植物收割对人工湿地基质酶活性的影响

研究了7月份植物收割对人工湿地基质磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、脱氢酶活性及养殖废水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、COD去除率的影响。结果显示:植物收割后磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性开始增高,分别于第20天(13.7 mg/100 g)、第16天(1.9 mg/100 g)、第12天(61.7 mg/100 g)达到最大值,均于第28天(10.1 mg/100 g、1.1 mg/100 g、43.2 mg/100 g)恢复到收割前水平。脱氢酶活性在植物收割后第4天(142.3μL/100 g)降到最小值,此后开始增高,第16天(249.5μL/100 g)达到最大值,于第24天(195.6μL/100 g)恢复到收割前水平。净化效果研究表明,植物收割后TP、TN去除率开始增高,分别在植物收割后第20天(75.1%)、16天(60.6%)达到最大值,均于第28天(51.1%、34.1%)恢复到收割前水平。COD去除率在收割后第4天(25.3%)降到最小值,此后开始增高,第16天(70.2%)达到最高值,第24天(46.5%)恢复到收割前水平。     

人工湿地冬季净化减排水产养殖废水效果

根据我国池塘养殖废水排放特点,研究了冬季人工湿地集中处理池塘养殖废水的效果。结果显示,在0.22 m/d水力负荷下,人工湿地对池塘养殖废水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)和悬浮物(TSS)的去除率分别达到35.0%,38.2%,34.7%,91.6%;水力负荷上升至0.36 m/d后,人工湿地对TN和COD的去除率显著下降为20.0%和27.9%(P<0.05),TP和TSS去除率变化差异不显著(P>0.05),分别为35.7%和和93.2%。经人工湿地处理后出水TN浓度低于1.5 mg/L,TP浓度低于0.2 mg/L,COD浓度低于8 mg/L,TSS浓度低于5 mg/L,均满足水产养殖废水排放要求,表明应用人工湿地技术能有效实现池塘养殖废水的减排。另外,冬季低温使人工湿地对池塘养殖废水中TN和COD的去除率与夏季相比显著降低(P<0.05),但通过对人工湿地进行曝氧能够显著提高其对TN和COD的去除率(P<0.05)。     

人工湿地调控水质技术研究

为了解潜流式人工湿地对养殖排放水的净化效果,将潜流式人工湿地与池塘相连构成人工湿地水产养殖系统,对湿地滤池出水口及池塘水体的各项水质指标进行检测和对比分析,结果表明:人工湿地系统对养殖排放水具有较强的净化处理能力,BOD50、高锰酸盐指数分别降低30%和34%,氨氮、亚硝酸盐的去除率分别达到77%、76%以上.其中,池水中的非离子氨含量大大低于上海市地方标准<水产品池塘养殖技术规范>所规定的0.02mg/L.     

贝藻处理工厂化养殖废水的研究

研究了常见大型藻类对氮、磷营养盐的去除效果和贝类对悬浮颗粒物的去除效果。结果表明,石莼和海带在同样的实验条件下吸附氮、磷营养盐的效果明显高于鼠尾藻和马尾藻,密度2g/L的石莼和7.52g/L的海带是较好的养殖密度。与扇贝和文蛤比较,牡蛎具有较高的去除悬浮颗粒物的效率,可以在24h内除去养殖废水中93%的悬浮颗粒物。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和40g石莼组成的净化养殖废水的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物具有最好的去除效果,其去除效率分别为PO4P67.8%、NO2N60.2%、NH4N55.8%、NO3N59.0%和SPM82.5%。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和150g海带组成的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物的去除效果较好,其去除效率分别为PO4P62.6%,NO2N55.7%,NH4N46.0%,NO3N56.6%和SPM84.5%。     

基于组合湿地构建的池塘循环水养殖系统运行效果

为探索适用于高密度池塘养殖尾水处理和水循环利用的生态工程技术,本研究构建了一套基于组合湿地的池塘循环水养殖系统。在考察组合湿地对池塘尾水中氮、磷等物质去除效果和养殖过程中池塘水质动态变化的基础上,分析评估了系统氮、磷利用效率。结果显示：在5.54 m³/(m²·d)高水力负荷下,组合湿地对氨氮(TAN)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、总悬浮物(TSS)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和化学耗氧量(COD)去除率分别为68.94%、-25.38%、60.86%、43.56%、16.67%和27.98%,湿地出水水质满足渔业养殖用水要求;养殖过程中,循环塘TAN、NO^-₂-N浓度较低,均值分别为0.72 mg/L、0.10 mg/L,显著低于对照塘,DO均值为4.85 mg/L,显著高于对照塘且较为稳定;主养品种黄颡鱼产量达到391.38 kg,较对照塘提高9.11%;氮、磷相对利用率分别提高10.68%和11.20%,绝对利用率分别提高11.06%和11.49%,环境...     

人工湿地对水产养殖废水中氮磷的去除效能分析

通过分析人工湿地建造的具体用途,以及在处理废水时的特点,探究如何对水产养殖废水中的氮元素及磷元素进行处理。     

移动床生物膜反应器处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水试验

采用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)和不同曝气条件下,分析MBBR处理人工模拟的低浓度氨氮(2 mg/L左右)养殖废水的进出水氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的浓度变化,探讨HRT和曝气量对MBBR处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水的影响,并以实际鲟鱼养殖废水(氨氮浓度0.5～1.5 mg/L)和其他研究成果进行验证和比较.结果显示:MBBR的最优HRT为6～8 min,最优曝气量为180 L/h,相应的氨氮去除率为70％ ～ 75％,氨氮去除负荷为560～700 g/(m3.d),填料生物膜厚度为26～38 μm;膜表层结构多样,物种丰富,膜生长良好.该反应器对处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水具有的高效能力.     

利用循环水和人工湿地技术改建鳗鲡精养池试验

利用循环水处理技术和人工湿地净化技术构建的双循环系统模式,对福建地区鳗鲡(Anguillidae)精养池系统进行技术改进研究.结果表明:该模式在养殖密度约14.3 kg/m3时,养殖水体氨氮平均值为1.13 mg/L,水体溶解氧基本保持在6 mg/L以上,固体悬浮物浓度平均为13.6 mg/L,菌落总数平均为777 CFU/mL,仅为对照池的58%,其他水质指标也明显优于对照池;经过100 d的养殖,欧洲鳗鲡平均体重由32.5 g增至184.5 g,平均成活率92.7%.并联式双循环水处理工艺在鳗鲡养殖中具有水质处理效果好、改建和运行低廉等优点,适合我国南方地区鳗鲡精养池模式的循环水化改造.     

论水域的渔业污染与自净

渔业对水环境的污染主要来自人工投饵。增殖和不投饵养鱼则对水质有净化作用。用人工配合饲料每生产1kg鱼，有约800g有机物、70g氮和14g磷通过各种形式进入水体，导致水域富营养化。磷含量是水域污染的敏感性指标。渔业污染的强度和养殖容量成正相关，与水域的容积成负相关。在流动的水体中，则和流量成负相关。当三峡重庆库区网箱养殖规模按渔业水面1‰设定，网箱面积为40hm^2，单产90t，总产5．4万t鱼时，磷污染强度为0．00176mg／L，相当于湖库Ⅱ类水质磷含量指标0．025mg／L的1／15。污染强度为0．1008mg／L。有机物污染将造成三峡水库水域溶解氧量下降0．35～0．5mg/L，相当于三峡水库溶解氧含量指标7．0～10．5mg/L的1／20。当三峡水库重庆库区磷污染控制增量确定为0．0025mg／L时，养殖容量为7．7万t鱼。天然水体的自净作用能有效降低生化需氧量，但不能降低水域的磷、氮浓度。大量放流以白鲢、草鱼、鲤鱼为主的各种鱼类和适量发展不投饵网箱养殖白鲢，是去除水中氮、磷最好的方法。在三峡水库中捕捞和通过不投饵方式养殖5万t鱼类，可消除1500t氮和300t磷，从而降低三峡水库磷含量0．0007mg/L。相当于投饵养殖5．4万t鱼造成磷污染量的40%。     

高效絮凝脱氮除磷菌剂对黄尾鲴夏花培育池水质及生产效果的影响

为解决黄尾鲴夏花培育过程养殖水体中氮、磷等营养物质含量上升的问题，探讨了不同浓度的高效絮凝脱氮除磷菌剂对养殖水体氮、磷去除的效果。30d的水族缸养殖实验验证了当高效絮凝脱氮除磷菌剂的剂量为0.2 mg/L时，养殖水体氨氮的含量始终在0.15 mg/L以下；氨氮去除率可达90.5%～99%,亚硝酸盐氮的含量始终在0.08 mg/L以下，亚硝酸盐氮去除率可达93.8%～99%;总磷去除率可达72.8%～99%;生物絮团在第三天就能形成。此外，通过大田实验得到使用高效絮凝脱氮除磷菌剂培育黄尾鲴夏花成活率可达71.25%～72.5%,养殖效益每亩可达3862.5～3937.5元。表明高效絮凝脱氮除磷菌剂能显著提高耐低温黄尾鲴的苗种成活率和养殖经济效益。     

Treatment of flow-through trout aquaculture effluents in a constructed wetland

A study on effluent treatment with sub-surface flow (SF) constructed wetlands was conducted in a small commercial scale Bavarian (Germany) flow-through trout farm. Under limited spatial and financial conditions a most suitable wetland was constructed. The wetland treatment efficiency at high hydraulic loading rates during raceway runoff and cleaning situation in comparison to sedimentation as initial treatment method was examined.

The constructional solution involved the alteration of six existing sedimentation basins (SB) to SF horizontal flow constructed wetlands with a pre-sedimentation area. As constructional materials only local, cheaply available materials were used in order to reduce the costs. The SF wetland had high treatment efficiencies in the two operational modes examined. During cleaning situation at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 13.6 m/day treatment efficiency for total suspended solids (TSS) was highest and reached 68%. While during raceway runoff situation total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) treatment efficiency of 88% overtopped the efficiency of the other nutrients examined at a HLR of 10.6 m/day. In both treatment situations the SF wetland efficiency was significantly higher than the effect of the SB. SF constructed wetlands treating high hydraulic loading rates accompanied with short retention times were effective on dissolved nutrient treatment only for TAN and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂–N), while other dissolved nutrients like nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) and phosphate phosphorous (PO₄–P) showed no or even negative treatment effects through the wetland passage. To reduce these nutrients, other treatment conditions or wetland configurations are needed.     

Constructed wetlands as a treatment method for effluents from intensive trout farms

This study examined the effects of different hydraulic loading rates on the treatment efficiency of subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands treating effluents from trout farming over a period of 6 months. Six identical wetland cells with a pre-sedimentation zone of 9.6 m² and a root zone of 23.6 m² were loaded with effluents from intensive trout farming (> 2.1 kg feeding stuff per L/s and day). The total runoff of 13.2 L/s was treated in the wetland cells, where two duplicate cells received equal hydraulic loads of 3.9, 1.8 and 0.9 L/s. All examined wetland cells had significant treatment effects on the nutrient fractions containing particulate matter [total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS)].

Efficiency was between 5.5% for TN and 90.1% for TSS. The SSF wetland also had a high treatment effect on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), with efficiencies of 61.2 to 87.8%. Nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) and phosphate phosphorous (PO₄–P) showed a significant increase in the wetland effluent by 8.4 to 209%. Nitrite nitrogen (NO₂–N), had no significant, or significant effluent increase depending on the inflow rate. Treatment efficiency for particulate nutrients and TAN increased with decreasing hydraulic load, while the differences between 1.8 and 0.9 L/s were not significant. The treatment efficiency for TP was constant for all cells, at around 40%. The wetland receiving 3.9 L/s was over-flooded after 10 to 12 weeks due to colmatation. Nevertheless, the wetland still showed high treatment efficiencies. For commercial trout farms, SSF wetlands are a highly effective method of effluent treatment. A hydraulic load of 1 L/s on 13.3 m² wetland area (1.8 L/s on the examined wetland) seems most suitable. Higher loads lead to accelerated wetland colmatation, while lower loads waste space.     

Hydroponic plate/fabric/grass system for treatment of aquacultural wastewater

Hydroponic plants can efficiently absorb and uptake soluble compounds in wastewater but they have low abilities to remove suspended solids due to the lack of culture media to trap solids. This paper presented an improved hydroponic method for effective treatment of the wastewater from the backwash of recirculating aquacultural systems. The ryegrass (Lolium perenne Lam) was cultured with improved media consisting of perforated plastic plates and several layers of unwoven cotton fabric. The plate/fabric/grass cells with one, three, five, and seven layers of fabric were studied. After one vertical filtration pass through the cells, the removals were 48, 59, 60 and 63% for total solids (TS), 48, 58, 63 and 69% for volatile solids (VS), and 4, 7, 14 and 25% for suspended solids (SS), respectively, for different cells with one, three, five, and seven layers of fabric. It was found that increasing the number of vertical filtration passes through the cells improved the solids removal. The 1-day treatment in the recycling irrigation and treatment system with five cells ( = 0.8 m² grass) removed 66% TS, 71% VS, and 91% SS, and absorbed 72% total nitrogen (TN), 80% total phosphorus (TP), 63% chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 85% total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). This hydroponic plate/fabric/grass system is a simple and efficient technology for the effective eco-treatment of aquacultural wastewater with relatively high concentrations of suspended solids.     

国内外湿地研究进展和展望

主要分析了国内外湿地的概念和分类、形成和发育、湿地评价和健康评价、恢复和重建、生物地球化学过程、模型研究、人工湿地、全球变暖及湿地生态系统关系等方面研究进展，据此提出展望。     

Brazilian wetlands: their definition,delineation, and classification for research,sustainable management,and protection

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Sampling fish assemblages in forested floodplain wetlands

Abstract– Four quantitative (area-standardized electrofishing, trap nets, small-mesh [1.3 and 2-cm bar mesh] gill nets, large-mesh [2.5 and 5-cm bar mesh] gill nets) and two qualitative (non-standardized electrofishing, dip netting) sampling techniques were concurrently used to capture larval to adult fish in forested wetland habitats on seasonally inundated floodplains of two Alabama (USA) streams. Standardized area electrofishing appeared to be the best sampling technique for collecting and quantifying species because of high catch rate, broad species and size coverage, and rapid sampling. Electrofishing accounted for most fish (47 and 57% of pooled catch), almost all taxa, and a broad range of fish sizes. Large-mesh gill nets captured few fish (2% and 8%), a distinct subset of the species present, and the largest fish. Light traps were the most efficient and taxa-comprehensive sampling technique for larval fish. Light traps captured the vast majority of the pooled larval fish catch, including 6 of 7 families recorded at the sites. Larval fish dip netting captured larval fish of most families known to be present but in low numbers. For surveys of species composition and rapid bioassessments, nonstandardized electrofishing and larval fish dip netting appear adequate. For intensive research studies, the combination of area electrofishing, large-mesh (and in some cases small-mesh) gill nets, and light traps provide thorough and comprehensive data on wetland fish assemblages.     

贵州锁黄仓湿地沉积物重金属空间分布及生态风险评价

以贵州锁黄仓湿地表层沉积物为研究对象,利用空间插值分析、主成分分析与相关性分析方法,研究沉积物中镉(Cr)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)5种重金属元素含量的空间分布特征和来源情况,并通过Tomlinson污染负荷指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法进行生态风险评价,为锁黄仓湿地公园的生态安全以及有序发展提供基础数据。结果显示,Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Pb平均值分别为98.44、73.14、148.67、21.93、54.32 mg/kg,与土壤重金属背景值(95.90、51.20、99.50、20.00、35.20 mg/kg)相比较,5种重金属含量均偏高;而各重金属变异系数相对较小(13.94%~21.55%)。Cr、Ni、As之间以及Zn与Pb呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。主成分分析中,第一主成分(A1)包括Cr、Ni和As,第二主成分(A2)包括Zn和Pb。锁黄仓表层沉积物重金属污染负荷指数为1.348,且上游(1.379)>下游(1.372)>中游(1.303),均属于"中等"污染程度。潜在生态风险评价表明,5种重金属潜在生态风险指数小于下限(RI=150),属于轻度生态污染。Cr、Ni和As的来源途径可能相同,主要受周边农业活动和环境影响;Zn和Pb具有相同输入源的可能性较大,主要受炼锌业和交通运输影响。研究表明,锁黄仓湿地受到中等程度的污染,但生态环境质量属于可控范围。     

１９８７－２００４年洞庭湖典型湿地类型动态分析

洞庭湖湿地是我国重要的湖泊湿地,先后经历了大范围围湖造田和退田还湖。选取1987年12月、1995年12月和2004年12月3期TM遥感影像,通过决策树分类方法对其进行分类,计算土地利用类型转移矩阵,对洞庭湖典型湿地类型面积动态变化进行分析,以了解1987-2004年退田还湖前后自然湿地与人工湿地相互转化状况,为今后洞庭湖湿地保护提供数据支撑。结果表明,1987-2004年,人工湿地减少,自然湿地增长,增长主要集中在草滩地和芦苇滩地,草滩地增长速率为23.85km2/a,芦苇滩地增长速率为1.97km2/a。1987-1995年,尽管湿地总体上呈现增长,但自然湿地退化严重;1995-2004年,人工湿地呈现下降趋势,在自然湿地中,水域与泥沙滩地总体变化不明显,芦苇滩地与草滩地呈现增长。退田还湖对湿地保护起到了主要作用,但仍存在一些围湖造田现象,退田还湖工程实施没有得到完全落实。     

基于InVEST和生态风险评估模型耦合的湿地生态风险评价——以吉林省为例

湿地是生态系统的重要组成部分，在保护生物多样性和区域经济发展等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。基于生态系统外部的危险性和内部的脆弱性的生态系统评价体系，选取了22个关键评价指标，耦合InVEST产水量模型和生态风险评估模型，估算吉林省湿地生态风险指数，实现吉林省湿地生态风险空间分布特征模拟，为湿地生态保护与建设提供建议。结果表明：（1）产水量模拟精度达到99.88%，空间分布呈现从东南到西北递减的特征，延边朝鲜族自治州产水量最高，产水量空间分布与降水量成正比，与温度、GDP等成反比；（2）吉林省湿地生态风险性指数从中部地区向东西部地区呈下降趋势。尤其西南地区湿地的风险性较高，由于温度高，自然灾害程度高，人口密度大，人类活动对湿地压迫性强。吉林省应采取更具有针对性的政策和措施，加强对较高风险性地区的保护，为促进区域社会经济的发展和维护生态平衡提供有力的保障。     

Diet and dietary overlap in fishes of temporary waters of southwestern Australia

The diets of six species of fish occurring in seasonally inundated waters of the southern acid peat flats of southwestern Australia were studied over a 23 month period. Fishes could be allocated to a benthos/lower water column guild or a midwater column/water surface guild. Segregation on the basis of prey size was noted for one species only, and this species had a larger mouth than the remaining species. Seasonal variation in within- and between-guild overlap was observed. Highest overlap occurred in the mid-wet season when inundation was greatest and all species foraged in extensive areas of very shallow water. Little segregation based on feeding position within the water column was possible, and some prey species (e. g. simuliid larvae) were particularly abundant at this time. Dietary overlap decreased as the dry season progressed and fish became concentrated in smaller areas of habitat. As fish demonstrated lower levels of food acquisition, this change in overlap was suggested to be in response to increased competition for limited food resources.