微生物制剂对河蟹育苗水质控制作用的研究

通过在河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)育苗池中添加微生物制剂调控水质,降低育苗过程中的用药和换水量,提高幼体的变态率.在试验组中分别添加光合细菌和芽孢杆菌及二者混合制剂,与批次的对照池进行比较.试验组的水质状况均好于对照组,幼体变态率平均提高了20%,抗生素等药品使用量平均减少85%,病害发生率平均降低31%,对照组的换水率为485%,而微生物制剂处理组均为150%,平均减少换水量56%,生产成本平均降低21%.微生物制剂在河蟹育苗中能有效控制氨氮等有害物质,降低换水成本,减轻环境污染.     

益生菌在凡纳滨对虾育苗中的应用

实验研究了在凡纳滨对虾育苗中添加益生菌(芽孢杆菌、光合细菌或芽孢杆菌 光合细菌)对水体中pH值、H2S、COD、NH 4N、NO-2N和幼体成活率的影响。结果表明:光合细菌对提高水体的pH值有一定作用,而芽孢杆菌对pH值无显著影响;益生菌能显著降低水体中的H2S、NH 4N和NO-2N含量,其中光合细菌去除H2S和NO-2N的效果略优于芽孢杆菌,而芽孢杆菌去除NH 4N的能力比光合细菌强;实验中COD均在较适宜范围,益生菌对COD无显著影响。5mg·L-1芽孢杆菌和1mg·L-1芽孢杆菌 10mg·L-1光合细菌能显著提高育苗成活率。在实验中,1mg·L-1芽孢杆菌 10mg·L-1光合细菌的综合效果最佳,芽孢杆菌和光合细菌具有协同作用。     

微生态制剂对糙海参生长、消化酶活性及水质的影响

以受精后24 h孵化出的糙海参(Holothuria scabra)耳状幼体为研究对象,探讨养殖水体不同微生态制剂对糙海参苗期生长、存活、消化道消化酶活性和养殖水体水质变化的影响。实验设5个处理组,每隔5 d分别向4个试验组育苗池泼洒乳酸菌(浓度为1×108cfu·mL-1)15g(G1)、芽孢杆菌(总菌数为5×109·g-1)10 g(G2)、光合细菌(浓度为1×1011cfu·mL-1)50 mL(G3)和复合菌(G4,包含光合细菌30 mL、乳酸菌10 g和芽孢杆菌3 g),对照组(C)不添加微生态制剂。实验结果表明:试验组的糙海参出苗体重显著高于对照组(P0.05),而G1的体重明显大于其余试验组(P0.05),G3和G4之间的差异不显著(P0.05);成活率由高到低依次为G4、G3、G2、C、G1,其中G2和C之间差异不显著(P0.05),其余组之间差异显著(P0.05)。微生态制剂的添加还能不同程度地影响糙海参苗体消化道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性,G3和G4的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于其它组(P0.05),两组之间差异不显著(P0.05);G1和G4的纤维素酶活性显著高于其它组(P0.05),两组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。各试验组苗池水质的氨氮、亚硝酸盐和COD值分别在实验第10天、20天和30天显著低于对照组,微生态制剂对糙海参苗期养殖池的总磷(TP)影响不大(P0.05)。研究结果表明,糙海参育苗池中泼洒微生态制剂可以促进幼体的生长,提高消化酶活性和成活率,并有改善育苗水体水质的作用。     

微生物制剂对养殖池塘细菌群落影响的PCR-DGGE分析

为了解微生物制剂在水产养殖环境修复中的作用机制,采用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法,研究不同微生物制剂对养殖池塘上覆水和沉积物中细菌群落的影响。结果显示,施用微生物制剂前后,试验塘上覆水样品中细菌的DGGE优势条带无明显变化,细菌群落组成没有明显差异,提示微生物制剂对试验塘上覆水中的细菌群落组成影响很小。相对而言,施用过微生物制剂的池塘相对于对照池塘其细菌群落结构发生的变化较大;泼洒EM菌原粉3 000 g/hm2加芽孢杆菌原粉750 g/hm2的试验塘沉积物中细菌群落2 d内发生了较大变化,之后相对稳定,对照池塘和泼洒EM菌原粉3 000 g/hm2加光合细菌原粉1 500 g/hm2的试验塘沉积物中细菌群落组成变化很小。     

不同水温和水质理化因子对糙海参摄食、生长影响研究

分别以不同水温15、20、25、30℃为4个试验组,研究糙海参成参的摄食和生长。试验结果表明:糙海参体重的增长与水温的变化密切相关;糙海参的最适生长水温为20~30℃,在25℃时生长最快,日增重量和日增重率分别为7.667 g和1.48%,而且显著高于其他试验组。在水温15℃时,日增重量和日增重率分别为0.1 g和0.022%,有时会出现负增长。当水温达到15℃时,糙海参摄食活动减少,停止摄食,体重不再增加。在水质因子研究方面,分为不换水试验组、换水1/3试验组(每日)、全部换水试验组(每日),研究了不同水质对糙海参生长的影响。经过15 d养殖,结果表明:其他水质指标波动在正常范围,3个试验组间无明显差别,只有NO2-含量有明显的差异。不换水组、换水1/3组和全部换水组的亚硝酸盐质量浓度分别是1.34 mg/L、0.55 mg/L和0.23 mg/L。亚硝酸盐质量浓度大小与海参生长有密切关系,两者呈负相关。全部换水组亚硝酸盐质量浓度显著低于其他试验组,糙海参生长最快;不换水试验组,部分糙海参日增重量和日增重率呈负增长,部分已经吐脏。     

锦鲤不同养殖模式下水体中氨氮含量变化规律的比较研究

为研究锦鲤不同养殖模式下水体中氨氮含量的变化规律,在肥水池塘、新水池塘、工厂化循环水养殖池、水泥池、定期换水的水泥池、定期投放微生物制剂的水泥池中进行了锦鲤养殖试验,测定水体中氨氮的含量并进行分析。结果表明:各试验组间氨氮含量的变化差异显著(P0.05);各组氨氮含量与时间的相关关系均达到极显著水平(P0.01),其中工厂化循环水养殖池为显著负相关,其余各组为显著正相关。肥水池塘、新水池塘、不换水的水泥池、定期换水的水泥池4个试验组的氨氮含量随时间的延长呈上升趋势。工厂化循环水养殖池的氨氮含量在鱼种投放后第4天达到最高值0.42 mg·L-1,而后随时间的延长,氨氮浓度处于波动下降的状态。定期投放微生物制剂水泥池的氨氮浓度分别在试验第10天和第20天出现了两个波峰,在第14天和第25天出现了两个波谷,整体随时间的延长呈上升趋势。     

微生态制剂在加州鲈养殖中的应用

正微生态制剂是利用正常微生物或促进微生物生长的物质制成的微生物制剂,换而言之,一切能促进正常微生物群生长繁殖的及抑制致病菌生长繁殖的制剂都称为微生态制剂。微生态制剂包括:(1)单一菌类,如乳酸菌、光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌等;(2)复合微生态制剂,如益生菌、EM菌等,其中EM菌一般由光合细菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌等80余种有益菌种复合培养而成。     

光合细菌在鲍养殖中的应用初探

本试验采用添加光合细菌、减少换水量的方法进行鲍鱼养殖。结果表明，在200L的塑料桶进行盘鲍人工育苗试验中，试验组以每天换水1／3、添加40ppm光合细菌培养液，其养殖效果与采用3倍流水换水量的对照组相当。而在九孔鲍人工育苗的大池试验中，试验池以每天换水1／3添加50ppm光合细菌培养液的养殖效果明显优于对照组，其平均壳长、平均个体重量较对照组提高5％与55％，总育成率较对照组提高20％。     

光合细菌在暗纹东方鲀养殖上的应用

初步研究了施加不同浓度光合细菌在暗纹东方鲀养殖中的效果。试验表明：添加光合细菌浓度在50μg／L以上时能有效地改善养殖水环境，使COD、BOD、氨态氮、亚硝基盐浓度下降并保持在正常范围，与对照池相比，鱼苗成活率增加，体长体重增加，不受病原微生物的侵害。     

微生态制剂在水产养殖业中的应用(连载二)

2、复合微生物制剂:是一类多菌种的微生物制剂。在光合细菌研究的基础上,随着研究的不断深入,又开发出许多优于光合细菌的产品应用于水产养殖业。(1)益生素:是一种全面改善水质的微生物制剂,其主要成分有芽孢杆菌、枯草杆菌、硫化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌等多种微生物。它能分解水中的有机物,降解氨态氮、亚硝酸盐、硫化氢等,改善池底的厌氧环境,抑制水体中藻类过量繁殖,保持养殖水体微生态平衡。益生素中的硝化细菌能将水体中的亚硝酸盐转化为硝酸盐;反硝化细     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.