(革丽)靬金鳟形态学特性的初步研究

对革丽靬金鳟的形态学特性进行了初步研究,并与虹鳟进行了比较。结果显示,除体色、侧线鳞式、脊椎骨和个别可量性状明显不同外,革丽靬金鳟与虹鳟的可数、可量性状及其他指标绝大多数都比较接近或非常接近。     

[革丽]靬金鳟形态学特性的初步研究

对[革丽]靬金鳟的形态学特性进行了初步研究，并与虹鳟进行了比较。结果显示，除体色、侧线鳞式、脊椎骨和个别可量性状明显不同外，[革丽]靬金鳟与虹鳟的可数、可量性状及其他指标绝大多数都比较接近或非常接近。     

甘肃金鳟水库网箱平台设施流水孵化及苗种培育技术

鲑鳟鱼属于冷水性鱼类,具有肉味鲜美、营养丰富、刺少肉多、人工繁殖易于操作等特点,为联合国粮农组织向世界推广的四大优质淡水养殖品种之一.甘肃省的养鳟科技工作者,在长期的生产实践中选育出虹鳟的变异品种-甘肃金鳟,经过长达1 0年、3代的人工定向选育,2006年1 2月甘肃金鳟通过了全国水产原良种委员会的审定,被确定为全国水产养殖新品种.与美国金鳟相比,甘肃金鳟的体色鲜艳、眼睛血红色且抗病力强,在同等条件下饲养生长比虹鳟快5％～ 10％.国内鲑鳟鱼孵化方式主要以陆地流水孵化为主,借助水库网箱平台进行金鳟设施流水孵化还没有相关报道,为了进一步优化和调整渔业产业结构,降低养殖成本,延长鲑鳟网箱养殖产业链,笔者于2010年12月至201 1年六月期间,在甘肃刘家峡水库网箱渔场进行了水库网箱平台甘肃金鳟设施流水孵化及苗种培育试验,经过半年的努力,试验效果明显,现将该试验过程中的养殖技术要点总结如下,更好的与大家交流.     

(革丽)靬金鳟血液学指标的测定

用Botest-3100全自动细胞分析仪首次对革丽革干金鳟血液学指标进行了测定,并与虹鳟和一些鲤科鱼类作了比较.结果显示,由于遗传基础和生理机能的差异,使得革丽靬金鳟与虹鳟和一些鲤科鱼类在血液学指标上也存在一定差异.     

国内虹鳟代表性养殖群体的高通量SNP芯片检测及遗传分析

本研究旨在对国内虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)代表性养殖群体开展全基因组水平的遗传评估。利用57K单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)芯片,检测了来自不同地域的6个虹鳟养殖群体样本共计48尾,包括黑龙江虹鳟、黑龙江金鳟、四川虹鳟、四川金鳟、北京虹鳟和北京金鳟,共获得有效SNP位点50201个,在中国虹鳟中的多态比例达到97.7%,表明该芯片虽然基于美国和挪威虹鳟群体设计,但对中国群体同样具有良好的适用性。各群体最小等位基因频率均值为0.240~0.267,与国外主流养殖群体相近,黑龙江虹鳟、四川虹鳟和北京虹鳟群体内遗传多样性丰富,多态位点比例为83.6%~84.9%,与国外主流养殖群体相近,而黑龙江金鳟、四川金鳟和北京金鳟,多态位点比例相对较低,在60.2%~76.9%范围内。应用6个中国虹鳟群体和2个美国虹鳟群体数据开展系统发育分析、主成分分析和群体遗传结构STRUCTURE分析,结果显示8个群体可分为3个祖源类群,其中3个金鳟群体为遗传联系较紧密的一个类群,黑龙江虹鳟和北京虹鳟为一个类群,而四川虹鳟与2个美国虹鳟群体为一个类群,部分中国养殖群体中有显著离群个体存在,表明群体遗传背景不均一。本研究表明,高密度SNP芯片在我国虹鳟养殖群体遗传分析中具有广泛的应用前景,能够为种质资源评估、本土化良种培育、制种和引种工作提供基因组水平的参考信息。     

甘肃省冷水性鲑鳟鱼类养殖现状及新品种引进注意事项

一、冷水性鲑鳟鱼类养殖现状1.养殖品种及规模二十几年来，冷水鱼主要品种是虹鳟，养殖流水池塘面积230多亩，产量800～900吨。近几年，永昌地区从虹鳟中选育出了虹鳟的变异种──金鳟，已形成较稳定的遗传性状，有望在全省大面积推广。2000年起，先后从北京等地引进银鲑、大西洋鲑、白点鲑、三文鳟等品种试养，其中银鲑已取得了较好的养殖效果，其它品种已在观察试验之中。2.养殖方式冷水性鲑鳟鱼最主要的养殖方式是流水集约化养殖，全省有各类流水池塘15300米2。水库网箱养殖是一种正在兴起的新的养殖方式，全省约有网箱养虹鳟10000米2。…     

(革丽)靬金鳟肌肉微量元素测定分析

首次对革丽靬金鳟肌肉中的微量元素进行了测定分析,结果表明,革丽靬金鳟肌肉中Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn和Se五种微量元素的含量分别为2.381±0.605mg/L、1.067±0.461mg/L、15.465±4.822mg/L,11.127±1.289mg/L和0.095±0.017mg/L,并通过与大麻哈鱼以及草鱼、鲤鱼、鲫鱼等常规养殖品种的相应成分比较,说明革丽靬金鳟是一种微量元素含量丰富、营养价值更高的鱼类。     

地下井水集约化养殖金鳟试验

金鳟是日本从虹鳟的突变种选育出的金黄色品系,1996年引进我国后根据其体色特征命名为"金鳟"。金鳟属冷水性鱼类,正常生长上限水温为22℃,现已成为我国养鳟业继虹鳟后的第2个重要养殖品种。2006年,在青岛市城阳区上马街道进行了养殖试验,现将试验情况总结如下:     

海水网箱养殖虹鳟试验

１９９７年在辽宁省长海县獐子岛利用网箱养殖鳟，探讨了虹鳟海水驯化规律、鱼种放养规格，水温与虹鳟生长速度的研究，海水养鳟的周期性及虹鳟度夏。     

金鳟池塘流水高效养殖技术

金鳟,是日本从虹鳟的突变种选育出的金黄色品系,1996年引进我国后根据其体色特征命名为“金鳟”。金鳟属冷水性鱼类,正常生长上限水温为22℃,接近0℃的水温仍能少量摄食,正常生存。其肉味鲜美,营养丰富,刺少肉多,食用价值高。金鳟既能在池塘中养殖,也能在水库、湖泊、河川中放养,池塘流水养殖一年四季均可生长,每667米2产量可达1万～2万千克,经济效益极高。现将金鳟池塘流水高效养殖技术介绍如下。1池塘建设山涧溪流、泉水、地下水、水库底排水等,均可作为金鳟池塘流水养殖的供水水源。这类水源水温冬季在0℃以上,夏季在22℃以上,水体溶氧在…     

虹鳟鱼的养殖技术特点和前景展望

本文阐述了养鳟业的经济意义和价值,并从养鳟用水和生产方式、苗种生产、食用鱼养成、养鳟饲料、海水养鳟,疾病防治等方面总结了养鳟基本技术,同时对我国养鳟历史作了回顾,提出了我国养鳟业的发展前景。     

Competitive exclusion of brown trout Salmo trutta L., by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, in lake tributaries, New Zealand

Spawning runs of brown trout Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, were compared in three tributaries of two lakes for timing, numbers and redd characteristics. Redd characteristics for the two species in four other streams were examined. No significant differences in redd characteristics between the two species were observed, but in all lake tributaries the possibilities of superimposition of spring spawning rainbow trout on redds of brown trout were examined. A common feature was the high ratio of numbers of spawners to the area of preferred spawning gravel, and it was concluded that in the lake tributaries, superimposition resulted in increased mortality of brown trout eggs, and in one case elimination of the brown trout population. Management possibilities for control of the species proportions in comparable situations are discussed.     

Evidence of concealment behavior by adult rainbow trout and brook trout in winter

Abstract – There has been little investigation of the winter ecology of adult trout during winter, especially in regard to concealment behavior. We compared day vs night underwater counts of adult rainbow trout and brook trout from four streams. At water temperatures between 1°C and 9°C, daytime counts accounted for 44% and 16% of nighttime snorkeling counts for rainbow trout and brook trout adults, respectively. As winter progressed, nighttime counts declined more so for brook trout than rainbow trout, but the decline was not significant for either species. Nocturnalism of both species was higher in streams with colder water temperatures. We observed few fish within concealment structure; however, by electrofishing concealment habitat during the day, we captured 10 times more adult trout than we counted immediately beforehand by snorkeling. Adult trout were concealed in cobble-boulder substrate and woody debris during the day. ^Note     

Population differentiation and temporal changes of carotenoid pigments and stable isotope ratios in the offspring of anadromous and non‐anadromous trout Salmo trutta

Trout (Salmo trutta) exhibit anadromous and non‐anadromous forms which are commonly sympatric. Offspring of the two forms can be separated by differences in characteristics such as stable isotope ratios and carotenoid pigments, which differ due to the influence of maternal resources. The rate of change in different characteristics due to freshwater feeding and the extent of differences between populations however remain unclear. Stable isotope (N and C) ratios and carotenoid pigment profiles were examined in the offspring of anadromous and non‐anadromous fish sampled at different times from six sites within the catchment of the River Tweed, UK. Both techniques were able to separate newly emerged fry successfully, with carbon isotopes distinguishing the forms better than nitrogen isotopes and zeaxanthin being the primary carotenoid pigment used to distinguish the offspring of different migratory forms. By 4 months, stable isotope ratios of the two forms were still distinct although both carbon and nitrogen ratios needed to be considered to distinguish the forms. Zeaxanthin levels were more variable and overlapped between the offspring of the two forms. There was significant variation between populations and over time in both isotope ratios and carotenoid composition. Comparison between the two techniques would suggest that stable isotopes are more effective for distinguishing between offspring of different forms as the distinctions are evident for longer. Population differences in isotope ratios could influence the extent to which the forms can be distinguished and need to be quantified more thoroughly to fully evaluate the technique.     

Temporal segregation in spawning between native Yellowstone cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout

Hybridisation with introduced taxa poses a threat to native fish populations. Mechanisms of reproductive isolation can limit or prevent hybridisation between closely related species. Understanding how these mechanisms interact between the same species across geographically distinct occurrences of secondary contact, and how regional factors influence them, can inform our understanding of hybridisation as a threat and management actions to mitigate this threat. We used data collected on adult fish migration timing and approximate emergence timing of subsequent juvenile fish paired with genomic data to assess whether temporal isolation in the timing of spawning exists between Yellowstone cutthroat trout, rainbow trout and hybrids in the North Fork Shoshone River drainage in northwest Wyoming. We found evidence that Yellowstone cutthroat trout spawn, on average, two to four weeks later than rainbow trout and hybrids and two environmental covariates related to water temperature and discharge were associated with differences in spawning migration timing. Despite statistical support for Yellowstone cutthroat trout spawning later, disproportionately high numbers of rainbow trout and hybrids, paired with extended spawning seasons, lead to substantial overlap between all genotypes. Our results provide further evidence of temporal segregation in the timing of spawning as a mechanism of reproductive isolation between closely related species, but substantial spawning overlap suggests temporal segregation alone will not be enough to curtail hybridisation in conservation populations.     

日本金鳟(Oncorhyncus mykiss)和道氏虹鳟及其杂交后代生产性能的比较研究

本文对引进种日本金鳟和道氏虹鳟及其杂交后代的生存力及稚鱼的生长速度等进行了比较研究。结果表明,五项生存力指标由低到高的顺序均是:日本金鳟、杂交金鳟(F1 )、杂交金鳟自交后代(F2 )、野生型虹鳟(P <0 . 0 1 ) ,杂交日本金鳟对纯系日本金鳟体现出杂种优势,但是对于道氏虹鳟来说未体现优势,是由于道氏虹鳟是经过长期选育的良种,杂交后代遗传了它的部分优良性状。     

Disentangling individual movement between populations from effective dispersal in the facultative anadromous Salmo trutta L.

Gathering information on both individual movement and gene flow is rarely possible when studying dispersal among populations in fish species. It is, however, possible to assess both at a reasonable cost in Salmo trutta L. on the Atlantic coast of Europe where the facultative anadromous species is composed of discrete populations of brown trout residents occupying distinct river systems, but exchanging phenotypically distinguishable sea trout migrants. We performed two kinds of genetic analyses using individual microsatellite genotypes: the stock identification of sea trout entering each corridor and the estimates of effective dispersal through each corridor. We observed that individual movement (nonlocal individuals of each source population ranging from 4% to 35% of the sea trout run) never translates into effective dispersal except in one of four migratory corridors examined. The likely origin of this uniquely detected gene flow event is discussed in the light of well‐documented migratory fish management actions undertaken in the past in the studied area.     

Response of resident brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), to the stocking of hatchery-reared brown trout

Two strains of hatchery-reared adult brown trout, Salmo trutta L., [208–334 mm total length (TL); n =  591] were individually marked and released into a limestone stream. The estimated survival after one month (86%; n =  508) was comparable to that for resident brown trout and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), (89%; n =  771), but declined to 14% ( n =  83) after 8 months compared with 52% ( n =  451) for resident trout. The movement of resident trout out of stocked stretches was higher (14%) than from control sites (5%), but the population size in both individual sites and the overall study area were unaffected. The growth of resident brown trout was unaffected by stocking, but rainbow trout showed lower growth rates in stocked versus unstocked stretches both one and 8 months after stocking ( P <  0.002).     

A case study of surrogate species in aquatic conservation planning

• 1. The use of surrogate species (i.e. keystones, indicators, umbrellas) has been advocated for the conservation of target taxa and communities.
• 2. A recent Habitat Conservation Plan, which provided conservation measures intended to protect multiple aquatic species of concern over a large area, established an important precedent for surrogate species in aquatic conservation pursuant to the US Endangered Species Act.
• 3. The Habitat Conservation Plan's application of federally threatened bull trout was evaluated as an umbrella species for westslope cutthroat trout, which is in decline but not listed under the Act. Approximately 75% of known westslope cutthroat trout strongholds are not captured within bull trout strongholds west of the continental divide. The Habitat Conservation Plan failed to evaluate the suitability of this umbrella species and consequently failed to cover important priority areas for westslope cutthroat trout conservation.
• 4. This case study highlights the feasibility and importance of formally validating assumptions of surrogate species utility in multi‐species conservation planning.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

虹鳟鱼链球菌病的诊断

1986年以来,作者对东北地区虹鳟鱼常见病进行了调查,发现链球菌病是一种多发病.发病日死亡率高达0.2%-0.5%.病鱼大部分外观无明显异常,剖检可见肠发炎和肛门淤血、肝脏呈暗红色或呈退了色的脂肪肝,肾肿大.从病鱼肾脏、肝脏等器官取病原菌,试验结果表明:此菌呈现非溶血性,能在40%胆汁培养基上发育,能水解七叶灵和马尿酸,并进行了血清分群鉴定,最后确定虹鳟鱼链球菌病是由兰氏血清学D群的粪链球菌引起的.本文也揭示了链球菌病与饵料质量的关系.