海洋污损生物的危害及其防治

<正> 海洋污损生物是指生长在船底、管道、浮标和人工设施上的动、植物和微生物的总称。许多种类,如藤壶、牡蛎、贻贝等常附着于船底、浮标、管道和水下设施上,致使船舰航速下降,燃料消耗增加,因此对海防、海运交通、沿海工业和渔业常造成极大危害。据美国统计,每年因污损生物引起的经济损失达7亿美元;英国统计每年达5千万英磅;1969～1970年在日本广岛因爆发性出现盘管虫,使牡蛎业损失达30亿日元。所以,海洋污损生物的危害及其防治问题,多年来一直为世界各滨海国家所重视。下面就该问题作简略介绍。     

海洋污损生物附着及防除途径

海洋污损生物的附着影响了船舶、水产养殖设施等的使用寿命及经济价值。本文综述污损生物的附着特点和机理、污损生物附着的影响因素及防除方法,初步探讨了新型防污途径及其应用前景,提出新防除技术的研究思路。     

渤海石油平台污损生物生态研究

2013年9月-2014年9月在渤海海域进行了污损生物挂板试验,共记录污损生物24种,以温带种和广温种为主,优势种是多棘麦秆虫(Caprella acanthogaster)、日本大螯蜚(Grandidierellajaponica)、理石叶钩虾(Jassa marmorata)、拟钩虾(Gammaropsis sp.)等.季板分析结果显示,表层季板的平均生物量为1764.23 g/m2,中层季板的平均生物量为2322.31 g/m2.试验海域全年均有污损生物附着,但种类和附着量季节性差异明显,污损生物附着盛期为夏季和秋季.污损生物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Margalef丰富度指数(d)秋季最高.多元统计分析表明,污损生物群落按时间可分为3个群落类型,反映出渤海海域污损生物群落的季节变化明显.相关性分析显示,表层和中层试板污损生物的生物量与水温具有显著的相关性,相关系数分别为0.959和0.986(P＜0.01).     

海水贝类养殖中污损生物的防除研究进展

据2002年统计,我国贝类养殖产量占海水养殖总量的79．4％,贝类养殖面积占海水养殖面积的66．9％,贝类养殖种类已发展到了30余种,其中主要为贻贝、扇贝、蛤、蚶、牡蛎等。贝类养殖已成为我国海水养殖业的重要组成部分。目前广泛采用的贝类养殖方式是网笼养殖,但是贝类在笼内放养一定时间后,一些海生动物、植物和微生物会在贝壳表面和养殖网笼的表面附着从而影响养殖贝类的正常生长。污损生物的大量出现严重影响了贝类养殖业的生产效率。如何有效地防止和减少污损生物对养殖贝类和养殖器具的危害,已成为水产养殖业的重要研究课题之一。     

《海洋污损生物及其防治》下册一书出版

本刊讯：由国家海洋局第三海洋研究所黄宗国研究员主编的《海洋污损生物及其防治》下册,最近由海洋出版社出版。该书内容与上册相连接,下册特别注意实用性。该书的出版可促进该研究领域研究的发展,也有助于海洋污损生物的防除实践。该书可供海洋、航海院校、海军院校、航海、水产养殖及防污损研究人员参考应用。     

我国海洋污损生物的研究概况

海洋污损生物(Marine fouling organisms)是海洋环境中栖息或附着在船舶和各种水下人工设施上,对人类经济活动产生不利影响,给投资者带来负效益的动物、植物和微生物的总称.     

我国沿海污损生物分布特点及防治措施

简述了我国四大海域海洋污损生物的时空分布特点、污损生物的附着机理、污损生物防治措施和常见网衣防污设备。指出,我国海洋产业逐渐走向深远海,海洋养殖业趋于规模化,对污损生物的防治愈发重要。提出,今后不同海域需定期开展污损生物群落调研工作,将污损生物的季节性、区域性和生物特性作为开展防污工作的依据。防污技术需要向绿色、无毒、长效等方向发展,开发多样化防污手段,水下清洗设备也需要进一步提升稳定性与智能化程度,加强清洗设备与大型网箱之间的集成化及适配性。     

山东淡水养殖病害防治研究的现状与对策

近年来，淡水养殖在“两高一优”目标和市场需求的驱动下迅猛发展，常规养殖品种和名特优品种养殖产量成倍增长。然而，随着养殖面积的不断扩大，养殖品种的不断增加，养殖病害日趋严重，已成为制约山东淡水养殖业持续、健康、高效发展的重要因素之一。     

泥鳅淡水养殖中常见病害及防治

<正>泥鳅具有较高的营养价值,素有"天上斑鸠、地下泥鳅"和"水中人参"之美誉。近年来,泥鳅有着广泛的国内外市场,并且需求年年攀升,也是我国外贸出口的重要水产品之一。泥鳅因其适应性强,繁殖率高,苗种又多来于自然,养殖周期短、产量高等特点,一般条件下都能成功养殖。随着养殖技术的不断提高,集约规模化、园区工厂化养殖发展迅猛,养殖规模不断扩大,但养殖过程中出现的病害也随之增多,相关的疾病问题日渐突现,养殖过程中水质恶化,细菌性疾病、病     

贝壳上污损生物的重量对栉孔扇贝生长和存活的影响

对网笼养殖的栉孔扇贝壳上污损生物的数量进行了研究,发现9～11月贝壳上污损生物的湿重分别为1．47、0．49和2．09g,与上壳重的比值分别为28．16％、10．24％和31．29％。通过在栉孔扇贝上壳添加上壳干重0．5、1、2和3倍重的水泥,用以模拟附着在扇贝壳上的污损生物,设不添加水泥的对照组,对贝壳上污损生物的重量对栉孔扇贝生长和存活的影响进行了研究。结果表明,实验组扇贝壳长、闭壳肌和剩余软体组织的特定增长率及存活率与对照组均没有显著差异（P〉0．05）,说明贝壳上的污损生物的重量没有影响扇贝的生长和存活。     

Viability of a Freshwater Mussel (Elliptio complanata) as a Biomechanical Filter for Aquaculture Ponds II: Effects on Aquaculture Pond Water Quality

Bivalves have been proven to be an inexpensive method for removing suspended solids, dissolved nutrients, and controlling algal growth through suspension feeding. The freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata, is one of the most abundant species in Delaware, and it is additionally favorable for this experiment because of its hardiness against environmental stress and its filtration efficiency. This study examines the possibility that biomechanical filters such as E. complanata can supplement existing chemical and mechanical filtration regiments in aquaculture pond management. Twelve earthen aquaculture ponds located at the Delaware State University were stocked at a density of 4,000 catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) per hectare. Four different concentrations (0, 75, 150, and 300) of E. complanata were placed in trays within the ponds with three replicates of each concentration. The trays were suspended 15 cm below the surface of the water for a period of five months. Fish were fed a 32% protein diet twice daily at a rate of 1% of their body weight. Water quality was analyzed weekly while fish and mussel growths were measured biweekly. Results from water quality parameters varied significantly and were not conclusive based on the data obtained in this study. Water quality did not improve within the mussel treatment ponds during the course of this study and was found to be significantly below that of control ponds for all of the water chemistry parameters measured, with the exception of ammonia. Catfish in the 150 mussel treatment ponds grew the fastest; the 75 mussel treatment provided the most growth in mussels; and the 300 mussel group maintained the highest mussel survivorship. Although there were differences between ponds, fish growth and survivorship were not significantly different between treatments. While our mussel densities may have not been sufficient, their placement within the water column may have added additional stress. Being removed from the sediment can result in a decreased clearance rate in a benthic species such as E. complanata. This study may not have been conclusive in proving that mussels can be used to maintain water quality in aquaculture ponds, but we did see positive growth and survivorship of mussels and fish that indicated that the mussels were thriving in the aquaculture pond setting. This study may show that aquaculture ponds provide a suitable habitat in which propagated mussels may be held until their release into native areas.     

小浪底水库调水调沙对黄河中游鱼类及生态敏感区的影

2002-2011年黄河水利委员会连续进行了11次调水调沙活动以解决黄河泥沙严重淤积的问题。2011年6～8月,在黄河小浪底水库第11次调水调沙期间,通过在黄河中游(万家寨水库至三门峡大坝河段)设置鱼类采样和生态敏感区监测断面,对渔获物组成及生态敏感区变化进行了分析、监测和评价。结果表明,小浪底水库调水调沙导致黄河中游鱼类平均资源量损失均在50%以上,种群多样性指数大幅降低,主要经济鱼类鲤、鲫、鲶占渔获物重量由调水调沙前的87.75%下降到调水调沙后的81.79%,黄河南营段、圣天湖外滩"三场"功能基本丧失,对渔业生产造成巨大损失,对黄河中游渔业生态敏感区和鱼类种群影响显著,并针对影响提出了相应的补偿措施,为黄河中游水生生物养护提供保障。     

Seasonal Changes in Quality and Fatty Acid Composition of Black Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

The study was designed to assess the seasonal variations in the quality and lipid profile of mussel meat (Mytilus galloprovincialis) harvested along the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. The trial period lasted from June to October, and the sampling was carried out in the area of Varna Bay. Technological quality of the mussels was determined by measuring the water holding capacity (WHC) and cooking and roasting losses. Proximate composition, total aerobic plate count, and fatty acid analysis were carried out. Technological parameters and nutritional quality of the mussel meat were strongly affected by the season. During the summer, the mussels had higher mass, meat content, and meat yield (p < 0.001) compared to the early autumn, which corresponds to the lowest protein content during this season. Lipid profile showed seasonal variations in both individual and total fatty acid amounts (p < 0.001). Saturated fatty acids (SFA) had the highest content in summer, while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) decreased gradually until the autumn. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reached its peak in October, contributing to the most favorable values of the nutritional indices of lipids in the early autumn.     

吊养在池塘不同水层中的三角帆蚌的存活和生长

2005年5～11月在浙江省诸暨某池塘研究了吊养在池塘水表层下10 cm、40 cm和80 cm处三角帆蚌(Hyri-opsis cumingii)的生长。实验结果表明:吊养在不同水层的三角帆蚌成活率无显著差异,但吊养在表层下40 cm水层的蚌蚌壳长、蚌壳宽和蚌重增长速度明显高于吊养在表层下10 cm和80 cm水层的蚌,吊养在表层下10 cm处的蚌生长最慢。     

Fat Soluble Vitamins,Cholesterol, and Fatty Acid Composition of Wild and Farmed Black Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Consumed in Bulgaria

The most commercially important mollusk species from the Bulgarian Black Sea is the black mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). There is limited information about fat soluble vitamins, cholesterol, and fatty acid content of the Bulgarian Black Sea mussel. The aims of the present study are to determine and compare the fat soluble vitamin contents as well as relative daily intake of vitamins, cholesterol, fatty acid content, and lipid quality indices (atherogenic, thrombogenic) in the wild and farmed black mussels. Fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol were analyzed simultaneously using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In both mussels, fat soluble vitamins A and E were in high amounts, but they were a better source of vitamin D₃. Cholesterol contents were 67.54 ± 0.50 mg/100 g ww (wild) and 49.88 ± 0.30 mg/100 g ww (farmed). The fatty acid distributions of wild and farmed mussels are: saturated > polyunsaturated > monounsaturated fatty acid. The n3/n6 and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios were greater than that recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). A 100-g edible portion of both mussels contained from 0.252 g (wild) to 0.425 g (farmed) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3).     

总氮、总磷和钙离子浓度与育珠蚌生长速度的相关性研究

总氮、总磷与钙浓度均是影响育珠蚌生长的主要因素,通过不同处理,进行养殖比较,就三者对蚌生长的相关性程度进行了研究,结果表明:在现有浓度下得出育珠蚌的增重与总氮的偏相关系数为0.998625;总磷的偏相关系数为0.402719;钙离子浓度的偏相关系数为0.995538。     

Golden Grey Mullet (Liza aurata) Alkaline Proteases: Biochemical Characterization,Application in the Shrimp Wastes Deproteinization,Laundry Commercial Detergents,and Preparation of Antioxidant Protein Hydrolysate

Digestive alkaline proteinases from golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) were extracted and characterized. The crude alkaline protease showed optimum activity at pH 8.0 and 60°C, and it was highly stable over a wide range of pH from 4.0 to 10.0, retaining more than 80% activity after incubation for 1 h at 4°C. The alkaline proteases showed extreme stability toward nonionic and anionic surfactants after preincubation for 1 h at 25°C and relative stability toward oxidizing agents. Additionally, the crude enzyme showed excellent stability and compatibility with various solid and liquid detergents. Further, proteases from golden grey mullet viscera were found to be effective in the deproteinization of shrimp wastes. The protein removal after 3 h at 45°C with an enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio of 10 U/mg protein was about 76%. The golden grey mullet proteases were also shown to be efficient in the production of antioxidant protein hydrolysate.     

混养锦鲤对微咸水凡纳滨对虾池水质及产量的影响

在6口面积均为0.4 hm2的微咸水池中养殖凡纳滨对虾,密度为7.5×105尾/hm2,其中4口混养锦鲤,密度分别为1500、3000、60001、2 000尾/hm2,研究混养锦鲤对凡纳滨对虾池水质及产量影响。结果表明:混养池水质比较稳定,透明度、NH4+-N和NO2--N波动幅度较小且数值较低,混养池对虾平均产量为3345 kg/hm2,比单养池平均产量2268 kg/hm2高47.5%,其中混养锦鲤3000尾/hm2的池虾产量最高,达到3765 kg/hm2。     

泥鳅养殖水体中一株芽孢杆菌的筛选及其净水效果研究

从泥鳅（Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）养殖池塘水体中分离到4株芽孢杆菌,筛选后获得1株优势目的菌株NQ1;根据形态学特征和生理生化特性结果,将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。安全性试验证实,试验浓度（最高为1×107 cfu/mL）的枯草芽孢杆菌NQ1对泥鳅是安全的。水质净化试验结果显示,在泥鳅养殖水体中加入1×107 cfu/mL浓度的NQ1,14天后氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量较对照组分别降低34.97%和89.46%,表明该菌的净水效果明显,具有作为水质改良微生态制剂开发应用的潜力。