花尾胡椒鲷Plectorhinchus cinctus（Temmincket Schlegel）早 …

花尾胡椒鲷为底层鱼尖，以觅食底栖动物为主；早期幼鱼经盐度淡化驯养，能适应低盐度咸水池塘饲养。均全长３．５ｃｍ重０．６３ｇ的幼鱼经７４ｄ池塘中间培育，长成均全长１０．９９ｃｍ、重２７．３２ｇ，成活率８７．５％。全长日均增长率１．５５％，与养殖天数的关系式为Ｌ＝３．６５０２ｅ＾０．０１５０ｄ；体重日均增重０．３７ｇ，日均增长率５．０９％，与养殖天数的关系式为Ｗ＝０．７３０３ｅ＾０．０５０４ｄ，全长与体     

泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅耗氧率与窒息点的研究

在２２℃的条件下，平均体重约３９ｇ的泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的耗氧率分别为０１７８ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ和０２０５ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ；平均体重约２５ｇ的这两种鱼，耗氧率分别为０１２０ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ和０１４２ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ。在２４５℃时，这两种体重的泥鳅幼鱼和成鱼的窒息点分别为０４８ｍｇ／Ｌ和０２４ｍｇ／Ｌ；这两种体重的大鳞副泥鳅幼鱼和成鱼的窒息点分别为０２６ｍｇ／Ｌ和０１６ｍｇ／Ｌ。测定表明泥鳅耗氧率低于大鳞副泥鳅，窒息点则相反。     

千年笛鲷幼鱼耗氧率的研究

千年笛鲷幼鱼的耗氧量随幼鱼体重的增加而增加,耗氧量与体重的关系式为Y=0．756 0．513X。千年笛鲷幼鱼的耗氧率随幼鱼体重的增加而下降,耗氧率与体重的关系式为Y=1246．430X~(-0.036)。幼鱼在遮光条件下的耗氧率比在自然光照条件下要低15．362%～31．675%。在低盐度水环境下幼鱼的耗氧率较高,随着盐度的增加,其耗氧率降低。随着饥饿程度的加深,千年笛鲷幼鱼的代谢水平呈梯度下降。在盐度20和28时,千年笛鲷幼鱼的窒息点分别为0．93和1．17 mg·L~(-1)。     

盐度胁迫及恢复对牙鲆幼鱼生长、能量分配和身体成分的影响

采用生物能量学方法对不同盐度对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长和补偿生长的影响进行了研究.研究结果表明,盐度12～40的范围对平均体重为2.6g的褐牙鲆幼鱼的湿重生长没有显著影响,而盐度5(IS5)和47(IS47)会明显阻碍平均体重为6.9g幼鱼的生长,但IS5的生长延缓在30d的恢复生长(盐度19,IS19)后获得完全补偿,而IS47处理最终未能赶上IS19处理.盐度操作对幼鱼摄食能、摄入的能量分配于呼吸消耗、排粪的比例均有显著影响,而对排泄损失的能量比例没有明显影响.对于单位体重日能量分配而言,盐度操作对摄食能、呼吸消耗、生长、排粪损失的能量有明显的影响,但对排泄能量损失没有显著影响.研究还发现,盐度操作对褐牙鲆幼鱼身体水分和蛋白质含量没有显著影响,但对脂肪和能量含量有一定影响.结果表明,盐度19左右为褐牙鲆幼鱼生长最适合的盐度,其对盐度的适应范围较广,特别是对低盐度表现出极强的耐受和适应能力.     

史氏鲟与杂交鲟幼鱼生长对比试验

在流水条件下，对人工饲料驯化的史氏鲟和杂交鲟幼鱼的生长进行了比较试验，结果表明：经６０ｄ饲养，杂交鲟幼鱼平均体重由７５ｇ增至１２００ｇ，最大个体重１８００ｇ，体长４２０ｃｍ；史氏鲟幼鱼平均体重由７３ｇ增至６８２ｇ，最大个体重１２００ｇ，体长３１０ｃｍ；本文还就体长与体重关系作了初步分析，并测得杂交鲟幼鱼生长方程为：Ｌ杂＝４４１７Ｇ０４４８２（ｒ＝０９６０４），史氏鲟幼鱼生长方程为：Ｌ史＝５９４０２Ｇ０３７５７（ｒ＝０９８４７）。     

低盐度胁迫不同时间对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响

将驯养于海水盐度为19的褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）幼鱼放入盐度为5的海水中胁迫0周（对照）、1周、2周、3周和4周后，立即将海水盐度调节至19，养殖到第10周，观察幼鱼的生长情况。研究发现，低盐度海水养殖的褐牙鲆幼鱼体质量仅在低盐胁迫的第1周内显著小于对照组，不同处理的日生长系数在第3周与第5周呈现显著性差异，其余时间阶段内不同处理的体质量和日生长系数未见显著差异。胁迫阶段褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食率整体上略低于对照处理，但恢复阶段摄食率未出现大于对照处理的一致趋势。整个试验期间经低盐度处理的褐牙鲆幼鱼饲料转化效率略大于对照处理。试验结果显示，低盐度5对褐牙鲆幼鱼的生长没有产生长期影响，也不能通过较长时间的低盐度养殖引起褐牙鲆幼鱼的补偿生长效应。     

中华绒螯蟹扣蟹的耗氧率和窒息点测定

扣蟹的耗氧率随水温的升高明显提高，体重３ｇ－５ｇ的扣蟹２．５℃时耗氧率仅为０．０７０６，２０℃时为０．３３８，３０℃时为０．４２７并且规格越大，耗氧率越低。不同规格和蟹窒息点在不同水温条件下变化不大，平均为０．２４ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

海蜇螅状幼体和碟状幼体窒息点和耗氧量的初步测定

在温度２０±１℃和盐度２２─２４‰条件下，对海蜇螅状幼体和碟状幼体进行了窒息点和耗氧量的初步测定。结果表明：螅状幼体的窒息点低于０．１０ｍｇ·Ｌ，直径３．４─１０．２ｍｍ碟状幼体的窒息点为０．１７─０．２０ｍｇ·Ｌ。螅状幼体的个体耗氧量为２．９３μｇ·ｄ，耗氧率为２．６６ｍｇ·ｇ·ｈ（干重）：直径３．４、４．６和１０．２ｍｍ碟状幼体的个体耗氧量分别为４．７７、２５．４１和７９．４５μｇ·ｄ，耗氧率分别为４．９７、２．４６和１．１２ｍｇ·ｇ·ｈ（干重）。     

温度和盐度对虾夷马粪海胆耗氧率和排氨率的影响↑（*）

采用封闭式呼吸器研究了虾夷马粪海胆（Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｙｌｏｃｅｎｔｒｏｔｕｓｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｓ）的耗氧率和排氨率与温度和盐度的关系。结果表明：在温度１５～２５℃的范围内，耗氧率和排氨率随温度的升高而增加；相同温度下，随个体重量的增加耗氧率和排氨率下降，呈负指数关系；虾夷马粪海胆的适宜盐度为３０左右，此时的耗氧率最大，为０．０９１ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ，排氨率最低，为２３．６２μｇ／ｇ·ｈ。     

池养鲥鱼全人工繁殖的机理↑（*）

本研究首次成功地在盐度０．５～１２的咸淡水池塘中驯养鲥幼鱼至６龄，并提出池养鲥鱼全人工繁殖机理。采用外源内分泌药理学和生态学的方法刺激鲥鱼早春脂肪积累和血清中的１７β－Ｅ２的合成与分泌，启动性腺发育和诱导成熟，４、５、６龄雌鱼的成熟率分别达８３．３％、８７．５％和１００％；在催产过程中采用神经介质抑制剂和可的松对抗剂，克服池养鲥鱼排卵机制障碍和产卵前紧张反应的副效应，获得约８００００粒的受精卵，受精率约７５％，从而突破了池养鲥鱼不育症。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.