“优鲈1号”大口黑鲈血细胞的形态特征及吞噬功能的研究

用Wright's染色及细胞化学方法,对"优鲈1号"大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)外周血细胞形态特征进行观察,并通过吞噬实验分析其血细胞的免疫功能。结果表明血细胞可分为红细胞和白细胞,白细胞包括粒细胞(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型粒细胞)、单核细胞、淋巴细胞及血栓细胞;其中红细胞数最多,白细胞较少;白细胞中,淋巴细胞比例最大(62.73%)。通过过碘酸-雪夫氏反应(PAS)、苏丹黑B(SBB)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化物酶(POX)、酚氧化酶(PO)染色,红细胞染色均呈阴性,而白细胞除AKP、POX染色外,染色均呈阳性,且不同白细胞阳性染色程度不一致,其中血栓细胞染色均较强烈。吞噬实验表明,红细胞具有吞噬功能,吞噬率为(16.17±1.08)%;粒细胞和血栓细胞具黏附能力,且血栓细胞能形成黏附花环,这可能与血栓细胞形态多样性及糖原、脂类、ACP和PO有关。     

成年似鲇高原鳅外周血细胞及血细胞发生的观察

通过对成年似鲇高原鳅(Triplophysa siluroides)外周血细胞涂片及中肾、肝脏和脾脏组织的印片进行瑞氏(Wright’s)、过碘酸雪夫氏(PAS)和苏丹黑B(SBB)染色,观察各类血细胞形态、大小、分布及细胞化学特征。结果表明:似鲇高原鳅血细胞可分为红细胞、粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞,各类血细胞的发生(除血栓细胞)均可分为原始、幼稚和成熟三个阶段。外周血中红细胞比例最多,为97.56%,白细胞中血栓细胞数量最多占52.86%,居白细胞的首位;三种粒细胞中嗜中性粒细胞数量最多占30.25%。粒细胞的主要发生场所在中肾占45.18%,红细胞的主要发生场所在脾脏,占71.62%,肝脏中未见原始血细胞。在中肾中同时可见嗜酸性、嗜碱性和嗜中性三种粒细胞的发生。各阶段的白细胞PAS染色均显示阳性,但只有各阶段的粒细胞SBB染色显示阳性。     

长鳍裸颊鲷外周血细胞的显微结构

报道了长鳍裸颊鲷(Lethrinus erythropterus)外周血细胞的显微结构。血涂片经过WRIGHT氏染色,在Olympus BX51显微镜下观察,可鉴别出红细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、血栓细胞和单核细胞等7种类型的血细胞。红细胞数量最多,多为椭圆形,具有圆核;在白细胞中,数量多少依次是血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞在外周血液中很罕见。血栓细胞体积最小,嗜中性粒细胞最大。淋巴细胞包括小淋巴细胞、中淋巴细胞和大淋巴细胞3种。     

犬牙缰虾虎鱼外周血细胞的显微结构

采用Wright氏染色,对犬牙缰虾虎鱼外周血液进行观察,并进行各细胞测定,可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞,以及幼稚、正在分裂、分解和解体状态的红细胞,未发现嗜酸性粒细胞。红细胞数量多,椭圆形,具椭圆核;血栓细胞体积最小,成3~5个聚集分布,大淋巴细胞体积最大。淋巴细胞可分为大、中、小淋巴细胞。在数量上,血栓细胞最多,淋巴细胞次之,单核细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜中性粒细胞则较少。     

暗纹东方鲀外周血细胞的显微结构观察

报道了暗纹东方Ｔｕｎ外周血细胞的显微结构。血少片经Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ’ｓ氏染液染色后，可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞。血细胞中，单核细胞数目和粒性细胞数目均很少，血栓细胞数目较多。在肝脏、头肾、脾的涂片中均见到嗜碱性粒细胞。     

军曹鱼稚鱼外周血细胞及其形态学观察

以出膜后第60天的军曹鱼外周血液为材料,利用光镜显微技术研究了其血细胞的种类和形态。外周血液包括5种类型的血细胞,红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和血栓细胞。血细胞计数测得红细胞密度为(2.97±0.82)×109ind.mL-1,白细胞密度为(1.39±0.94)×106ind.mL-1,淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞和血栓细胞在白细胞中所占的比例分别为(53.00±8.51)%、(17.59±4.28)%、(4.78±1.37)%和(24.63±4.08)%。未见到嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。血细胞计数结果表明,红细胞数量远远大于白细胞,白细胞中淋巴细胞数量最多,单核细胞数量最少。实验还观察到处于分裂状态的红细胞、细胞表面有伪足样胞突的小淋巴细胞和细胞表面有许多微绒毛突起的大淋巴细胞、核呈多种形态的单核细胞和中性粒细胞及不同形态的血栓细胞等。     

黄鳍东方鲀外周血细胞显微结构及血液学指标研究

血涂片经Wright染色液染色,可区分出:红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞等5种血细胞,无嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞。白细胞中,血栓细胞数目最多,单核细胞数目最少。与其他硬骨鱼类相比,黄鳍东方鲀的血液性状指标处于较低水平;而雌雄差异不明显。结果可作为黄鳍东方鲀的正常生理常数参考值。     

华鲮外周血细胞显微结构观察

应用常规血涂片Giemsa和Wright染液联合染色,在Nikon-DXM1200数码显微摄影系统下观察华鲮的外周血细胞形态特征。结果表明:(1)红细胞数量最多;未成熟者核较圆,染色相对较浅;有直接分裂现象。(2)嗜中性粒细胞一般呈球形,核形态多变;亦发现有衰老解体者。(3)单核细胞卵圆形或近圆形,核较大,一般占整个细胞的1/3强,较大者可达1/2强。(4)淋巴细胞呈不规则圆形,核质比可达4/5强,细胞表面有伪足状突起。(5)血栓细胞有四种形态,核质比很大,边界不明了;有直接分裂现象。(6)未发现嗜碱性粒细胞。据此可推断:(1)鱼类红细胞比白细胞大的论断并不准确,血细胞的形态和物种的系统发育可能相关;(2)所谓的"大""小"两类淋巴细胞,可能为同种细胞的不同功能或发育状态;(2)鱼类外周血嗜碱性粒细胞存在与否,有待进一步探讨;(3)血栓细胞"形态不同显示了发育时期或者功能状态的不同"的推测。     

双齿围沙蚕血细胞形态分析

为了解双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)血细胞的显微结构和组成,通过血涂片染色,并在显微镜下观察。实验结果:双齿围沙蚕血细胞的组成包括嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞和盘状细胞,其中体积最大的是单核细胞,体积最小的是血栓细胞;血栓细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞是数量最多的3种血细胞,占血细胞总量的85.37%;血淋巴中无红细胞,盘状细胞也罕见。     

日本黄姑鱼血细胞发生的观察

用Wright’sGiemsa混合染料对日本黄姑鱼外周血涂片以及头肾、肾脏、肝脏和脾脏组织印片染色,观察其中各种血细胞的大小、形态特征,研究了日本黄姑鱼血细胞的发生发育模式。观察发现,在外周血涂片中,除红细胞外,还观察到多种白细胞,主要有单核细胞、嗜中性细胞、嗜酸性细胞和淋巴细胞,而嗜碱性细胞没有被发现。红细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞的发生主要在肾脏和头肾,其次是脾脏;粒细胞的发生主要在头肾和脾脏。红细胞的发育经历3个阶段:原红细胞、幼红细胞和成熟红细胞阶段。红细胞在成熟过程中,细胞核的体积逐渐变小,细胞与细胞核的体积比由大变小然后再变大。成熟红细胞除了由幼稚细胞发育而来以外,还可以进行一分为二的方式进行分裂;粒细胞的发育经历5个阶段:原粒细胞、早幼粒细胞、中幼粒细胞、晚幼粒细胞和成熟粒细胞;淋巴细胞经历了3个阶段:原淋巴细胞、幼淋巴细胞和成熟淋巴细胞;单核细胞的发育和淋巴细胞相似,也经历了3个阶段:原单核细胞、幼单核细胞和成熟单核细胞。     

Morphological studies of peripheral blood cells of the Chinese sturgeon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sinensis</Emphasis>

The peripheral blood cells of one-year-old Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) have been studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The erythrocyte count was 84.86 × 10⁴ cell mm⁻³ in the peripheral blood of the fish and that of leukocytes was 2.24 × 10⁴ cell mm⁻³. The erythrocytes and four main types of leucocyte—thrombocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes (including neutrophils and eosinophils), and monocytes, were identified in the peripheral blood. In addition to normal erythrocytes, reticulocytes and division of erythrocytes were observed. Thrombocytes were the most numerous among the leukocytes, and the number of neutrophils with lobated nuclei was larger than for other fish. The structures of the erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and thrombocytes of the fish were studied. The erythrocytes were almost completely devoid of organelles, except for some mitochondria and granules. A large number of vacuoles and a few organelles were observed in cytoplasm of the monocytes. There were many microvilli on the membrane and pseudopodia-like cytoplasm bulge in the lymphocytes. The neutrophils were round or oval in shape with bilobed, trilobed, or multilobed nuclei whereas the eosinophils had big special granules, dark stained. There were many vesicles in some thrombocytes, which were related to its phagocytosis; some thrombocytes had almost no cytoplasm or organelles.     

Blood cells of a sisorid catfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glyptosternum maculatum</Emphasis> (Siluriformes: Sisoridae), in Tibetan Plateau

The peripheral blood cells of a sisorid catfish Glyptosternum maculatum were studied using light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The size of cells and nucleus, and the percentage of different leucocytes were also described. Erythrocytes and four types of leucocytes: lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, and thrombocytes were characterized in G. maculatum blood. The dividing erythrocytes could be found sporadically. A plasma cell was observed under a transmission electron microscope. The morphology and structure of blood cells of G. maculatum were basically similar to those of other fish species, although there were also main differences, such as larger erythrocytes than other catfishes, absence of basophils and acidophils, and various types of thrombocytes (five types: lone nucleus, fusiform, tadpole-like, oval, and in a cluster).     

Description of peripheral blood cells and differential blood analysis of captive female and male leopard grouper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycteroperca</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">rosacea</Emphasis> as an approach for diagnosing diseases

The peripheral blood cells and differential blood profile of captive female and male leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea are described for aquacultural purposes. Basophilic, polychromatic, and orthochromic erythroblasts were observed as immature erythrocytes that develop into mature erythrocytes. Young erythrocytes were not evident, and bi-lobed erythrocytes were extremely scarce. Types of leukocytes included lymphocytes; three types of granulocytes (basophiles, eosinophiles, and neutrophiles); monocytes; and a specialized amoeboid-like macrophage in the blood, which has not been previously described in fish-blood literature. Thrombocytes were commonly observed. There was significantly higher erythropoiesis in males. Granulocytes and lymphocytes of females were significantly higher than males, whereas monocytes and thrombocytes were not.     

Acclimation of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., to the stress of daily exposure to malachite green

Exposure of brown trout to a single dose of malachite green (2.27 ppm) caused a significant elevation of blood cortisol levels within 1 h. After 4 weeks of daily exposure to malachite green, however, this stress response was totally abolished. Daily treatment had no long-term effects on basal plasma cortisol levels, or on the numbers of circulating erythrocytes, thrombocytes and lymphocytes. Blood neutrophil numbers were significantly reduced in malachite green-treated fish, an effect thought to be due to a decreased ectoparasitic load.     

Some changes in the haematological parameters of rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) exposed to three artificial photoperiod regimes

Haematological parameters are often used as health status and stress indicators in fish. However, information on the effects of artificial photoperiods on these parameters is scarce and ambiguous. The consequences of three different artificial photoperiod regimes [light/day 12 h:12 h (LD 12:12) for 150 days as controls; LD 14:10 and LD 24:0, both for an initial 60 days, and then LD 12:12 for the remaining 90 days] were evaluated in trout. In all fish the haemogram and the erythrocyte production index (EPI) were assessed at days 7, 14, 30 and 60 (phase 1) and at days 90, 120 and 150 (phase 2). At the end of phase 1, photoperiods LD 14:10 and 24:0 induced higher production of immature (late basophilic) erythrocytes (0.06–0.08 × 10¹² cells/l, P < 0.05) and elevated EPI (young erythrocytes = 1.6 in LD 14:10, 2.25 in LD 24:0; late basophilic erythrocytes = 4.1–4.9 in LD 14:10, 3.3 in LD 24:0) than in controls (late basophilic erythrocytes = 0.02–0.04 × 10¹² cells/l; EPI young erythrocytes = 0.2–1.0; EPI late basophilic erythrocytes = 1.4–2.7). During phase 2, only reduced numbers of lymphocytes and thrombocytes were observed at day 150 in the LD 14:00 group. An increase in the EPI (1.9) of control young erythrocytes was found at day 150.     

Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对厚颌鲂幼鱼的联合致毒效应研究

采用单因子静态急性毒性试验方法与加和等毒性溶液法,分别研究了Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+对厚颌鲂(M ega-lobrama pellegrini)幼鱼的急性毒性和联合毒性效应。结果显示:3种重金属离子对厚颌鲂幼鱼的毒性由强到弱依次为Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+,其中Cu2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为0.54 mg/L、0.38 mg/L、0.27 mg/L、0.23 mg/L;Cd2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为14.32 mg/L、8.34 mg/L、6.36 mg/L、4.44 mg/L;Zn2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为21.95 mg/L、17.56 mg/L、15.33 mg/L、14.62 mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对厚颌鲂幼鱼的安全质量浓度分别为0.056 mg/L、0.849 mg/L、3.372 mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+两两共存时对厚颌鲂幼鱼96 h的联合毒性效应均表现为毒性增强的协同作用。     

Hematological Parameters and Blood Cell Morphology of Male and Female Schizothorax (Racoma) davidi (Sauvage)

The aim of this study was to obtain a basic knowledge of the hematology of Schizothorax (Racoma) davidi (Sauvage). The results showed that red blood cell and white blood cell counts as well as mean cellular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in females than in males, while mean cell volumes were significantly lower in females than in males. No significant differences were seen in other hematological parameters in relation with gender. Under light microscope, erythrocytes (mature and immature), leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes), and thrombocytes were distinguished. Mature erythrocytes were ellipsoidal cells with oval, central nucleus. Neutrophils contained banded or segmented nuclei. Small lymphocytes had a very thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm. Monocytes often possessed vacuoles in their cytoplasm. Thrombocytes existed in several forms with relatively large nucleus surrounded by a pink‐stained or hyaline cytoplasm. The percentage of the different leukocytes revealed predominance of neutrophils and small lymphocytes, followed by monocytes and large lymphocytes. The neutrophil percentages of each stage showed that metamyelocyte accounted for the most, followed by banded neutrophils. This investigation could be used for evaluation of the health status of cultured male and female S. davidi and will provide early detection of clinical pathology.     

The effectiveness of the combined treatment of thrombocytic hemorrhagic diathesis of dogs with prednisolone and blood transfusion in the model of an aspirin-produced thrombocytopathy

The administration of 20 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid in 18 clinically healthy dogs resulted in a thrombocytopathy with lengthened capillary bleeding time and irreversible aggregation inhibition. Through the set up of individual dilution series, one could conclude the proportional percentage of aggregation functional transfused thrombocytes. The capillary bleeding time was shortened after the intravenous injection of prednisolone (5 mg/kg) without measurable influence on the thrombocytes. Compared to the singular use of cortisone or blood transfusion alone, the effect on capillary bleeding time became magnified when one combined transfusion and corticosteroids. The fresh blood conserves (12 hours) were, with respect to the haemostyptical properties, superior to blood stored for 5 days. The component of aggregation-functional thrombocytes was, due to the prophylactic cortisone application prior to transfusion, not increased.