牡蛎多糖苹果果醋的制备及其抗氧化活性研究

以苹果醋为主要原料,添加牡蛎多糖采用正交实验研制牡蛎多糖苹果果醋,并测定了牡蛎多糖苹果果醋、牡蛎多糖及苹果醋的ABTS自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和还原能力。结果表明,牡蛎多糖苹果果醋的最佳配方为:牡蛎多糖添加量0.3%,酵母添加量0.1%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%,蜂蜜添加量10%,其感官评定得分为86.6。抗氧化测定结果表明,牡蛎多糖苹果果醋ABTS自由基清除率为95.81%,DPPH自由基清除率为95.11%,还原力为0.66,具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

年产1000kg牡蛎多糖车间设计初探

随着牡蛎养殖产量的迅速增加,对牡蛎资源进行高值化开发利用已经成为推动牡蛎产业发展的重要手段。牡蛎多糖是牡蛎中重要的活性物质,它可以作为保健食品及药品来进行开发利用,是有价值的牡蛎深加工产品,因此有必要对牡蛎多糖进行产业化开发利用。为了实现这一目标,需要设计合理可行的生产工艺。本文以太平洋牡蛎为原料,摒弃传统醇沉提取多糖的工艺方法,而只采用热水浸提、等电点沉淀及膜分离法相结合进行牡蛎多糖的提取分离,并对牡蛎多糖生产车间设计中出现的问题提出了有效的解决方案。     

水溶性牡蛎多糖的降血压活性

牡蛎中含有丰富的多糖。从牡蛎中制备的水溶性多糖经HPLC测定,其单糖组成为葡萄糖,以葡聚糖分子筛测定其分子量为(3.93~10.84)×106 Da。以牡蛎多糖(7g/kg)对高血压模型大鼠灌胃均具有较明显的降低收缩压和舒张压作用。     

植物乳杆菌发酵对牡蛎成分的影响

试验结果表明,加入4%食盐能在一定程度上抑制挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)的产生,接种植物乳杆菌后牡蛎浆pH在发酵第2 d迅速下降并一直处于酸性状态(pH≈4)。蛋白质由于牡蛎自溶酶作用、微生物的利用而不断被分解,氨基酸不断地增加,而可溶性蛋白表现出波动变化。还原糖逐渐被消耗,至第10 d时所剩仅为0.07 mg/ml。表明植物乳杆菌对牡蛎的发酵过程有重要作用。为牡蛎的深加工利用提供科学依据。     

响应面法同步优化褶牡蛎中蛋白和多糖提取工艺

于单因素试验基础上,以牡蛎蛋白和多糖提取率(Y1和Y2)为响应值,利用响应面法对牡蛎中蛋白和多糖提取工艺进行同步优化.试验结果表明,液料比(X1)、提取时间(X2)、提取温度(X3)及pH值(X4)4个因素对Y1和Y2均有显著影响.由响应面三维及等高线叠加图得到牡蛎蛋白和多糖提取率均高的最佳提取工艺参数:液料比33∶1,提取时间2.6h,提取温度40℃,pH值4.2.在此条件下,验证试验得到牡蛎蛋白提取率为21.15％,牡蛎多糖提取率为12.07％,与数学模型预测值非常接近.可见,响应面同步优化法对牡蛎蛋白和多糖提取条件进行同步优化合理可行.     

牡蛎多糖的提取与纯化

正地球上丰富的海洋生物资源为人们对新型生物活性物质的发现与研究提供了更多的可能。我国海域辽阔,为我国海产养殖特别是牡蛎养殖提供了便利和优势。牡蛎是我国四大养殖贝类之一,牡蛎肉富含多种营养物质,其中牡蛎多糖作为一种多糖类物质,因其具有提高机体免疫力、对正常细胞没有毒副作用的特点以及多种生物学     

渔用中草药饲料添加剂的发酵工艺优化

为提升渔用中草药应用效果,本研究控制中草药发酵过程中的含水量、接菌量、发酵时间和发酵温度,采用单因素试验和4因素3水平的正交试验对发酵工艺进行优化,以蒽酮-硫酸法测定中草药发酵后的多糖含量,最终确定该中草药的最佳发酵工艺为含水量50％,接菌量4％,发酵温度33℃,发酵时间72 h.本研究可为渔用中草药的发酵应用提供参考...     

牡蛎礁碳源–汇功能研究进展与展望

针对当前全球气候变暖趋势,中国提出“双碳”目标,体现了我国主动承担应对全球气候变化责任的大国担当。海洋在实现碳中和目标中具有重要作用。牡蛎礁作为全球海岸带典型生态系统,具有巨大碳储量和强大固碳能力。牡蛎礁在生物钙化、呼吸作用等过程中向大气释放二氧化碳,但在生物合成、沉积作用等过程中却可以埋藏大量碳。目前,全球牡蛎礁是大气碳的源还是汇尚不明确。为探究牡蛎礁碳源–汇功能,本文综述了牡蛎礁碳源–汇功能研究现状,分析了影响牡蛎礁碳 源–汇功能的关键生态过程,探讨了在不同环境条件下牡蛎礁碳源–汇特征。研究表明,牡蛎礁不仅可以成为大气碳的汇,还可以提高盐沼植被、海藻、海洋动物等生物的碳汇功能。未来应尽快开展牡蛎礁碳汇功能评估技术等研究,形成以提高牡蛎礁碳汇为目的的牡蛎礁保护与修复技术,提升我国海洋生态系统碳汇能力。     

发酵啤酒糟替代配合饲料中豆粕对奥尼罗非鱼生长与生化指标的影响

以发酵啤酒糟分别替代饲料中0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的豆粕,配制成6种等氮等能的试验饲料,研究发酵啤酒糟对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureu)生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响,以探明发酵啤酒糟在鱼类配合饲料中的适宜用量。将540尾初始体重为(3.00±0.08)g的奥尼罗非鱼随机分为6个试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行为期60 d的生长试验。结果表明:当发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕的比例在0~60%时,各试验组间增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均无显著差异;超过60%时,生长性能显著下降(P0.05)。以增重率和饲料效率为判据,通过折线模型分析得到,奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕的最适比例分别为54.1%和55.4%。随着发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕比例的升高,试验鱼肌肉和全鱼组织脂肪含量及脏体比、肝体比均呈下降趋势,而水分和灰分呈上升趋势(P0.05)。血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性及血糖含量随着发酵啤酒糟替代比例的增加而升高,当替代比例超过40%时,血清AST和ALT活性及血糖含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量则随替代比例的增加而呈下降趋势,替代比例超过40%时,甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);当替代比例超过60%时,胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,综合考虑生长和血清生化指标,奥尼罗非鱼饲料中发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕的最适比例为54.1%~55.4%。     

超高压处理对牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)杀菌及贮藏品质的影响

以牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)为研究对象,研究了不同超高压处理条件对牡蛎体内微生物的消减作用,分析了冷藏过程中挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和p H值的变化情况,对比了热加工和超高压处理对牡蛎滋味的影响。结果显示,经300 MPa处理15 min、400 MPa处理10、15 min和500 MPa处理5、10和15 min后,牡蛎体内的菌落总数均有2个对数以上的减少,表明超高压处理能有效消减牡蛎体内的微生物;牡蛎经300 MPa处理15 min、400 MPa处理10 min和500 MPa处理5 min,在4℃冷藏条件下保存,货架期延长至15 d;超高压处理能有效抑制牡蛎在4℃贮藏过程中挥发性盐基氮的产生,牡蛎经300 MPa处理15 min,冷藏20 d后TVB-N值仍小于10 mg/100 g,符合生鲜牡蛎要求;滋味方面,与加热处理相比,超高压处理后牡蛎更接近生鲜牡蛎,尤其300 MPa处理15 min的牡蛎同生鲜牡蛎最为接近。研究表明,选取300 MPa处理15 min作为牡蛎加工的最佳处理条件,即能有效消减牡蛎体内的微生物,同时能很好地保持牡蛎品质。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.