遗传育种新技术在鱼类养殖上的应用

近几年来,遗传育种新技术在鱼类养殖上的应用有了很大的进展,这包括:性别的控制、人工雌核发育、诱发多倍体、核的移植、基因工程。从现有的资料看来,研究鱼类遗传育种新技术主要集中在生长激素的基因工程上,就为当前生产养殖应用而言,已取得经济效益的是控制鱼类性别的雌核发育和利用三倍体不育性的染色体工程。     

海水经济鱼类遗传育种研究进展

近二三十年来,海水养殖方式与设备的不断发展与完善,促进了海水养殖业的发展。但是,由于海水经济鱼类缺乏优良品种,大多数养殖种类为野生种或半野生种,许多养殖种群在累代繁殖后,出现品质退化、生长速度慢、发病率高等不良症状,严重地阻碍着海水经济鱼类养殖业的发展。因此,近年来,世界各国纷纷加强海水鱼类的遗传育种研究工作,     

中国海水养殖的三个翻一番

农牧渔业部肖鹏副部长说：“我国海水养殖将以11．2％的年增长率上升，于1990年达到120万吨，产值将翻一番。养殖水面补翻一番，将增至60万公顷，176个沿海县的指标将超过千吨，地区指标定为10万吨。以后5年养殖品种主要是对虾、蟹、扇贝、鲑鱼、牡砺、海参和海鳗，对虾养殖5年内要翻一番。     

DNA分子标记在我国海水养殖动物遗传育种中的应用

DNA分子标记是以脱氧核糖核酸多态性为基础的遗传标记.本文综述了DNA分子标记技术在环节动物、软体动物、甲壳动物、鱼类等我国海水养殖动物中遗传多样性和遗传结构分析、亲缘关系鉴定、品系家系鉴别、构建遗传连锁图谱、数量性状定位等方面的应用.指出了目前DNA分子标记在海水养殖动物遗传改良和辅助育种等研究领域存在的问题,最后对该领域的研究提出展望,以期为海水养殖动物遗传育种研究提供参考.     

遗传标记的进展与绵山羊育种

本文概述了遗传标记的定义、研究进展以及遗传标记给绵山羊育种带来的巨大变化,揭示了今后绵山羊育种的方向。     

主要养殖鲑科鱼类遗传育种的研究进展

冷水性鲑科鱼类肉质鲜美,高蛋白、高不饱和脂肪酸、营养丰富、无肌间刺、易加工,是世界性养殖鱼类,其中大西洋鲑、虹鳟和红点鲑属鱼类等主要养殖鲑科鱼类,一直是水产遗传育种领域的重要研究对象。本文简要叙述了鲑科鱼类遗传育种研究的历史和现状,主要介绍了经济性状遗传参数估计、选择育种、分子遗传与标记辅助育种等方面的研究进展,提出了我国鲑科鱼类遗传育种工作重点研究的方向。     

甲壳动物的遗传与育种

本文总结了甲壳动物遗传育种的特点、研究方法和引起变异的措施。详细地回顾了外部条件处理引起的生理和生化变化,对今后的甲壳动物遗传育种有一定的指导意义。     

对虾遗传育种研究进展

<正> 一、前言对虾类是甲壳动物中经济价值较高的类群,也是世界各国水产增养殖业的重要对象。据统计,1990年世界对虾养殖总产量达66.3万吨。我国是养虾大国,对虾养殖年产量已达到30多万吨,在现有的养殖条件下,如何提高养殖产量,降低养殖成本,提高养殖对虾的品质,是摆在研究人员面前的重要任务。利用生物遗传育种技术进行对虾的品种改良,培育出优良的养殖品系,是达到上述目的的有效途径。水产动物遗传育种研究在鱼类起步较     

中国海水养殖大产业架构的战略思考

当前,全球海水养殖业已经进入工业化发展新时期。为了促进海水养殖经济增长方式的转变,本文分析了中国的海水养殖现状和存在的问题;论述了发展工业化养殖的必要性和可行性;重点提出了转变养殖观念、确立节能减排、推进低碳养殖的战略发展目标。通过海基生态型和陆基集约型两条路径的大产业架构,实施"四化养殖"技术的研究、集成、配套、组装,以及覆盖全国沿海各类产业的合理布局和宏观管理,将可使中国的海水养殖产业面貌发生历史性的变革,一个工业化的海水养殖大产业不久将出现在世界面前。     

虾类遗传育种研究进展

虾在水产养殖业中占有极为重要的地位。20世纪50年代以来,随着众多经济虾类人工培育苗种的成功,其养殖业发展迅猛,由50年代的世界虾产量不足5.0×105t,到现在维持在1.9×106t的水平。尤其是近年来特种水产养殖业的兴起,使虾类的身价倍增。世界养殖业总产量约3—5年翻一番。90年     

福建省海水养殖业产量结构特征与发展趋势

海水养殖业合理的结构与良好的发展趋势有利于促进福建省经济的长远发展。本文基于福建省1983—2012年的海产品产量与海水养殖产量数据,研究了福建省鱼类、虾蟹类、贝类、藻类等海产品和海水养殖产品的产量结构特征,结果表明福建省海水养殖主要以贝类、藻类为主,海洋捕捞主要以鱼类、虾蟹类为主;分析了福建省海水养殖的养殖比、面积、单产等的发展趋势,得出鱼类、虾蟹类增加趋势较大,增产潜力大;针对福建省海水养殖产量结构特征和发展趋势,进行成因分析并提出对策。研究结果可以为渔业部门指导福建省海水养殖业的发展提供参考。     

鲍遗传育种研究进展

Abalones are important farming species with a high economic value. They have already been farmed for more than 50 years. As problems and new requirements rose continuously in culture industry of abalone, studies on genetic and breeding techniques are needed to improve characteristics and to gain new traits. This review concentrates on advances in genetics and breeding techniques in abalone. As for genetic studies, karyological analyses, allozyme, DNA markers and genetic diversity were reviewed. So far, karyological analyses in abalone have been performed in 12 species that can be divided into three groups according to the chromosome number. In some economically important species, loci of allozymes and. microsatellites have been isolated and applied to investigate the genetic structure of natural and hatchery populations and to identify the result of chromosome set manipulation, but the related reports are only a few yet. The resultsof investigation with DNA markers and allozymes showed that the genetic structure of natural populations presents two characteristics: excessive homozygosity and subdivision. Advances of various breeding techniques, including introduction, selection,hybridization, polyploidy, gynogenesis and gene manipulation, were reviewed in the other part. Although Haliotis discus discus, introduced from Japan, has become one of the most important culture species in China, the economic, social and environmental effects of introduction have been rarely studied. Selection is one of the most important and basic breeding techniques, but the studies on selection are only a few and preliminary, referring to the relations between genetic characteristics and the traits of growth and resistance, genetic diversity and heritability of quantitative traits, and the effect of selection. Interspecific hybridization was the first breeding program carded out in abalone. Experimental hybridization have been carded out for about 20 crosses. Heterosis,such as faster growth and high survival rate, has been observed in some crosses. Triploids have been successfully induced in many species of abalone with physical or chemical shock, e.g.H, discus hannai, H. rufescens, H.diversicolor diversicolor and H. rnidae. Field experiments were conducted in some species of triploid abalone. In comparison with triploid, the research on tetraploid is still in quest stage. The progress of induction of gynogenesis in abalone is quite slow. Conditions of sperm inactivation, diploid restoration and nuclear behavior of gynogenetically activated eggs have been researched on in H. discus han nai. Notwithstanding the gene transfer technology in abalone is in the quest stage, the research have already involved preparation of exogenic DNA,means of gene transfer, identification integration and expression of target gene, etc. Three research directions in these topics were proposed : to investigate the germplasm resources of abalone deeply and widely, to make use of traditional breeding methods and modem biotechnique synthetically, and to combine the science research with production practice.     

中国深远海养殖发展方式研究

在渔业转型发展进程中,发展深远海养殖是突破生态环境和自然资源约束性挑战,实现新时期中国海水养殖业可持续发展的战略方向。基于联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)关于深远海养殖发展的定义,结合中国海水养殖业发展水平和海域条件,对中国深远海养殖概念进行了界定。提出养殖品种选择、养殖系统构建、养殖海域规划是关系深远海养殖产业稳步有序发展的重要因素。在养殖品种选择方面,应重点考虑经济潜力、适应水温和养殖技术;在养殖系统构建上,分析比较了不同养殖系统应用于深远海养殖的适宜性、安全性和经济性;在养殖海域规划方面,应重点考虑养殖排放、环境承载力和海域条件。     

广西海水养殖业可持续发展思考

近年来海水养殖业发展迅猛,其在渔业经济中的地位日显突出,但随着社会经济的发展,养殖环境和条件也随之发生变化,出现了许多妨碍海水养殖业发展的新情况、新问题。文章就广西海水养殖业的发展状况与存在问题,从加强养殖环境整治和养殖容量研究、实施良种工程和科技兴渔战略、建设病害防治体系、严格规范养殖行为等方面,提出几点有针对性的对策。     

关于贝类遗传改良几个问题的讨论

贝类大多为雌雄异体,少数种类是雌雄同体,在雌雄异体的种类也有部分个体表现为雌雄同体,而且雌雄异体型贝类还常有性转变现象。养殖贝类大多行体外受精并具有配子量大、子裔数量多等特点。野生型贝类表型方差大,遗传变异水平高。可见,贝类是一群比较独特的动物,其生殖方面的某些特性与作物的共同点甚至超过与高等动物的共同点。因此仅依靠脊椎动物或植物的育种方法,难以解决好贝类的种质改良问题。     

我国海水养殖产量与相关影响因子的灰色关联度分析

本文采用灰色关联分析方法对十年间海水养殖产量与13个相关因子的关联度进行评价,计算每个因子与海水养殖产量的灰色关联系数和灰色关联度,建立两两比较判断矩阵确定各因素对海水养殖产量的影响度。分析结果表明海水养殖产量的主控因子为：海水加工产品数量、水产品加工产值、海水养殖产值、水产苗种产值、渔民人均纯收入和海水养殖面积,影响度分别为：18.10%、16.69%、13.74%、13.65%、8.96%和8.67%,总影响度达79.81%。该结果能够较客观地反映影响我国海水养殖产量的主要因子,可将其作为制定海水养殖可持续发展政策和建议的依据。     

海水养殖池塘溶氧平衡的实验研究↑（*）

采用围隔实验法,研究了施肥养殖台湾红罗非鱼（Ｏｒｅｏｃｈｒｏｍｉｓｍｏｓａｍｂｉｃｕｓ×Ｏ．ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃｕｓ）和投饵养殖中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）的海水池塘中溶氧的昼夜平衡。测定了浮游植物光合作用产氧量、水柱呼吸耗氧量和底泥呼吸耗氧量;用估测模型计算鱼、虾呼吸耗氧量及用差减法估计大气扩散作用引起的得氧或失氧。结果表明：在海水池塘溶氧的收入中,浮游植物光合作用产氧占９０％以上,大气扩散溶入低于１０％;在海水池塘溶氧的支出中,水呼吸耗率约占６２．４８％,鱼、虾呼吸耗氧约占１８．１８％,底泥呼吸耗氧约占１９．３５％。且施肥鱼池和投饵虾池的溶氧平衡状况不同     

海水养殖自身污染的现状与对策

海水养殖业自身污染不仅制约了我国海水养殖业的发展,也对养殖区及其毗邻海域的生态环境产生了影响。本文在综述海水养殖自身污染现状的基础上,提出控制海水养殖自身污染的相应对策。     

紫菜遗传育种研究进展

对中国紫菜(Pyropia/Porphyra)种质资源进行了详细的介绍,从育种技术、育种目标和育种成果3个方面综述了紫菜育种领域的研究进展。育种技术以选择育种、杂交育种和诱变育种为主,分子遗传育种在探索之中。育种目标在优质、高产的基础上,结合气候变化、不同海区环境,培育耐高温、耐低盐等抗逆性强的品种。目前,中国已培育出紫菜新品种6个,其中坛紫菜4个,条斑紫菜2个。最后,作者提出中国紫菜产业发展面临的一些问题,期望良种选育与产业发展相结合,为科研工作者进一步开展紫菜育种研究提供参考。     

An improved prioritization framework for selecting new finfish mariculture candidates for research and development in Indonesia

Aquaculture, particularly marine‐based production, is one of the fastest growing industries in Indonesia. Indonesia's competitiveness in the trade of aquaculture products is constrained by a lack of research and development (R&D) of new aquaculture species candidates. Mariculture has the greatest potential due to Indonesia's vast marine resources and archipelagic geography. Although there are over 3,000 species of marine fish in Indonesia, only 14 species have been widely cultured, largely finfish. Production is dominated by shrimp, groupers and milkfish. Traditionally, candidate species for mariculture in Indonesia and elsewhere have often been selected on their market value before their biological suitability for culture has been established leading to partially successful R&D efforts or even failure. The present study developed a framework for selecting marine fish species to support mariculture R&D in Indonesia based on an improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The approach combined various quantitative and qualitative data and involved different R&D stakeholder groups in the selection process. Ten species that had not been previously researched for their aquaculture potential were identified. The modified approach addressed the interaction complexity of criteria and different preferences across the stakeholders. The involvement of different stakeholders in the selection process not only ensured acceptance of the selected species for further research, but also tested the validity and consistency of the method used in this study. The methodology has relevance for mariculture globally given that efficient candidate selection can help focus efforts and investment in mariculture R&D.