胶州湾红岛潮间带底栖微藻种类组成及其生物量变化

2004年2月至2005年3月对胶州湾红岛潮间带底栖微藻的种类、数量和叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素a的含量及其变化进行了研究。结果显示,胶州湾红岛潮间带底栖微藻种类比较单一,仅鉴定出硅藻和甲藻2门,共有7属10种,其中硅藻门5属8种,甲藻门2属2种,其中圆筛藻属Coscinodis-cus的种类最多,有4种。从数量来看,舟形藻Naviculasp.的数量最高,占底栖微藻总量的24.6%,其次是曲舟藻(Pleurosigmasp.),占底栖微藻总量的15.8%,中心圆筛藻Coscinodiscus centralis和多甲藻Peridiniumsp.的数量最少,均占总量的1.8%。底栖微藻的个体数量为303～226364cell/m2,年平均数量为22685cell/m2。季节变化明显,冬季和春季数量高于夏季和秋季,冬季最高,夏季最低。各站叶绿素a的含量变化基本和底栖微藻的数量变化一致,表现为冬季和春季高,夏季和秋季低,而脱镁叶绿素a的含量变化刚好相反。叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿素a的含量均随取样深度的增加而减少,但叶绿素a的含量在0～15mm的深度内急剧降低,而后维持在较低的含量,相比之下,脱镁叶绿素a的含量降低比较缓慢。     

桑沟湾常见温带海草叶绿素荧光特性的比较

2011年7～8月在桑沟湾楮岛南岸东部海域,利用水下调制脉冲式荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)原位测定了中国北方3种常见温带海草大叶藻、丛生大叶藻以及红纤维虾海藻的不同叶龄叶片的叶绿素荧光特性,并确定了几种海草的吸光系数(AF)和叶片叶绿素含量,计算出海草绝对电子传递速率.实验结果表明,叶龄对海草的光合活性有较大影响,同种海草的AF值和叶绿素含量都随叶龄增加而增加,叶龄小的叶片明显具有较大的最大电子传递速率(ETRmx)(大叶藻∶叶1=26.56,叶2=21.45,叶3=19.98;红纤维虾海藻叶1=22.31,叶2=19.23,叶3=17.06;丛生叶藻∶叶1=20.16,叶2=16.10;叶3=13.10).相比于丛生大叶藻和红纤维虾形藻,大叶藻具有最高的光合活性(ETRmax=22.67),这也与大叶藻在3种海草中所具有最高的初级生产力是相符合的.     

洱海浮游植物群落结构及季节演替

2011年4月至2012年3月对洱海浮游植物群落结构及季节演替进行了周年调查.结果表明,洱海常见浮游植物有7门、80属、115种;其中,蓝藻门24种,硅藻门16种,绿藻门65种,金藻门和隐藻门各2种,甲藻门和裸藻门各3种.春季以钝脆杆藻(Fragilaria capucina)、直链藻(Melosira sp.)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)为优势种;夏季以直链藻、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、转板藻(Mougeotia sp.)、尖尾蓝隐藻、惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)、乌龙藻(Woronichinia sp.)为优势种;秋季以乌龙藻、游丝藻(Planctonema lauterbornii)为优势种;冬季以游丝藻、水华束丝藻(Aphanizonmenon flos-aquae)、钝脆杆藻为优势种;浮游植物生物量的季节变化表现为秋季最高、夏冬季次之、春季低,最高值出现在11月,达5 899.17×104个/L,最低值出现在2月,为339.21×104个/L.与历史资料相比,近年来洱海浮游植物生物量呈上升趋势,多样性指数降低,蓝藻水华优势种由鱼腥藻转变为微囊藻和乌龙藻,绿藻门细胞数量占浮游植物细胞总数量的比例持续增加.     

温度和盐度对二种观赏海藻微繁与生长的影响

为了建立观赏海藻大规模微繁技术,研究了温度和盐度对台湾锯齿藻(Prionitis formosana)和海木耳藻(Sarcodia montagneana)生长及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,在实验范围内,台湾锯齿藻在35℃的条件下死亡,5~15℃藻体负生长,适宜生长温度为20~25℃;盐度为22条件下生长正常,其余盐度下均生长不良;叶绿素含量在25℃和盐度22时达到最高。海木耳藻在5℃与35℃时出现死亡,5~15℃时负生长,适宜生长温度为25~30℃;最适生长盐度为10,其余盐度下均有不同程度的生长,并且随着温度的增加生长率下降;叶绿素含量在30℃和盐度10时达到最高。     

日本鳗鲡养殖池塘主要水质因子季节变化的研究

为评估池塘养殖日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)对水质的影响,2007年12月～2009年2月对福建省南部某日本鳗鲡养殖场的6口池塘主要水质因子进行周年调查。结果表明,水温变化在20.73～31.97℃,季节性变化小,适宜日本鳗鲡生长的时间长;水体透明度较低,一般在15～30cm,浮游植物数量及抑藻剂的使用对透明度影响较大;溶解氧、pH值等全年均符合渔业水质标准;氨氮是主要的无机氮形式,全年最高值出现在夏季,其含量变化与水温变化趋势一致;亚硝酸氮含量大部分季节较低(<0.06mg/L);硝酸盐含量全年最高不超过0.2mg/L,其含量变化与叶绿素a含量变化规律基本一致;活性磷浓度仅冬季较低,其他季节均较高,可能是池塘中藻类常年旺盛生长的原因;高锰酸钾指数较高且季节变化不明显。控制养殖密度及合理使用水质处理剂对于池塘水质保证十分重要。     

棒叶蕨藻变种对重金属Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)胁迫的生理响应

为研究棒叶蕨藻变种(Caulerpa sertularoides f.Longipes)对重金属离子胁迫的生理响应,通过恒温光照培养方法探讨棒叶蕨藻变种在重金属铜离子(Cu~(2+))、铅离子(Pb~(2+))、镉离子(Cd~(2+))的胁迫下对其日特定生长率(SGR)、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等指标的影响。结果显示,3种重金属离子的胁迫会影响藻体的正常生长,SGR均出现负增长,可溶性蛋白和Chl-a含量随处理浓度的增大而呈下降趋势,其中Cu~(2+)的影响尤为明显;重金属对藻体生长的抑制能力大小为Cu~(2+)Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+);3种重金属离子对SOD和GST影响均表现为先升后降趋势,除了Cd~(2+)对SOD影响峰值出现在5.00 mg/L之外,其他处理组的峰值均出现在质量浓度为2.50mg/L时。研究结果可为棒叶蕨藻变种的重金属胁迫机理研究提供参考。     

日本鳗鲡养殖池塘主要水质因子季节变化的研究

为评估池塘养殖日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)对水质的影响,2007年12月～2009年2月对福建省南部某日本鳗鲡养殖场的6口池塘主要水质因子进行周年调查.结果表明,水温变化在20.73～31.97℃,季节性变化小,适宜日本鳗鲡生长的时间长;水体透明度较低,一般在15～30 cm,浮游植物数量及抑藻剂的使用对透明度影响较大;溶解氧、pH值等全年均符合渔业水质标准;氨氮是主要的无机氮形式,全年最高值出现在夏季,其含量变化与水温变化趋势一致;亚硝酸氮含量大部分季节较低(＜0.06 mg/L);硝酸盐含量全年最高不超过0.2 mg/L,其含量变化与叶绿素a含量变化规律基本一致;活性磷浓度仅冬季较低,其他季节均较高,可能是池塘中藻类常年旺盛生长的原因;高锰酸钾指数较高且季节变化不明显.控制养殖密度及合理使用水质处理剂对于池塘水质保证十分重要.     

不同价态砷对斜生栅藻生长及叶绿素荧光的影响

本文对比研究了不同浓度As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)对斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。较高浓度条件下（≥500M/L）As(Ⅲ)对栅藻生长速率的影响大于As(Ⅴ)。对叶绿素a含量影响表明,随着砷浓度的增加栅藻叶绿素a含量呈现降低趋势,两种价态之间表现为叶绿素a对于As(Ⅲ)浓度的变化更为敏感。两种价态对栅藻主要荧光参数Fv /Fm ( PSII 的最大光化学量子产量) 、Yield( PSII 的实际光能转化效率)以及最大电子传递效率(ETRmax) 均与砷浓度呈显著的负相关。结果表明,砷对斜生栅藻产生的抑制作用与对光合系统产生的抑制相一致,并且As(Ⅲ)对叶绿素荧光产生的抑制作用要较As(Ⅴ)大。     

波吉卵囊藻对重金属铬的耐受性研究

为了研究波吉卵囊藻对重金属铬的耐受性,向波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)培养液中加入不同质量浓度的重铬酸钾,铬(Ⅵ)浓度依次为:0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0 mg/L。每天定时测定波吉卵囊藻藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量以及藻蛋白含量。结果表明波吉卵囊藻在铬浓度≤5.0 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量和蛋白含量均增加,且高于空白对照组指标;波吉卵囊藻在铬离子浓度5.0~7.5 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度增多,叶绿素a含量增加;铬离子浓度≤7.5 mg/L时,蛋白含量随着铬离子浓度的增加;也相应增加;波吉卵囊藻在铬离子浓度10.0 mg/L时,随着培养时间的增长,藻细胞密度不变,叶绿素a含量与蛋白含量增加显著小于空白组。实验得出低浓度铬(Ⅵ)(≤5.0 mg/L)能够促进波吉卵囊藻生长,提高藻胆蛋白和叶绿素a含量,当铬(Ⅵ)浓度超过7.5 mg/L时,藻胆蛋白含量降低,波吉卵囊藻生长受到抑制,并且随着铬离子浓度的增加,抑制作用增大;总体而言,铬离子对波吉卵囊藻生长表现为双重作用,波吉卵囊藻对铬有一定的耐受性。     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)溶藻活性代谢产物对虾池颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)溶藻效果研究

颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)为对虾养殖池塘中的一种常见的有害蓝藻。本实验以侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)的除菌体滤液和颤藻为基础,研究各自在不同阶段的溶藻效果,通过测定藻体干重、叶绿素a含量以及藻蓝蛋白含量,探究溶藻效果的最佳作用阶段及其作用机理,为改善对虾养殖水环境提供一定的理论基础。实验结果表明：稳定期和衰亡期的除菌体滤液对颤藻的溶藻效果均影响极显著(P<0.01)：7天后颤藻干重分别减少了51.77%、47.04%,叶绿素a含量分别降低了67.60%、59.13%,藻蓝蛋白含量分别增加了33.51%、30.97%;溶藻细菌除菌体滤液对延滞期的颤藻溶藻效果影响极显著(P<0.01)：7天后颤藻干重减少了63.90%,叶绿素a含量下降了69.72%,藻蓝蛋白含量升高了54.17%。因此,本研究显示侧孢短芽孢杆菌培养至稳定期的除菌体滤液对延滞期颤藻的溶藻效果最好。     

Spatial and temporal variation in habitat and fish community characteristics in a Kansas Flint Hills stream

Abstract– Four locations (i. e., mouth, lower midreach, upper midreach, and headwater) were sampled bimonthly for two years in a Kansas, Flint Hills stream. Principal components 1 (PC1; depth, width, substrate) and 2 (PC2; velocity, water temperature, conductivity) accounted for 70% of the variation in habitat variables. Principal component 1 varied more spatially than temporally, and PC2 exhibited the opposite pattern. Species diversity varied spatially with the highest values at the upper midreach and mouth and lowest in the headwaters. Species diversity also varied temporally with highest values in summer months and lowest in late fall and carly spring. Catch per unit effort (C/f) varied temporally and spatially by trophic guilds and species. In general, C/f values were highest in late fall and early spring and were lowest in early and mid summer. Fixed spatial variation (i. e., spatial difference independent of temporal factors) was higher than ephemeral spatial variation (i. e., spatial variation that varies temporally) for species with specialized feeding habits. Conversely, ephemeral spatial variation was highest for fish species with generalized feeding habits. These data indicate that standardizing reaches and dates are important if habitat, species diversity, and C/f data will be used in managing stream ecosystems.     

Water Management to Control Clam Shrimp,Cyzicus morsie in Walleye,Stizostedion vitreum,Production Ponds

Clam shrimp, Cyzicus morsie , can occur in hatchery ponds in such dense numbers that they interfere with production of fish. Hatchery ponds are frequently left dry during the fall and winter and are filed in spring or early summer, simulating the vernal pools where clam shrimp naturally occur. Ponds left dry over winter and ponds that were full over winter, but were drained and dried for a period of time immediately prior to stocking, had the highest numbers of clam shrimp (P = 0.001). Few or no clam shrimp were collected in ponds that were full over winter and were not dried in the spring. High turbidities were observed in ponds with high numbers of clam shrimp; however, clam shrimp were not the only cause of turbidity. The largest number of walleye were produced in ponds which contained few or no clam shrimp. Clam shrimp were controlled by preventing hatchery pond substrate from drying during winter and early spring; however, the absence of drying may cause other problems that interfere with fish production.     

大型溞的营养成分分析及其作为渔用饲料原料的潜在利用价值

为了评估大型溞在渔用饲料中的的营养价值,测定了不同季节人工培养的大型溞和夏季污水中大型溞风干样的营养成分与重金属含量。结果显示,各季节人工培养的大型溞水分含量存在显著的季节差异,冬季最高为5.14%,夏季最低为2.51%;夏季污水中大型溞水分含量(9.12%),显著高于人工培养的大型溞。人工培养的大型溞粗蛋白含量为30.93%~50.21%,在不同的季节也存在显著性差异,冬季人工培养、夏季污水中大型溞粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组。大型溞的15种氨基酸含量在各季节中差异显著,冬季最高(36.65%),夏季最低(24.74%);夏季污水中氨基酸含量为41.79%,9种必需氨基酸占22.15%,赖氨酸含量达到3.4%,蛋氨酸的含量为1.14%,苏氨酸含量为2.45%。大型溞粗脂肪含量随季节变化差异显著,冬季最高(18.88%),秋季最低(4.19%),夏季污水与冬季人工培养的大型溞无显著性差异。秋季人工培养的大型溞与夏季污水大型溞必需脂肪酸含量最高,为17%左右,所有大型溞中均没有检测到花生四烯酸和亚麻酸。重金属铬、铜和锌、铅最高含量分别出现在夏季污水、秋季、春季、夏季人工培养大型溞;夏季污水和冬季人工培养大型溞中未检测到铅元素,所有大型溞中均没有检测到镉元素。除铬外,铜、铅、砷和锌的最低含量均出现在夏季污水大型溞中。研究表明,大型溞蛋白质、脂肪营养丰富,而夏季污水大型溞必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸营养价值普遍高于人工培养的大型溞,且重金属潜在毒性较低,作为渔用饲料蛋白源进行资源化利用的可行性更高。     

Seasonal differences in effect of broodstock diet on spawning success in the great scallop

Great scallop (Pecten maximus L.) broodstock collected at two different seasons, spring (May) and winter (December), were given four different diets during conditioning. The spring group was spawned in late June, and the winter group in February.The highest number of veligers in the summer spawning (30 millions per 10broodstock), was produced using a diet consisting of 80% Tahitian Isochrysis galbana. In the winter spawning, broodstock given a dietconsisting of 80% diatoms (Skeletonema costatum/Chaetocerosgracilis) produced the highest number of veligers (29 millions per 10broodstock). Fecundity and the number of egg-releasing individuals were higher in the early summer spawning (June) than in the winter spawning (February), however, the total number of three days old veligers produced was nearly the same in the two seasons.     

A comparison of sea lice, Caligus rogercresseyi, fecundity in four areas in southern Chile

A survey was carried out between March 2006 and February 2007 on the fecundity of Caligus rogercresseyi in four areas of Region X (Lat 42°S) in Chile. An average length of 4.83 ± 0.4 mm for gravid females and 4.78 ± 0.56 mm for males was recorded from the four areas, with no significant differences in length between sexes. Although females were largest in spring and summer, egg strings were longer and there were higher number of eggs per string in winter. The lowest salinity values were recorded in the Hornopirén area, which had the largest gravid females and the highest number of eggs per string during the study. The number of lice treatments showed no influence on the fecundity rate in the four areas. Prevalence and abundance of C. rogercresseyi were influenced by salinity and temperature.     

荣成俚岛斑头鱼摄食生态研究

2010年3月至2011年2月逐月采集荣成俚岛近海的743尾斑头鱼(Hexagrammos agrammus),探讨其摄食生态特征。结果表明,斑头鱼为底栖生物食性鱼类,摄食的饵料生物包括11个类群,主要摄食多毛类(Polychaeta),其次是鱼卵、海藻类、海草类、口足类(Stomatopoda)、端足类(Amphipoda)和鱼类等。食物组成随季节和体长而变化:除四季均大量摄食多毛类以外,春季还摄食口足类和虾类,夏季还摄食鱼类和蟹类,秋季还摄食鱼卵和鱼类,冬季摄食鱼卵比例最高;体长80 mm的斑头鱼喜食海草和海藻等植物性饵料,体长80~199 mm的个体喜食多毛类、鱼类和虾蟹类等,体长199 mm的个体主要摄食鱼类、多毛类和鱼卵等。摄食强度也随季节和体长而变化:夏季摄食强度最高,春季和秋季次之,冬季最低(不停食);体长100 mm的个体摄食强度最高,随着体长增加而逐渐下降,体长180 mm以上的个体又随体长和年龄的增大而逐渐升高。对斑头鱼5个饵料生物样品进行了DNA条形码鉴定,其中4个饵料生物样品鉴定到种,1个饵料生物样品鉴定到属。结论认为,斑头鱼的摄食习性会随季节、个体生长和栖息海域饵料生物的种类和丰度的不同而发生变化。     

渤海中部COD的时空分布特征及其对富营养化的贡献分析

以2013年春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对渤海中部海区的调查数据为依据,对调查海域表、中、底层水体的化学耗氧量(Chemical oxygen demand, COD)的时空分布、来源及其对富营养化的贡献等进行了分析。结果显示,调查海域COD平均含量以夏季最高,秋季次之,春季最低。垂直分布差异表现为春季表层最高,中层最低;夏季表层最高,底层最低;秋季和冬季均为中层最高,底层最低。各站位 COD 平均浓度水平分布在春季无明显的高值出现,含量分布较均匀,夏季 COD从西向东呈降低趋势,高值主要分布于西部海域;秋季和冬季COD从北向南呈递减趋势,高值分布于调查海域北部。调查海域各站位营养指数E值变化范围为0.088–2.995,平均值为0.337±0.403,大于1的站位有25个,其中,秋季20个,冬季5个,表明大部分调查海域水质未达到富营养化状态,处于较低营养水平。COD 对调查海域富营养化的贡献率为46.15%–141.41%,平均值为(71.36±14.98)%,表明COD在渤海海区富营养化中占据了主要地位。     

桑沟湾养殖海域营养盐时空分布特征及富营养化评价

根据2014年10月、2015年3月、5月和8月在桑沟湾养殖水域开展的海洋调查所获取的营养盐状况调查数据,分析了营养盐含量的季节变化和平面分布,并对该水域营养水平状况进行了评价.结果显示,该海域秋季溶解无机氮(DIN)含量明显高于其他三个季节.夏季NO2-N的平均含量最高,秋季NO3-N的平均含量最高,春季NH4-N的平均含量最高,冬季PO4-P的平均含量最高.与海水水质标准相比,各季节DIN总体水平均低于海水一类标准值,春季和夏季PO4-P总体水平低于海水一类标准值,秋季和冬季PO4-P总体水平则高于海水一类标准值.从平面分布看,春季DIN含量呈湾内低、湾外高的趋势,夏季和秋季呈湾内高、湾外低的趋势,冬季呈自湾内南部水域向北逐渐降低的趋势.春季和冬季PO4-P含量均呈自湾内中部水域向外逐渐下降的趋势,夏季呈自湾内中部水域向外逐渐上升的趋势;秋季则呈湾内高、湾外低的趋势.春季、夏季和冬季N/P比值均高于Redfield比值,无机磷相对缺乏,而秋季N/P比值与Redfield比值基本一致.根据潜在性富营养化评价模式,桑沟湾养殖海域四个季节的营养水平较低,均属贫营养水平.与20世纪八九十年代相比,桑沟湾浮游植物生长的主要限制性因素已由整体的氮限制转变为春、夏季磷限制为主.     

Seasonal variation in growth,consumption and growth efficiency in overwintering juvenile steelhead

Food availability and thermal regimes can largely govern growth opportunities in fishes. In temperate regions, streams can exhibit summer temperatures that exceed the optima for coolwater-adapted species relative to the amount of available food, and therefore, spring and fall may confer better growing conditions, especially for larger size classes. We examined the relationship between growth, consumption and growth efficiency across seasons in juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in their natal streams in Idaho, USA. Subyearling (0+) growth rates were higher in summer, whereas yearlings exhibited no statistically significant difference in growth between seasons. Consumption rates were overall lower in winter–spring but constituted a higher proportion of maximum consumption compared with summer and fall, indicating better food availability relative to metabolic demands. Net growth efficiencies were higher in winter–spring, but substantially more so than the proportion of maximum consumption. This suggests that overwinter growth performance was driven at least partly by higher growth efficiency, and the effect was most pronounced for yearling steelhead. The low proportions of maximum consumption for both age classes suggest that food was an overall limiting factor to growth, especially in summer when metabolic demands were highest. We discuss how temperature-based models can overestimate growth in the warmest parts of the year and develop a simple conceptual model for the seasonal timing of juvenile growth. In anadromous populations, the outmigration of presmolts in spring can reduce the level of competition. For the individuals that remain in the river, growth in this period can be particularly important.     

白洋淀浮游甲壳动物的生物多样性研究

基于2006年4月至2006年12月对白洋淀浮游甲壳动物进行采样调查，分析了白洋淀浮游甲壳动物的群落结构及多样性。本次调查共记录到浮游甲壳动物34种，隶属于9科19属，其中枝角类（Cladocera）19种，桡足类（Copepoda）16种。物种多样性季节性明显：枝角类优势种在春、夏和秋冬季依次为微型裸腹溞（Moina micrura）、长额象鼻溞（Bosmina longirostris）、长肢秀体溞（Diaphanosoma leuch）；而桡足类优势种在冬春季为英勇剑水蚤（Cyclopidae strenuus），在夏秋季为锯缘真剑水蚤（Eucyclopinae macruroides）和台湾温剑水蚤（Thermocyclops tsihokurnsis）。物种多样性春秋季较高，夏季和冬季较低。浮游甲壳类个体密度以春季最高，冬季最低。根据生物多样性指数综合判定白洋淀的水质为中营养化水平。