倍体，经t检验，性腺重数值差异显著（P＜0．05）、GSI数值差异极显著（P＜0．001）；在混养时，三倍体鱼的性腺重和GSI均低于二倍体，差异均显著（P＜0．05）。雄性三倍体鲤鱼的精巢发育比较一致，均完成了精子发生过程     

二倍体与三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)红细胞及部分血液指标的比较

对三倍体和二倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的红细胞大小(长、短径值和体积)、形态及部分血液指标(红细胞数、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、红细胞脆性和白细胞数)进行了比较。结果表明:三倍体虹鳟红细胞体积与二倍体比值为1.51∶1,细胞核大小与二倍体比值为1.49∶1,与理论值(1.5∶1)比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。二倍体红细胞短径/长径比值为0.63,呈现出椭圆形;三倍体红细胞短径/长径比值为0.60,呈现出明显的长椭圆形,并有19%的红细胞有哑铃形或分裂的细胞核,这可作为区别二倍体鱼类的一个重要鉴定标志。三倍体虹鳟的红细胞数、红细胞压积和红细胞脆性明显小于二倍体(P<0.05),而血红蛋白与白细胞数与二倍体比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。     

二倍体与三倍体山女鳟的血液学比较分析

对二倍体和三倍体山女鳟(Oncorhynchus masou)的全血、血浆各种特征及结构进行血液学分析,结果表明,三倍体山女鳟的红细胞(RBC)体积与二倍体的比值为1.48±0.19.三倍体的红细胞数和红细胞压积(Hct)均显著低于二倍体,但其血红蛋白(Hb)浓度与二倍体的无显著性差异(P>0.05).这些血液生理学数据表明,二倍体与三倍体山女鳟可能具有相似的氧运输和有氧代谢能力.血液生化结果显示,二倍体和三倍体山女鳟的生化指标检测值不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);回归分析结果显示,与二倍体和三倍体山女鳟血浆参透压(Osm)相关性最大的生化指标均为Na+浓度、血糖浓度和尿素氮浓度.虽然三倍体与二倍体山女鳟血红蛋白含量之间不存在显著性差异,但由于三倍体的红细胞数远低于二倍体,加之三倍体的全血黏度较二倍体的高,在应激或低溶解氧的情况下,三倍体将无法动员更多的红细胞进行组织有氧代谢,因此,与二倍体相比,三倍体山女鳟的组织缺氧或窒息的风险更大,对溶解氧的要求更高.     

Cu^2＋对泥鳅外周血红细胞微核及核异常的影响

将泥鳅分别暴露在浓度为0．01、0．05、0．1、0．2、0．4mg／L的Cu^2＋溶液中，常规方法制备血涂片。统计泥鳅外周血红细胞微核率、核异常率。结果显示：不同浓度Cu^2＋均能不同程度地引起泥鳅红细胞傲核率和核异常细胞率等遗传指标的上升，其中，部分浓度组较对照组差异显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01），Cu^2＋浓度和暴露时间与微核率或核异常率无明显剂量-效应关系和时间-效应关系。     

肌醇对卵形鲳鲹生长、饲料利用和血液指标的影响

配制w（肌醇）为350mg·kg^-1、458mg·kg^-1、507mg·kg^-1、720mg·kg^-1和1050mg·kg^-1的5种饲料，投喂初始质量为（8．30±0．11）g的卵形鲳鲹（Traehinotus ovatus）56d，评估肌醇对卵形鲳鲹生长、饲料利用和血液指标的影响。摄食w（肌醇）为720mg·kg^-1的饲料组的鱼增重率和特定生长率显著高于其他组（P〈0．05），脏体比不受肌醇的影响；458mg·kg^-1、507mg·kg^-1和720mg·kg^-1 3个饲料组的成活率显著高于350mg·kg^-1和1050mg·kg^-1 2个饲料组（P〈0．05）；507mg·kg^-1 饲料组全鱼的水分显著高于720mg·kg^-1 饲料组以外的其他组（P〈0．05），脂肪显著低于720mg·kg^-1饲料组以外的其他组（P〈0．05），粗蛋白无显著差异（P〉0．05）。随着肌醇质量分数的增加，血糖浓度先升高后下降，720mg·kg^-1饲料组血糖浓度最高，显著高于350mg·kg^-1和458mg·kg^-1饲料组（P〈0．05）；507mg·kg^-1饲料组的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著低于1050mg·kg^-1饲料组以外的其他组（P〈0．05）；添加肌醇能显著降低血液甘油三酯浓度，但对血液总蛋白、尿素氮、总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇没有影响。     

贝尔鲫的倍性及染色体核型分析

为进一步了解贝尔鲫(Carassiusauratusgibelio‘Buir’)的遗传学特性,采用红细胞测量法对贝尔鲫的倍性进行测定,贝尔鲫有三倍体和二倍体2种倍性,其红细胞长径分别为(15.23±0.46)μm和(12.21±1.46)μm,红细胞长径之比为1.25。采用PHA和秋水仙素胸腔体内注射,以头肾组织为材料,低渗-空气干燥法制片,对三倍体的贝尔鲫通过染色体核型进行分析。结果表明,三倍体贝尔鲫染色体组由156条染色体组成,核型公式3n=156,42 m+48 sm+27 st+39 t,NF=246,发现有小染色体。     

Production of interploid triploids by 4n × 2n blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala. Yih) and their first performance data

Positive and negative interploid triploids of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) were produced by reciprocal crossing autotetraploids with diploids. Fertilization and hatching rate of negative interploid triploid, 2n♀× 4n♂, at different reproductive ages was similar to that of control, but higher than that of positive interploid triploid, 4n♀× 2n♂. Additionally, the development rate of embryos of the positive interploid triploid, 4n♀× 2n♂, was slower than that of control and the negative interploid triploid, 2n♀× 4n♂. Gonad growth of the positive and negative interploid 3n was significantly (P<0.01) affected by parents, and spawning could not be induced both in females and males at the 2+ age. The negative interploid 3n (2n♀× 4n♂) had a significantly higher survival rate than the positive interploid 3n (4n♀× 2n♂), but close to the level of the control (P<0.05). The daily growth rate of the negative interploid 3n was similar to that of the good breed ‘Pujiang No. 1’ blunt snout bream (2n) during the early life stages.     

Ploidy level,morphological characteristics and performance of interploid hybrids by Megalobrama amblycephala♀× allo‐tetraploids ♂

Interploid hybrids were produced by mating allo‐tetraploid males, an interspecific tetraploidy induced by blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) ♀× black bream (Megalobrama terminalis) ♂, with blunt snout bream females. The fertilization rate was high in the interploid hybrids. Although significant (P<0.05) mortalities were observed at hatching, swim‐up and 30‐day stages, respectively, the survival percentage of the interploid hybrids became stabilized after the 60‐day stage. In different interploid hybridization batches, 64–97% of juveniles were identified as 3n and 1–36% as 2n. Less than 2% of tetraploids were obtained in these interploid hybridization batches. The daily growth rate of the interploid 3n increased 7.5%, compared with that of diploid blunt snout breams during the 180‐day culture. Moreover, a method using seven morphological parameter ratios was set up with a relatively high classification accuracy of 93.8% to harmlessly discriminate interploid 3n from allo‐tetraploids, black bream and blunt snout bream.     

团头鲂对饲料中Zn的需求量

为了研究团头鲂对饲料中Zn的需要量,以平均体质量50 g的团头鲂为实验对象,采用半纯化饲料,以ZnSO4·H2O为锌源,设置Zn添加量分别为0、68、137、206、275 mg/kg(饲料中Zn总量为22.85、98.07、164.00、235.43、307.96 mg/kg)共5个Zn含量梯度,每个实验组设4个平行,在池塘网箱中养殖43 d。经过回归拟合分析,饲料中Zn添加量、饲料中Zn总量与团头鲂特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质沉积率、脂肪沉积率的关系,得到团头鲂对饲料中无机Zn补充量为155.86~161.25 mg/kg,对饲料总Zn需要量为184.85~190.39 mg/kg;在日均摄食量为5.12 g/100 g体质量下,团头鲂对饲料Zn日需求量为0.798~0.825 mg/100 g体质量,对饲料总Zn日需要量为0.946~0.974 mg/100 g体质量。饲料中Zn含量对团头鲂的成活率、肥满度、内脏指数、鳞片重/体质量、体质量/体长、脊椎骨重/体质量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲料中Zn含量对团头鲂的脊椎骨长/体长有显著影响(P0.05);饲料中Zn的补充,有利于团头鲂脊椎骨的生长。     

Optimizing the Proportions of Plant Protein Ingredients in the Diet of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of different proportions of dietary plant ingredients on the growth of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was set for this trial with three ratios of cottonseed meal (CSM) and canola meal (CM) (2:1, 1:1, or 1:2) and three proportions of soybean meal (SBM) (2, 1, or 0). The results showed that the specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio both significantly decreased with decreasing amounts of SBM in the diets of blunt snout bream (P < 0.05), while the feed efficiency ratio and feed intake increased significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the growth performance and feed utilization were shown to improve with increasing amounts of CSM, although the effects were not significant (P > 0.05). The interaction of these two factors had no effect on either growth or feed utilization (P > 0.05). Diet composition was not seen to affect body composition (P > 0.05). The ratio of CSM to CM significantly affected gut amylase activity, liver alanine aminotransferase content, and plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). The interaction between the two main effects significantly influenced the plasma glucose level (P < 0.05). Therefore, the suitable proportion of plant feed for blunt snout bream should include high levels of SBM and CSM, with a SBM : CSM : CM ratio of 2:2:1.     

甘草次酸对团头鲂生长、脂肪沉积与抗氧化功能的影响

为探讨甘草次酸对团头鲂生长、脂肪沉积和抗氧化功能的影响,选取均体质量为(15.63±0.04)g的团头鲂幼鱼420尾,随机分在15个网箱中,分别以甘草次酸水平为0、0.15、0.30、0.45和0.60 g/kg的5种饲料投喂8周。结果发现,饲料添加甘草次酸对团头鲂增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数没有显著影响(P0.05)。甘草次酸可以显著降低实验鱼脏体比、肝体比、腹脂率及肝脏脂肪含量(P0.05),但对全鱼体组成和肌肉脂肪含量无显著影响(P0.05)。比对血浆脂肪代谢酶可见,0.30~0.60 g/kg甘草次酸添加组血浆总胆固醇含量较对照组显著下降(P0.05);而甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著变化(P0.05)。肝脏中脂蛋白酯酶、肝酯酶和总酯酶活性在添加甘草次酸后显著降低(P0.05);0.30~0.60 g/kg甘草次酸添加组脂肪酶活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。饲料添加甘草次酸可以显著提高肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性和还原型谷胱甘肽含量,降低丙二醛含量(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加0.30~0.45 g/kg甘草次酸时,显著降低了团头鲂内脏团的脂肪沉积,改善了鱼体脂肪分布,这可能是由于甘草次酸加强脂解作用,提高脂肪代谢酶活性导致的;饲料中添加甘草次酸也可显著提高团头鲂的抗氧化能力。     

翘嘴鳊及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析

为研究新型杂交鱼翘嘴鳊(二倍体鲂鲌F1♀×团头鲂♂)的肌肉营养价值,实验运用生化方法测定和分析了翘嘴鳊、翘嘴红鲌、团头鲂、二倍体鲂鲌F1(团头鲂♀×翘嘴红鲌♂)的肌肉营养成分,包括这些样品的水分、脂肪、蛋白质和灰分含量,以及脂肪酸组成和氨基酸组成。结果表明,翘嘴鳊与其原始亲本相比具有较高的蛋白质和较低的碳水化合物含量;脂肪酸分析发现翘嘴鳊的不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是油酸、DHA等含量显著高于其原始父母本和其他有关鱼类(P0.05);翘嘴鳊肌肉中具有较高呈味氨基酸比例,该比例高于其父母本的相应比例。研究表明,翘嘴鳊是一种营养价值高、口感好的优质鱼类。     

Effects of dietary linolenic acid on growth,fatty acid composition,immune function and antioxidant status of juvenile blunt snout bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

A nine‐week feeding trial was performed to determine the dietary linolenic acid (LNA; 18:3n–3) requirements of juvenile blunt snout bream. Six iso‐nitrogenous, semi‐purified diets were prepared with different concentrations of LNA (0–25 g/kg). Dietary LNA had no significant effects on survival rate. However, final fish weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations up to 20 g/kg. Dietary LNA increased muscle LNA and total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents, but decreased total saturated fatty acid content. Fish fed 20 g/kg LNA had the highest plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, total protein, albumin and white blood cell count levels. Additionally, fish fed 20 g/kg LNA had higher triglyceride levels than control fish. Plasma glucose increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities significantly increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations up to 15 g/kg. Based on SGR and FER, the optimal dietary LNA requirements of juvenile blunt snout bream were 17.5 and 15.6 g/kg respectively.     

急性低氧对团头鲂鳃组织氧化还原稳态及细胞凋亡的影响

为探究急性低氧对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)鳃组织氧化还原稳态及细胞凋亡的影响, 本研究通过测定超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutases, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalases, CAT)活性及丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)的含量, 检测急性低氧胁迫下鳃组织的氧化应激水平, 并采用 Hoechst 染色法观察了团头鲂鳃组织细胞的凋亡, 同时还利用 qRT-PCR 技术检测了团头鲂鳃组织中凋亡相关基因 Caspase 3、Caspase 8 的表达量。结果显示, 在溶解氧含量为(2.0±0.1) mg/L 的低氧环境下, 团头鲂鳃组织中 SOD、CAT 活性及 MDA 的含量均在 6 h、12 h 时显著增加(P＜0.05); 且 SOD 活性与 MDA 含量的变化趋势相同, 均呈上升趋势。此外, 随低氧胁迫时间的延长, 在 6、 12 及 24 h 时鳃组织细胞凋亡的平均荧光强度分别为 0 h 的 2.19 倍(P＜0.05)、2.32 倍(P＜0.05)及 2.59 倍(P＜0.05), 鳃组织中 Caspase 3 与 Caspase 8 基因表达水平均显著高于 0 h(P＜0.05)。研究表明, 团头鲂在急性低氧的水环境中会提高自身的氧化应激水平, 激活凋亡相关基因 Caspase 3、Caspase 8 的活性, 最终促使团头鲂鳃组织发生细胞凋亡。 本研究结果为急性低氧下团头鲂鳃组织的生理状态和细胞凋亡应答情况的研究提供参考。     

团头鲂核型与DNA含量分析研究

采用PHA体内培养法，取鱼体肾细胞用空气干燥法制备团头鲂染色体标本。经核型分析，团头鲂的核型为2n=48,26m 18sm 4st，臂数（NF）为92。用流式细胞仪测量外周血红血球细胞核的DNA含量为2．66pg/N。实验结果分析表明团头舫染色体数及DNA含量是稳定的，其核型公式与有关文献的报道略有差异。     

Effect of Stocking Density on Growth,Physiological Responses,and Body Composition of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

The impact of stocking density on growth performance, physiological indicators, and body composition of juvenile blunt snout bream in recirculating aquaculture system was investigated in this study. Juvenile blunt snout bream were raised at stocking densities of 75, 150, 225, 300, and 450 fish/m³ for 12 wk with three replicate tanks at each density. All treatment tanks were supplied with water from the same recirculating system to ensure uniformity of water quality across groups. This study has shown that higher stocking densities had a negative effect on individual growth performance. Final body mass, specific growth rate (SGR), and weight gain decreased significantly as stocking density increased. Individual body mass as well as body length were more uniform in fish stocked at densities of 75 and 150 fish/m³ than in other groups. Stocking densities of 225 and 300 fish/m³ resulted in significant increases in serum total protein, triglyceride, lactate, and cholesterol levels, whereas blood glucose concentrations decreased significantly. In addition, decreased body lipid content and increased body moisture content were observed at stocking densities of 300 and 450 fish/m³. Overall, a density of 150 fish/m³ resulted in higher SGR and more uniform size among juvenile blunt snout bream.