Laboratory culture and estimated life span of the Eastern Atlantic squid, Loligo forbesi Steenstrup, 1856 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

Abstract. First culture results are presented from four major experiments (lasting up to 478 days) on the commercially important squid species, Loligo forbesi Steenstrup, Details are provided on eggs, hatching, feeding, growth, survival, behaviour and sexual maturation. Best survival during the critical first 75 days was 15%. The hatchlings (up to 4.9mm mantle length, ML) are the largest among the genus Loligo , and the largest squid grown was a male 155mm ML and 124g. First schooling was observed only 40–50 days post-hatching. Spawning was not achieved although males reached maturity, females had maturing ova and mating was observed. The largest giant axon measured was 425μm in diameter (from a female 130mm ML), a size suitable for most biomedical applications. Laboratory data suggest a 2-year life cycle compared to fishery data which suggest a 1-year cycle.     

厄尔尼诺年春季中国南海中沙群岛海域鸢乌贼的渔业生物学特性

根据厄尔尼诺年春季(2016年3—5月)我国灯光罩网渔船在中国南海中沙群岛海域生产调查期间采集的572尾鸢乌贼样本,对其渔业生物学特性进行了研究,初步探讨了厄尔尼诺现象对鸢乌贼渔业生物学特性的影响。结果显示,厄尔尼诺年间雌性鸢乌贼胴长范围为59.5~207.5 mm,优势胴长组为90~150 mm,占样本总数的66.24%;雄性胴长范围为56.5~236.5 mm,优势胴长组为60~120 mm,占样本总数的78.81%,雌雄样本优势胴长存在显著性差异。雌性样本体质量范围为7~318 g,优势体质量组为20~140 g,占样本总数的70.18%;雄性体质量范围为7~381 g,优势体质量组为0~80 g,占样本总数的92.14%。雌性鸢乌贼净重比例范围为46.59%~86.67%,平均为70.19%;雄性为42.86%~91.11%,平均为73.12%。不同性别间鸢乌贼胴长与体质量、胴长与净重的生长关系存在显著性差异:雌性胴长与体质量、净重的生长均最适合用幂函数表示,而雄性则均适合用指数函数表示。全部鸢乌贼样本的性别比例为41.43∶58.57,雄性样本多于雌性样本;雌雄样本的性成熟度主要以Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期为主,分别占样本总数的61.7%和85.79%。样本胃饱满度以0~2级为主,胃含物主要包括头足类、中上层鱼类、软体动物以及甲壳动物等。厄尔尼诺年间中沙群岛海域的平均表温较上一年度偏低0.213°C,可能会对该海域鸢乌贼的渔业生物学特性产生影响,使其个体变小。     

Laboratory rearing of Loligo opalescens, the market squid of California

The squid Loligo opalescens (Cephalopoda, Mollusca) was reared in artificial sea water in a closed system consisting of two 1300-l circular tanks. When the squids reached mantle lengths of 20 to 30 mm, they were transferred to a 10 000-l closed system raceway. From hatching, mantle length increased exponentially at a mean rate of 1.69% per day throughout the experiment. The largest and longest-lived squid attained a maximal size of 77 mm mantle length in 8 months. Only live food organisms, which consisted of copepods, other crustaceans and fishes, were accepted by the squids. Mortality, attributed to starvation and fin damage, was greatest during the first 20 days and again between days 45 and 70.     

利用耳石微结构研究西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼的日龄、生长与种群结构

根据我国鱿钓船2007、2008和2010年在西南大西洋作业期间采集的3 462尾阿根廷滑柔鱼样本(其中2007年308尾、2008年262尾、2010年2 892尾),利用耳石微结构研究了西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼的日龄、生长和种群结构。结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼生命周期大约为1年,渔获物主要由冬生群(6—7月)和秋生群(3—5月)组成,不同年份捕捞群体有差异。不同产卵群体、不同性别的阿根廷滑柔鱼胴长和体质量生长均存在显著性差异。冬生群,雌、雄个体胴长的生长方程分别用指数和线性函数来拟合为最适,体质量生长方程则分别用幂函数和指数函数来拟合最适;秋生群,雌、雄个体的胴长生长方程分别用指数和对数函数拟合为最适,体质量生长方程分别用指数和对数函数拟合为最适。随着日龄增加,阿根廷滑柔鱼胴长和体质量相对生长呈现下降趋势,绝对生长率则呈增加趋势,同一日龄段内,雌性个体的胴长与体质量生长率都稍大于雄性个体生长率。     

北部湾剑尖枪乌贼生物学特征及资源状况变化的初步研究

根据2007年北部湾4个季度的调查资料,进一步对北部湾渔场剑尖枪乌贼（Loligo edulis）的生物学特征及资源状况进行分析。结果表明,调查期间剑尖枪乌贼的最大平均胴长、体质量和优势胴长组、体质量组出现在秋季。雌性个体数量明显高于雄性,性成熟度以Ⅱ期为主。雌、雄性开始分化的最小胴长为56 mm,性成熟最小胴长为67 mm。全年摄食强度不高,以1级为主。幼体终年存在。与1997～1999年和2000～2002年的调查相比较,渔获率的季节间变化显著。该调查中剑尖枪乌贼的出现率和平均渔获率较1997～1999年有所上升,较2000～2002年均有下降,显示该海域剑尖枪乌贼的资源量波动较大,因此,对剑尖枪乌贼资源应加以合理利用和保护。     

基于耳石微结构的西北太平洋柔鱼群体结构、年龄与生长的研究

根据2007年7—10月在西北太平洋柔鱼传统作业渔场采集的样本,利用耳石微结构对其渔获群体结构、年龄与生长进行了研究。分析认为,雌性个体胴长为200～395 mm,日龄为123～258 d;雄性个体胴长为200～353 mm,日龄为127～274 d。7、8月渔获样本的优势日龄为151～180 d,9月为181～210 d,10月为211～240 d。孵化日期为2006年12月下旬至2007年6月上旬,其中1—4月为高峰期。雌性个体的胴长绝对生长率平均为(1.175±0.127) mm/d,雄性为(0.952±0.213) mm/d。其胴长、体质量与日龄的关系可分别用线性和指数方程来拟合,雌、雄个体胴长和体质量生长存在显著差异。研究认为,传统作业渔场中大多数渔获属冬春生群,7—10月各月优势日龄组呈现出随月变化一致的趋势,进一步印证了柔鱼轮纹为日周期的结论。推测认为,柔鱼孵化后,从产卵场洄游至索饵场需要4～6个月的时间。     

Optimization of Artemia Metanauplii on Growth and Survival of Gilthead Sea Bream Larvae Sparus aurata

–Growth, feed efficiency and survival of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata larvae fed exclusively various levels of enriched Artemia during the period 25 DPH-34 DPH were investigated. Larvae had an average initial fresh body weight (BW) of 4.99 mg and were fed on Artemia at rates of 20, 35, 50, 65, and 80% of their body weight per day, in two equal meals. Each ration was administered to duplicate groups of 1,000 larvae, with ration readjusted every second day. Feeding rate had a significant effect on larval survival, which was lower in larvae fed the 20 and 35% BS/d rations. The specific growth rate (SGR) showed a curvilinear significant increase when the feeding rate was increased from 20 to 65% BW/d, but there was no improvement when the feeding rate was increased from 65 to 80% BW/d. Percent feed efficiency (FE) decreased significantly from a maximum value at 20% ration to 80% BW/d but at 65% and 80% rations the values of FE were not significantly different. Optimum ration (minimum quantity of Artemia concomitant with maximum larval growth) was estimated close to 65% BW/d. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to potential economics of Artemia cysts use in commercial hatcheries.     

西北太平洋北方拟黵乌贼耳石外部形态特性分析

根据2018年9—11月我国鱿钓船在西北太平洋采集的339尾北方拟黵乌贼样本,对其耳石外形生长特征进行了研究。结果发现,北方拟黵乌贼具有长窄的吻区和宽大的翼区。主成分分析表明,耳石总长(TSL)、吻侧区长(RLL)、侧区长(LDL)、翼区长(WL)和最大宽度(MW)可以作为北方拟黵乌贼耳石外形变化的特征因子。协方差分析表明,MW、LDL和WL与胴长的关系存在性别间显著性差异,TSL和RLL则不存在显著性差异;MW、RLL、TSL、LDL和WL与体质量的关系均存在性别间显著性差异。AIC (Akaike’s information criterion)分析表明,TSL、RLL与胴长的生长关系最适合用线性函数表示,雄性个体的MW、LDL和雌雄个体的WL与胴长的关系最适合用幂函数表示,而雌性个体的LDL则最适合用指数函数表示。雄性个体的LDL和MW与体质量的关系最适合用指数函数表示,雌性个体的LDL、MW和TSL最适合用线性函数表示,而其余特征参数则均最适合用幂函数表示。随着胴长增加,耳石绝对尺寸都逐渐增大,但耳石的形态结构比例基本不变:背区、侧区、吻侧区、翼区的长度与耳石总长之比基本保持一致,分别为35.66%、55.84%、75.23%和85.82%左右。     

南海北部海域中国枪乌贼角质颚的形态学分析

角质颚是头足类的重要硬组织,已成为头足类渔业生物学及海洋生态学等重要研究材料之一。此研究利用2015年在南海北部海域采集的102尾中国枪乌贼(Uroteuthis chinensis)样本,测定其个体以及角质颚形态学参数,使用主成分分析法获得其角质颚主要形态特征参数,分析角质颚特征参数与胴长(ML)、性成熟等的关系,建立主要形态参数与胴长和体质量(BW)的关系模型。主成分分析表明,上头盖长(UHL)、上脊突长(UCL)、上侧壁长(ULWL)、下侧壁长(LLWL)、上喙宽(URW)、下喙长(LRL)可代表中国枪乌贼角质颚的形态特征。UHL、UCL、ULWL、LLWL与胴长之间以指数模型为最佳,URW、LRL与胴长之间以线性模型为最佳。UHL、UCL、ULWL、LLWL与体质量之间以线性模型为最适,URW与体质量之间以幂函数模型为最适,LRL与体质量之间以对数模型为最适。性成熟及生长对角质颚形态参数特征UHL/UCL影响无统计学意义(P0.05)。     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼体征生长及生殖投入

现生头足类的性腺发育滞后于个体生长,研究其生殖投入方式对于掌握它们的生长发育过程有着重要的意义。为此,本实验利用形态学和残差指标分析方法,对东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼的体征生长及其生殖投入进行了分析。结果显示,雌、雄个体均为匀速生长,雌性个体性腺成熟的最小胴长和最小体质量分别为270 mm和766 g,雄性个体性腺成熟的最小胴长和最小体质量分别为270 mm和479 g。雌、雄个体的空胃率低,摄食等级以1～2级为主;随着月份推移,个体的体征质量逐步趋好,在性腺发育阶段最差。雌性成熟个体的性腺指数平均值为2.26%±1.33%,缠卵腺指数平均值为34.34%±18.62%;雄性成熟个体的性腺指数平均值为1.31%±0.35%。雌、雄个体二者的体征指标与生殖投入指标均呈显著的正相关关系;随着性腺发育,体征指标和生殖投入指标呈下降趋势;随着胃饱满度等级增加,体征指标呈下降趋势,生殖投入指标则呈上升趋势。研究表明,茎柔鱼在性腺发育过程中持续摄食生长,生殖投入倾向于外源性,肌肉组织存储能量部分转化以满足生殖发育所需。     

Effect of water temperature on gonadal development and emaciation of Japanese common squid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Todarodes pacificus</Emphasis> (Ommastrephidae)

ABSTRACT:   In this study, the site of spawning ground and the relationship between oceanographic conditions and gonadal development and emaciation of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus were examined based on data from research cruises. The research cruises were conducted in the south-western part of the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea in the winter of 1999. Sea surface temperature (SST) ranged 12.7–23.2°C in the survey area. Mature females concentrated on the continental shelf of the East China Sea, suggesting a major spawning ground was formed in this area. Gonadal development of the collected squid was examined using ovary somatic index (OSI) and oviduct somatic index (ODSI) in females, and emaciation was examined using mantle muscle somatic index (MI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). Mean OSI and ODSI increased with SST at the stations where SST was greater than 15°C, particularly where SST ranged between 15 and 18°C. In contrast, mean MI and HSI decreased with increase in SST at the stations where SST was above 15°C. These results indicate that female gonads develop rapidly at SST above 15°C, and at the same time adult squids tend to be emaciated at this temperature condition.     

Growth and mortality of common octopus Octopus vulgaris reared at different stocking densities in Mediterranean offshore cages

Four ongrowing cycles of common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ), each with two stocking densities, were carried out in an offshore area in order to evaluate the effect of the following variables on growth ( G , % body weight day⁻¹) and mortality ( M , % day⁻¹): weight ( W , 0.5–3.0 kg), temperature ( T , 14–26 °C), stocking density (SD, 6–46 kg m⁻³), size dispersion, expressed as coefficient of variation (CV, 13–42%) and significant wave height (SWH: 0.4–1.2 m). The assays were performed in an 8 m³ stainless-steel floating cage divided into two compartments of 4 m³ each. For the range of temperatures considered (14–26 °C), G depended significantly on T and SWH, with maximum G values being obtained at 18.5 °C and with an important negative effect of SWH. M depended significantly on T, W and CV, mortality being minimal at 18 °C. The two other variables had an antagonistic effect, mortality increasing with greater size dispersion – suggesting that animals should be graded throughout the process – although the effect diminished as the sizes increased. The results point towards two alternatives for the commercial ongrowing of octopus under the particular conditions of the present study: (A) two ongrowing cycles of 3.5 months to reach a final weight of 2.5 kg or (B) one 5-month cycle to reach a final weight of 3.5 kg.     

Temperature and feed rate effects on Chinese catfish, Clarias fuscus (Lacepède), growth

Abstract. Chinese catfish, Clarias fuscus (Lacepède), within three size ranges were evaluated for growth, survival and feed conversion ratios (FCR). A 4 × 3 factorial design was used during year-long trials which included four temperatures (20,25,30 and 35 °C) and three feeding rates with commercially formulated salmon/trout feed. Specific growth rates of juvenile fish (1–60g) were highest, ranging from 1–64% body weight/day at 20°C (2%/day feed rate), to 4–94%/day at 25°C (6%/day feed rate). Specific growth rates of sub-adult fish (60–150g) averaged 0–65%/day, with no significant difference between temperature-feed rate treatments. Specific growth rates of adult fish (>150g) were lowest, averaging 0–30%/day for grouped feed rate treatments at 25°C, and 0–16%/day at 30°C. Most mortalities occurred during the juvenile stage, with survival ranging from 0% at 35°C(2% feed rate) to 96% at 30°C(6% feed rate). Survival was 95–100% with sub-adults and adults. FCR were 1 to 4 with juveniles, 2 to 12 with sub-adults, and 3 to 22 with adults. These trials suggest that optimal growth and FCRs were obtained at 25°C; with feed rates of 6%/day with juveniles, 2%/day with sub-adults, and 1%/day with adult fish. Final yields at 25 and 30°C indicate that even though growth and FCR are optimal at 25°C, survival was greater at 30°C, which compensated for reduced growth performance at this temperature. Yields at 25 and 30°C were almost double those at 20°C.     

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

Factorial determinations of energy and protein requirements in growing Sparus aurata were carried out at 23–24°C. The energy content in the whole fish was dependent on fish weight and ranged from 5 to 11 MJ kg⁻¹ body mass for 1–250 g fish, whereas the protein content remained constant at 179 g kg⁻¹.
During starvation the fish lost 42.5 kJ body weight (BW) (kg)^−0.83 day⁻¹ and 0.42 g protein BW (kg)^−0.70 day⁻¹. The maintenance requirement for energy was calculated to be 55.8 kJ BW (kg)^−0.83 day⁻¹ and for protein 0.86 g BW (kg)^−0.70 day⁻¹. Utilization of digestible energy and digestible crude protein below and at maintenance was determined as 0.72 and 0.51, respectively. Utilization of digestible energy and digestible crude protein for growth above maintenance was determined as 0.46 and 0.28, respectively.
These values allow estimation of requirements for growing Sparus aurata .     

Determination of the optimal water temperature for the culture of juvenile dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus Temminck and Schlegel 1843

The effects of temperature on growth, food-conversion ratio (FCR) and feeding intensity of juvenile dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus (23.7±2.6 g fish⁻¹) were assessed over the temperature range 17.5–28.5 °C in a 42-day growth trial. Growth increased with increasing temperature up to an optimum after which it declined. Specific growth rates were 2.05% and 1.2% day⁻¹ for the fastest (25.3 °C) and the slowest (17.5 °C) treatments respectively. Food-conversion ratio peaked at a lower temperature than growth. Optimal (0.72 kg kg gain⁻¹) and least efficient (1.40 kg kg gain⁻¹) FCR were found at 21.7 and 17.5 °C respectively. Feeding intensity was linearly related to temperature within the range of 17.5–28.5 °C. These results corresponded to the thermal preference (25–26.4 °C) and natural temperature distribution (12–28 °C) of South African dusky kob. Determination of the temperature range that does not limit growth is a prerequisite to assess the relationship between growth and environmental variables such as light intensity, feeding regime and stocking density. Consequently, experiments to determine the effects of these environmental variables on growth and aquaculture potential of dusky kob should be conducted at 24–26 °C.     

西北太平洋北方拟黵乌贼角质颚色素沉积特性分析

角质颚是头足类重要的摄食器官,是研究头足类摄食生态的重要材料。为研究北方拟黵乌贼角质颚色素沉积特性,根据2018年9—11月中国鱿钓船在西北太平洋生产调查期间采集的268尾北方拟黵乌贼样本,对其渔业生物学数据进行测定,对其角质颚色素沉积等级进行划分,分析色素沉积等级是否存在性别间差异,并拟合色素沉积等级与胴长、体质量和角质颚外形参数的关系。结果发现,9—11月西北太平洋北方拟黵乌贼角质颚色素沉积等级以6级和7级为主,占样本总数的91.11%。色素沉积与胴长、体质量、角质颚外部形态(上头盖长、上脊突长、上喙长、下头盖长、下脊突长和下喙长)的关系均不存在性别间显著性差异,且均呈正相关,其决定系数R2分别为0.980 0、0.671 5、0.761 5、0.916 5、0.918 8、0.677 2、0.807 1和0.915 3。色素沉积等级与性腺成熟度关系也呈正相关,并随着性腺成熟度等级的增大而增大。研究表明,北方拟黵乌贼角质颚色素沉积等级与胴长、体质量、性腺成熟度和角质颚形态参数均呈正相关关系,总体上随着个体的生长而逐步增加。     

Effect of water temperature and diet on growth and mortality of Neptunea arthritica juveniles

The growth and mortality of Neptunea arthritica juveniles hatched from different egg masses (controlled conditions and field) reared at 10 and 15 °C, and provided with sardine (D1) and polychaete (D2) as foods were evaluated. Results showed that diet type and water temperature significantly affect the growth and mortality. Interaction between these factors reflected robust relationship among them, but restricted exclusively to growth. Through the study period, juveniles treated at 10 °C showed maximum increments of 2.5 mm (shell length), 2.3 mm (shell width) and 0.25 g (body weight) from their initial size. While maximum values of those treated at 15 °C for the above-mentioned parameters were 7.6 mm, 5.5 mm and 1 g respectively. In both cases, these increments were recorded for individuals fed with sardine. Mortality was significantly affected by diets and water temperature, which significantly increased under D2 [10 °C (20–67%), 15 °C (70–87%)] or 15 °C [D1 (30–83%), D2 (70–87%)]. According to the results, juveniles of N. arthritica could be maintained under controlled conditions, which allows growth improvement. Mortality appears to be the limiting factor, but this could be improved by the implementation of efficient culture method, basically oriented to increase the water quality.     

Optimization of Feeding Rate for Hatchery-Produced Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream Sparus aurata

Abstract.— A 61-d growth trial (five 11-d feeding periods) was conducted to determine the effects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilization, morphology, and body composition of the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata . Gilthead sea bream juveniles with an average initial body weight of 3 g were fed a commercial diet (51% crude protein, 11% crude fat) at rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0% of their body weight (BW) per day in two equal meals. Water temperature was approximately 21.4 C throughout the experiment. Each ration was administered to triplicate groups of 60 fish, with ration readjusted every 11 d. Growth rate was measured as specific growth rate (SGR). Survival rate and coefficient of variation did not differ significantly among the groups fed different rates. Body weight, condition factor, and hepatosomatic and viscerosomat-ic indices displayed significant increases with increasing feeding rate from 0.5 to 3.0% BW/d. Fish fed 0.5% BW/d had significantly higher moisture and ash and lower protein contents than those fed at higher rates. Moisture and protein contents were not significantly different for fish fed at the highest feeding rates (2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% BW/d). Lipid contents increased significantly with increasing feeding rate from 0.5 to 3.0% BW/d. The SGR showed a curvilinear significant increase when the feeding rate was increased from 0.5 to 3.0% BW/d. Feed efficiency (FE) increased significantly to a maximum value with increasing feeding rate from 0.5 to 2.0% BW/d and decreased significantly with increasing feeding rate from 2.5 to 3.0% BW/d. Based on the data obtained, feeding rates of 2.3% and 0.6% BW/d are recommended as optimum and maintenance rations, respectively.     

The use of alternative diets to culture juvenile cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis: effects on growth and lipid composition

The effects of feeding three natural frozen diets, grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sp.), crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and fish (Sardina pilchardus) and two semi‐humid artificial diets (based on fish or shrimp powder) to the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, were analysed. Growth rate and feeding rate [FR; % body weight (BW) day^?1] and food conversions (FC, %) were determined. Cuttlefish fed shrimp grew larger (3.8% BW day^?1) and had the highest FC, followed by those fed crayfish, and sardine. The highest FR was obtained for cuttlefish fed crayfish (10.5% BW day^?1). Although both artificial diets were accepted, none produced growth. Digestive gland‐to‐body weight ratio (DG/BW ratio) was calculated for animals fed each diet. A positive correlation (r = 0.94) between cuttlefish ingestion FR and DG weight was obtained. Mortality occurred mainly during the last week, and some cannibalism occurred among cuttlefish fed artificial diets. Finally, lipid composition of diets, DG and mantle of each group were analysed. Sardine diet was characterized by high levels of triacylglycerol (TG), whereas the main difference between shrimp and crayfish was the higher n‐3/n‐6 ratio found in shrimp. Changes in the lipid composition of DG were related to diet, but did not correlate with growth data. A strong loss of TG in the DG of artificial diets groups was notable. No differences in mantle lipid composition among the natural diets were found, but artificial diet groups showed higher contents of neutral lipids in their mantle respect to natural diets. According to results obtained, crayfish (P. clarkii) could be used as an alternative prey for rearing S. officinalis compared with shrimp. Artificial diets showed the worst effects in growth and mortality as well as the stronger influence on DG and mantle lipid composition of cuttlefish.     

Age validation and growth variability of Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> off the Pacific coast of northern Japan

ABSTRACT:   This study examined age and growth of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus off the Pacific coast of northern Japan, and determined whether the growth patterns of male and female fish in northern (40–41°N) and southern (37–38°15'N) waters differ. In total 8095 specimens were collected between January 1999 and December 2005. Zonation consisting of opaque and translucent bands on the otolith was evident. Within each opaque band a thin and clear check (ring mark) was observed in all specimens examined. Monthly change in the frequency of appearance of a ring mark on the outer margin of the otolith indicates that ring marks form between July and August. The von Bertalanffy growth model showed a sexual dimorphism in growth, as females grew faster and reached a larger size than males. The growth patterns obtained by tracking the observed total length for monthly collections showed a rapid increase in total length between August and October. Spatial variation in the growth pattern of male and female fish between northern and southern waters was evident, as southern fish were significantly larger than northern counterparts during 1.25–3.00 years post hatch.