超细纤维滤料在养殖水体处理中的应用

超细纤维具有的高吸水、高排水和高比表面积等特性,在新型过滤材料方面逐渐得到应用。使用高吸附、易复净的超细纤维织物作为滤料或结扎成超细纤维球来处理高氨氮、高悬浮物的水产养殖废水,比使用黄沙、砾石等天然滤料可大幅减少过滤系统的重量和体积,且易于拆卸、整合;超细纤维织物也可以作为基质,通过与水生植物和微生物组成复合生物滤器,使养殖水体循环利用,减少资源消耗。通过采用不同结构和密度的超细纤维构成的滤布、纤维球和以其为基质的复合生物滤器来过滤吸收养殖废水中的悬浮有机物、氨氮,在水产养殖水处理中具有良好的科研价值和广泛的应用前景。     

自清洗生物滤器的发展现状与趋势

自清洗生物滤器作为生物处理设备中的最新技术,对工厂化养殖水处理系统的节能和高效具有重要作用.本文主要介绍以流化床生物滤器、移动床生物滤器、微珠生物滤器等为代表的生物过滤装备,分析其工作原理、性能、结构特点以及这些设施中存在的缺点和不足,并根据国外最新发展情况对自清洗生物滤器的应用前景作出展望.     

美国工厂化循环水养殖中生物滤器的研究与应用

介绍了目前在美国工厂化循环水养殖中比较流行的生物滤器,包括微珠生物滤器、珠子系列过滤器、流化沙床过滤器、移动床生物滤器等及其工作原理、工作性能、优缺点等.通过对比发现,生物滤器滤料的选择面是相当广泛的,关键在于必须根据滤料的特性设计合理的反应方式.反冲洗形式划分为外力反冲洗型和自清洗型二种,其中自清洗型生物滤器工作状态更加稳定,更具研究和应用价值.生物过滤是整个循环水养殖水处理系统中的核心环节,其过滤方式、反冲洗强弱、水质条件等都会直接影响工作性能.     

循环海水养殖中生物滤器生物膜研究现状与分析

综述了循环海水养殖中生物滤器生物膜的研究进展,包括生物膜的形成、结构、原理、生物多样性以及功能,重点阐述生物膜的微生物学特征,介绍微生物生态学方法,特别是分子生态学方法在生物膜研究中的应用及其在生物膜微生物群落结构与功能研究的最新成果.     

用于水产养殖的生物滤器反冲与排污装置设计及性能试验

浮球式生物滤器在用于封闭循环式水产养殖水处理过程中,浮式滤球的表面常长出一层生物膜,并吸附悬浮物,吸附的悬浮物长时间积累就会堵塞浮球间的空隙,增加了水体流动的阻力,甚至会断流,定时进行反冲洗是确保正常工作的重要环节。其反冲洗的效果直接影响过滤后的水质指标,在很大程度上决定了生物滤器的工作性能。本研究根据浮球式生物滤器的结构特点和反冲洗要求,设计了浮球式生物滤器的反冲洗与排污装置,并测试了其性能。结果表明：该反冲与排污装置的反冲洗效果好、排污机构的动作准确、排污畅通,一次反冲洗为10min、耗水1．5m3。     

微生物及生物滤器在罗氏沼虾亲虾越冬中的应用

本试验采用多种微生物与生物滤器联合使用的方式净化较多罗氏沼虾亲虾越冬池水质，结果表明：ＥＭ原露能有产地分解有机物，降低ＣＯＤ，但使用浓度不宜高于１：２０００００；光合细菌分解有机物的能力是到了进一步的证实；玉垒菌的作用尚有待于进一步研究；由于亲虾池水中原有细菌的接种作用，使生物滤器的熟化仅需１８ｄ即可完成，生物滤器能明显降低水中氨氮、亚硝氮含量；而不同试验微生物的存在，将对装置的硝化作用产生不同的     

虹鳟鱼在双层浮球式生物滤器封闭循环水系统中的养殖试验

本文介绍了虹鳟鱼在双层浮球式生物滤器封闭循环式养殖系统中的养殖试验。该养殖系统主要包括射流暴气增氧、沉淀分离和双层浮球生物过滤器过滤,过滤悬浮物能力达到90％,氨氮处理能力达到149~(gm-3.d-1)(在养殖水体15度条件下),利用臭氧催化氧化法完成杀菌、消毒及二次去除氨氮作用。在8个养殖水体为1m~3的养殖池,放养1015尾平均体重240g虹鳟鱼的循环水养殖系统中,应用动力为0．75kW、处理能力为20 T/h的BAF—20型双层浮球生物过滤设备进行循环养殖水体的处理。在养殖试验过程中,对养殖水体的pH、DO、COD、悬浮物、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等水化学指标进行了监测,并对虹鳟鱼在养殖过程中不同阶段的生长情况进行了测量。结果表明,在水体循环周期为2次/h,换水周期为一次/每两周的条件下COD≤15mg/l、氨氮≤1mg/l、亚硝酸盐≤0．13mg/l、硝酸盐≤24mg/l,经对比养殖试验表明,没有循环鱼池的水体和经过浮球式生物滤器封闭循环系统的循环水体的各项指标具有明显的差别。试验表明浮球式生物滤器封闭循环水系统完全满足虹鳟鱼工厂化养殖生产的要求,确保虹鳟鱼养殖水体的水质和鱼类生长环境,达到良好养殖效果。     

生物发酵技术在饲料加工中的应用

发酵技术是指人们利用微生物的发酵作用,运用一些技术手段控制发酵过程,大规模生产发酵产品的技术。生物发酵的原材料是植物,所以生产出来的饲料具有更好的营养价值,有益于动物的生长和吸收,因而发展前景更大。文章介绍了我国饲料加工的现状,分析了饲料加工过程中引入生物发酵技术的重要性作用,以及生物发酵技术在饲料加工过程中的应用技术。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)循环水养殖塘挂膜式生物滤器内微生物的多样性

为了解凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖过程中挂膜式生物滤器内不同位置间微生物群落结构多样性的差异,采集已运行46 d的挂膜式生物滤器内挂膜上部外侧和内侧、下部内侧和外侧及收集盘5个不同位置的微生物,采用分子生物学手段,通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序法对生物滤器内微生物进行多样性分析,并对不同位置间功能性微生物进行对比.结果显示,在门水平上,5个不同位置共鉴定出10个主要类群,其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)所占丰度比例较大,为主要优势类群,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)在挂膜内外两侧检出比例均较高(平均4.3％),收集盘内则较低(0.33％),存在显著性差异.共鉴定出41种优势属,其中地杆菌属(Pedobacter)为绝对优势种属,短小盒菌属(Parvularcula)为次优势属,二者丰度比例均在10％以上,硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)为第三优势属,挂膜不同位置丰度比例(平均4.31％)显著高于收集盘内比例(0.28％).挂膜上氨氧化细菌(AOB)平均丰度比例为1.70％,硝化细菌(NOB)平均比例为6.99％,是系统中主要去除氨氮和亚硝酸氮的微生物.生物滤器各部位微生物物种多样性丰富,微生态系统稳定,可有效维持循环水系统的水质.生物滤器硝化作用主要在上部进行,下部净化能力较弱,收集盘内基本没有硝化能力.生产中应合理配置挂膜数量,科学设计挂膜长度以提高生物滤器的净化效率.     

过滤器和工厂化循环水养殖

过滤器是工厂化循环水养殖和水族馆养殖的核心部分，对水质状况和鱼类健康起着至关重要的作用。在一个典型的循环水水处理系统中，通常需要使用三种类型的过滤器：机械滤器、化学滤器和生物滤器。每一类型均有不同的设计，使用不同的过滤介质，以适应不同的需要。     

Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors

Various types of fixed film biofilters have been used in recirculating aquaculture systems under different water quality and operating conditions. The effectiveness of the nitrification process can be evaluated by nitrification kinetics. Nitrification in the bacterial film of the biofilter involves physical, chemical and biological processes that are governed by a variety of parameters such as substrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations, organic matters, temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity and turbulence level. The impacts of these parameters upon nitrification kinetics make predicting the performance of a biofilter for a given application an engineering challenge. Knowing the performance of a biofilter is critical for both designers and managers. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on nitrification kinetics as affected by the aforementioned factors based on literature and the results from the authors’ laboratories. These factors were ranked according to their significance of impact on biofilter nitrification performance. The information presented can be used as a reference for the design and operation of biofilters in recirculating aquaculture systems.     

Degradation and effect of hydrogen peroxide in small‐scale recirculation aquaculture system biofilters

From an environmental point of view, hydrogen peroxide (HP) has beneficial attributes compared with other disinfectants in terms of its ready degradation and neutral by‐products. The rapid degradation of HP can, however, cause difficulties with regard to safe and efficient water treatment when applied in different systems. In this study, we investigated the degradation kinetics of HP in biofilters from water recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The potential effect of HP on the nitrification process in the biofilters was also examined. Biofilter elements from two different pilot‐scale RAS were exposed to various HP treatments in batch experiments, and the HP concentration was found to follow an exponential decay. The biofilter ammonia and nitrite oxidation processes showed quick recuperation after exposure to a single dose of HP up to 30 mg L^?1. An average HP concentration of 10–13 mg L^?1 maintained over 3 h had a moderate inhibitory effect on the biofilter elements from one of the RAS with relatively high organic loading, while the nitrification was severely inhibited in the pilot‐scale biofilters from the other RAS with a relatively low organic loading. A pilot‐scale RAS, equipped with two biofilter units, both a moving‐bed (Biomedia) and a fixed‐bed (BIO‐BLOK^®) biofilter, was subjected to an average HP concentration of ～12 mg L^?1 for 3 h. The ammonium‐ and nitrite‐degrading efficiencies of both the Biomedia and the BIO‐BLOK^® filters were drastically reduced. The filters had not reverted to pre‐HP exposure efficiency after 24 h, suggesting a possible long‐term impact on the biofilters.     

A case study of biofilter activation and microbial nitrification in a marine recirculation aquaculture system for rearing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Marine recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) is a prominent technology within fish farming. However, the nitrifying bacteria in the biofilter have low growth rates, which can make the biofilter activation a long and delicate process with periods of low nitrification rates and variations in water quality. More knowledge on the microbial development in biofilters is therefore needed in order to understand the rearing conditions that favour optimal activation of the biofilters. In this case study, we investigated the activation of two biofilters in a marine RAS for Atlantic salmon post‐smolt associated with either high or low stocking densities of fish by monitoring the microbial communities and chemical composition. The results showed that the microbial communities in both biofilters were similar during the first rearing cycle, despite variations in the water quality. Nitrifying bacteria were established in both biofilters; however, the biofilter associated with low stocking density had the highest relative abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing Nitrosococcus (1.0%) and nitrite‐oxidizing Nitrospira (2.1%) at the end of the first rearing cycle, while the relative abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing Nitrosomonas (2.3%–2.9%) was similar in both biofilters. Our study showed that low fish stocking density during the first rearing cycle provided low and steady concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and organic load, which can stimulate rapid development of a nitrifying population in new marine RAS biofilters.     

Biological filters in aquaculture: Trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications

Factors such as limitations in water quality and quantity, cost of land, limitations on water discharges, environmental impacts and diseases, are driving the aquaculture industry toward more intensive practices. This will force producers to adopt environmentally friendlier technologies. Recirculating systems, with a biofilter as the most prominent characteristic, treat internally the water contaminated with dissolved organics and ammonia and reduce the amount of water use and discharge from aquaculture operations. This paper reviews the implications of the changing use of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) on biofiltration research for freshwater and marine operations. Demand for cost effective biofilters will increase with the expansion of recirculating systems, both as a complement and replacement of traditional ponds. For freshwater aquaculture, emphasis should be placed in cost competitiveness, low head operations, intensification of ponds with RAS biofiltration and the evaluation of suspended growth systems. In the marine systems, an increase in demand of oligotrophic and ultraoligotrophic systems is expected, particularly in the nursery systems. Sizing and cost efficiency of biofilters for nursery operations should be addressed. Problems in marine biofilter acclimation appear to justify the development of new acclimation procedures. Biosecurity concerns, land cost and storm threats will drive nursery systems inland, where saltwater supply and disposal will force an increased water reuse. Denitrification strategies will need to be redefined and optimized for the marine nursery environment.     

Performance characteristics of fluidised bed biofilters in a novel laboratory-scale recirculation system for rainbow trout: nitrification rates, oxygen consumption and sludge collection

A laboratory-scale recirculating aquaculture system for fluidised bed biofilter evaluation was engineered. The design included all components found in typical full-scale commercial production systems. The system included two identical units each with oxygenation, UV treatment, cooling, biofiltration and a particulates separation device. Water from the two systems was mixed in a degassing unit. A 1 month test period after biofilter maturation revealed stable concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite and nitrate within the system. Mean nitrification rate was 0.27 and 0.21 g TAN m⁻² day⁻¹. Oxygen consumption in the biofilters ranged between 56 and 64% due to nitrifying activity. Mass balances on nitrogen indicated that 48%, added via the feed, was converted to nitrate within the system, with 6% of the added nitrogen being found in the sludge. The remaining 43% was either used during fish growth, left the system, as organic nitrogenous compounds (or unidentified nitrogenous compounds), via the outlet, or was lost to the atmosphere. At least 61% of the nitrate produced was generated by the biofilters. The system proved to be an exceptional set-up for evaluation of the performance of fluidised bed biofilters, allowing both pre- and post-filter measurements of various water quality criteria.     

Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production

As the aquaculture industry intensively develops, its environmental impact increases. Discharges from aquaculture deteriorate the receiving environment and the need for fishmeal and fish oil for fish feed production increases. Rotating biological contactors, trickling filters, bead filters and fluidized sand biofilters are conventionally used in intensive aquaculture systems to remove nitrogen from culture water. Besides these conventional water treatment systems, there are other possible modi operandi to recycle aquaculture water and simultaneously produce fish feed. These double-purpose techniques are the periphyton treatment technique, which is applicable to extensive systems, and the proteinaceous bio-flocs technology, which can be used in extensive as well as in intensive systems. In addition to maintenance of good water quality, both techniques provide an inexpensive feed source and a higher efficiency of nutrient conversion of feed. The bio-flocs technology has the advantage over the other techniques that it is relatively inexpensive; this makes it an economically viable approach for sustainable aquaculture.     

Use of fluidized bed biofilter and immobilized Rhodopseudomonas palustris for ammonia removal and fish health maintenance in a recirculation aquaculture system

Intensive recirculating aquaculture relies on biofilters to sustain satisfactory water quality in the system. Fluidized bed and immobilized cell technologies were used to remove ammonia from the water and maintain fish health. A high‐rate nitrifying fluidized bed biofilter combined with valveless filter was designed for use in a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). The suspended solids produced during fish culture could automatically be removed using a valveless filter. Natural porosity with fitting proportion, steady fluidization and expanding rate was chosen as the fluidized carrier. The technology of bacterial separation and cultivation was used. The immobilized Rhodopseudomonas palustris (R. palustris) produced through a biotechnologically embedding medium is suitable for fish and could help prevent diseases. Nitrification was promoted through the selective rearing of nitrobacteria in a fluidized bed biofilter. Water quality was improved using fluidized bed biofilter and immobilized R. palustris in the RAS. In addition, the proposed system was able to reduce costs. Maximum fish load was 45 ± 3 kg m^?3 in the closed recirculating water fish culture system, and water use was reduced by 80–90%. The total ammonia nitrogen removal rate of the technology was 80–95%, and nitrite N removal rate was above 80%.     

Rating fixed film nitrifying biofilters used in recirculating aquaculture systems

Predicting the performance of biofilters is an engineering challenge that is critical to both designers and managers. The task is complicated by the wide variety of water quality expectations and environmental conditions displayed by a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). A myriad of biofilters designs have been generated reflecting approaches of engineers attempting to maximize specific surface area and oxygen transfer within the context of a biofilm management strategy. A rating strategy is presented for biofilters to facilitate the identification of appropriate matches between biofiltration formats and RAS applications. As a foundation, a previously proposed RAS classification system based upon salinity, temperature and trophic levels is upgraded to create 17 systems classifications. A biofilter classification system identifies seven combinations of trophic level and pH which should be sufficient to serve the RAS demands. Temperature and salinity are neglected as a means of simplifying the approach. An experimental methodology based upon chemical feeds is proposed to represent the steady-state RAS performance of the biofilters. Data is summarized by linear analysis of filter performance for concentration ranges below 1.0 g TAN m⁻³ and simple averaging is proposed for higher trophic levels. Input from the aquacultural engineering community and RAS aquaculturists is required to further refine the approach prior to endorsement.     

Bio-filters: The need for an new comprehensive approach

The aquaculture industry struggles to profit in light of low product prices, increasing costs of inputs and constrains due to environmental, water and land limitations.

Intensive aquaculture systems are relevant to efficiently produce fish and shrimp. The two important limiting factors of intensive aquaculture systems are water quality and economy. An intrinsic problem of these systems is the rapid accumulation of feed residues, organic matter and toxic inorganic nitrogen species. This cannot be avoided, since fish assimilate only 20–30% of feed nutrients. The rest is excreted and typically accumulates in the water. Often, the culture water is recycled through a series of special devices (mostly biofilters of different types), investing energy and maintenance to degrade the residues. The result is that adding to the expenses of purchasing feed, significant additional expenses are devoted to degrade and remove 2/3 of it.

There is a vital need to change this vicious cycle. One example of an alternative approach is active suspension ponds (ASP), where the water treatment is based upon developing and controlling heterotrophic bacteria within the culture component. Feed nutrients are recycled, doubling the utilization of protein and raising feed utilization. Other alternatives, mostly based upon the operation of a water treatment/feed recycling component within the culture unit are discussed.

The present paper was presented in the biofilter workshop held in Honolulu, 8–11 November 2004. The main purpose of this paper was to raise new ideas and new options toward the planning and operation of intensive fish/shrimp ponds.     

Temperature-dependent and surface specific formaldehyde degradation in submerged biofilters

This study investigated formaldehyde removal in submerged fixed media biofilters in commercial and pilot scale recirculation aquaculture systems. Steady removal of formaldehyde (F) was observed immediately after simulated therapeutic treatment in closed systems and complete removal occurred within 1–4 days depending on water temperature. Formaldehyde removal was dependent on available biofilter surface area, and comparable rates of surface specific removal (SSR) were observed in two different systems. SSR was positively correlated to temperature (Q₁₀ = 3.4) with estimates of 2.1 mg F/(m² h) at 5.7 °C to 6.5 ± 0.2 mg F/(m² h) at 14.5 °C. The estimates for SSR of formaldehyde can be used to predict actual treatment and effluent concentration with more accuracy. Furthermore, the results allow calculation on biofilter removal capacity of formaldehyde, applicable for developing biofilters ensuring sufficient formaldehyde removal in effluent water.