利用室内水泥池培养蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica Daday)的研究

本文介绍了利用室内水泥池培养蒙古裸腹溞的实用技术.结果表明(1)在水温25±2℃,盐度25‰,投喂小球藻和酵母,连续充气培养的条件下,蒙古裸腹溞生长繁殖稳定,生产效率较高;(2)经过1 4天的培育,1号,2号,3号水泥池蒙古裸腹溞分别从接种密度285个/L,237个/L,185个/L,达到5177个/L,4147个/L,3096个/L;(3)利用3只36m3的水泥池培养蒙古裸腹溞59d,收获蒙古裸腹溞总产量527.9kg;(4)采用交替式连续培养蒙古裸腹溞,培养期间每天采收蒙古裸腹溞总量的20-3 0%,而蒙古裸腹溞增殖和收获能保持平衡.     

光合细菌对多刺裸腹溞培养的影响

在实验室条件下,采用静止培养法对多刺裸腹溞进行培养实验,研究在以酵母和小球藻为饵料的多刺裸腹溞培养中,添加不同浓度光合细菌对其生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:光合细菌(菌液浓度为48×108cell/ml)添加量为1 mg/L(组2)、2mg/L(组3)、64 mg/L(组8)、130 mg/L(组9)和260 mg/L(组10)时,实验组中多刺裸腹溞的生殖量与空白对照(组1)相比均无差异(P>0.05);光合细菌添加量分别为4 mg/L(组4)和8 mg/L(组5)时,实验组中多刺裸腹溞的生殖量明显多于对照组,差异较明显(P<0.05),其对多刺裸腹溞的增长具有明显的促进作用;在16 mg/L(组6)和32 mg/L(组7)时,实验组中多刺裸腹溞的生殖量达到最高峰,分别为对照组的1.54倍和1.40倍,差异十分显著(P<0.05);而当添加量过高,在520~800 mg/L(组11~组14)浓度范围内,实验组中多刺裸腹生殖量呈现急剧下降趋势,显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在本实验设计范围内,浓度等于或高于900 mg/L(组15)时,幼溞在12 d后仍没有达到性成熟,光合细菌对多刺裸腹溞的繁殖明显起抑制作用。以上结果显示,在以酵母与小球藻为饵料的多刺裸腹溞培养中,16~32 mg/L的光合细菌添加量最为适宜,该浓度范围的光合细菌对多刺裸腹溞的生长繁殖具有显著的促进效果。     

不同食物组合与投喂方法对蒙古裸腹生长和生殖的影响

蒙古裸腹(MoinamongolicaDaday)是旧大陆上分布的一种盐水裸腹[1],1988年在我国被首次报道[2]。有关该的生物学和培养技术已被较为系统地研究[3]。20世纪90年代以来,该在我国沿海地区逐渐被用做海水和半咸JOURNALOFFISHERIESOFCHINA　　　　　　　　　　　Vol.28,N     

接种密度和面包酵母投喂量对蒙古裸腹溞种群变动和生产量的影响

在室内水槽中进行蒙古裸腹(Moinamongolica)的大量培养,研究不同接种密度和面包酵母投喂水平对该种群变动和生产量的影响。所用蒙古裸腹为20世纪90年代采自山西省晋南半咸水湖、在海水中长期培养保存下的种。实验1中,接种密度分别设为338ind/L、145ind/L和88ind/L3个水平,面包酵母投喂量为5mg/L,每天4次,各设3个重复。实验2中,面包酵母投喂量分别为30mg/(L·d)、20mg/(L·d)和10mg/(L·d)3个水平,蒙古裸腹接种密度为900ind/L,各设3个重复。实验结果表明:(1)在一定范围内蒙古裸腹培养产量随接种密度增加而增加,当接种密度低于88ind/L时,接种的蒙古裸腹较难形成稳定的种群。(2)当使用面包酵母(Bakeryeast)作为培养蒙古裸腹的惟一食物时,食物需要量随种群密度的变化而变化。当密度低于1500ind/L时,适宜的面包酵母投喂水平为20mg/(L·d);当密度超过5000ind/L时为30mg/(L·d)。上述结果显示,接种密度和面包酵母投喂量对蒙古裸腹种群变动和生产量具有重要影响。建议在蒙古裸腹培养生产中接种密度高于150ind/L,面包酵母投喂量为0 8×10-5～1 3×10-5g/(ind·d)。     

不同碱度下高pH对蒙古裸腹溞存活、生长及生殖的影响

温度(25±1) ℃、盐度20±1时研究了不同碱度下高pH对蒙古裸腹溞存活、生长和生殖的影响.试验结果表明,碱度的升高会降低蒙古裸腹溞对pH的耐受高限:海水的碱度为(0.19±0.1)、(1.99±0.1)、(3.92±0.1)、(5.95±0.1) mmol/L时,蒙古裸腹溞对pH 24 h 中间耐受水平(TLm)分别为10.50、10.15、10.07、9.50;对pH 48 h TLm分别为10.09、9.88、9.81、9.08.蒙古裸腹溞在培养液pH为9.0～9.3时,生长率和存活率相对优越于其他各组.pH 9.0时,蒙古裸腹溞的内禀增长率最大为0.5145/d;pH 9.3时次之,为0.5099/d.     

玛拉巴石斑鱼工厂化人工育苗技术（下）

(2)轮虫、蒙古裸腹蚤的培养:培养池为常用水泥池,24小时连续充气,充气量以轮虫、蒙古裸腹蚤不因缺氧而浮于水面为宜。每天投喂适量酵母和小球藻液,轮虫培养每天投喂酵母量为0.005克/万个,分4～6次投喂;蒙古裸腹蚤投喂酵母量为1～2毫克/升,分3次投喂;每天换水20%,换水后添加小球     

蒙古裸腹溞的培养及在红鳍东方鲀育苗中的应用

采用小球藻、酵母、有机肥、微生态制品等作为饵料在培养缸 (0 5m3)、水泥池 (1～ 5m3)、室外泥底敞池 (15 0m3)中进行蒙古裸腹氵蚤生产规模培养 ,平均日产量一、二、三、四级分别为 5 4 1g/ (m3·d)、48 3g/ (m3·d)、34 3g/(m3·d)、19 13g/ (m3·d)～ 30 89g/ (m3·d) ,室外泥底敞池培养氵蚤为 70 5 8g/ (m3·d)。氵蚤、轮虫混合培养分别为5 3 74g/ (m3·d)和 112 0 5g/ (m3·d)。用蒙古裸腹氵蚤投喂红鳍东方 16～ 2 0日龄仔鱼可提高其日增长和存活率 ,特别是用生态制品和小球藻、酵母混合饵料培养的裸腹氵蚤有明显的促长和提高存活率效果     

海水中四种重金属对蒙古裸腹溞的毒性

本文反映了Hg^2 ,Cu^2 ，Cd^2 ,Cr(6)对蒙古裸腹溞（Moina mongolica Daday)的存活、生长、生殖及内禀增长率(rm)毒性的研究工作。得出这四种重金属对该溞的48hrLC50分别为0．00334、0．0888、3．89、4．24mg／l。文中还反映了这四种重金属的不同混合方式对蒙古裸腹涵生长、生殖和内禀增长率的毒性。两种金属混合后的毒性加强(Hg／Cu除外)；三种和四种金属的混合毒性低于两金属的混合毒性。     

钻井液对四种水生生物的急性毒性研究

在21~25℃下研究了钻井液对卤虫、蒙古裸腹溞、凡纳滨对虾和裸项栉虎鱼的生物毒性效应。试验结果表明,钻井液对卤虫的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为36.8、8.94、6.39、4.81g/L;对蒙古裸腹溞96h半致死质量浓度为4.67g/L;对凡纳滨对虾24、48、72、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为39.57、18.20、9.43g/L和7.55g/L;对裸项栉虎鱼24、48、72、96h的半致死质量浓度分别为18.33、8.84、7.11g/L和4.75g/L。凡纳滨对虾的半致死质量浓度最高,卤虫、蒙古裸腹溞和裸项栉虎鱼的半致死质量浓度没有明显差异,从实验室培养条件考虑,卤虫更便于钻井液的毒性评价。     

不同饵料对3种西藏鱼类仔鱼生长及存活的影响

研究了卤虫无节幼体、专用仔鱼料、鳗鱼仔鱼料等3种不同饵料对西藏尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)、异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o'connori Lloyd)、拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni Regan)等3种鱼类仔鱼生长和存活的影响。实验尖裸鲤、异齿裂腹鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的初始全长分别为(13.29±0.52)mm、(12.29±0.44)mm、(15.81±0.50)mm,实验周期分别为25 d、25 d、15 d。结果表明:与其他饵料组相比,投喂专用仔鱼料组,异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的平均全长、全长增加倍数以及存活率均高于其他各组,并有显著差异;尖裸鲤仔鱼的平均全长和全长增长倍数也高于其他各组,但存活率较投喂卤虫无节幼体低,并有显著差异。     

不同食物组合与投喂方法对蒙古裸腹溞生长和生殖的影响

蒙古裸腹(Moina mongolica Daday)是旧大陆上分布的一种盐水裸腹溞[1],1988年在我国被首次报道[2].有关该溞的生物学和培养技术已被较为系统地研究[3].20世纪90年代以来,该溞在我国沿海地区逐渐被用做海水和半咸水鱼、虾、蟹人工育苗生产中的活饵料.     

Observations on the breeding and growth of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in the laboratory

Three male and 20 female prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), were observed for 390 days. They were maintained in brackish water (5%. salinity) at 28°C which was recycled continuously through a percolating biological filter. Illumination was artificial and did not exceed 10 lm/ft² (approx. 0.1 m²) at the water surface. Mating readily occurred in the experimental tanks (48 × 28 × 25 cm deep). Eggs were incubated for 20 days; the mean number of larvae per brood was 24 000 (range 50–98 100). Over 750 000 larvae were hatched during the experiment. Larger females had proportionately larger broods and larvae from seven broods were cultured to the post-larval stage at intervals throughout the experimental period, which demonstrated their viability.The increase in length of the adults at each moult was constant (arithmetic growth) and did not alter when ova were maturing in the ovary.Prawns achieved larger mean length increments after the environmental conditions were improved. The moulting frequency was very variable and, with one exception, did not change proportionately with length or age of the prawns.Females grew from 115 to 205 mm and males from 145 to 230 mm total length.Three females spawned more than four times in successive intermoult periods, and one produced viable larvae five times in succession.Two of the males sired viable larvae four and seven times respectively during one intermoult period.     

Variability in size at moult among individual broods of cultured juvenile lobsters, Homarus gammarus (L.)

Abstract. Information on carapace length (CL) and its variability at each instar from settlement (instar 4) to pre-recruit size (instar 24) is presented for 10 individually reared single parent broods and one mixed brood of European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). The lobsters grew from 5mm CL to 74mm CL in approximately 130 weeks at 20°± 2°C. There was some evidence that growth variability of the largest lobsters was influenced by the size of the rearing compartments used during the final growth period.     

Genetic contribution of parents in sex determination of honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens

The honmoroko has been inferred to have an XX/XY sex determination system, but the parental genome can also affect the sex ratio of the offspring. The extent of parental effects on sex determination was examined by checking the sex ratios of F1 and F2 gynogenetic diploids and control diploids. Eleven gynogenetic broods from different females consisted of all or nearly all females, but eight broods showed a variable proportion of males (<50 %). One second-generation brood of gynogenetic diploids consisted wholly of females, but others produced some males. In crosses with a control diploid female, four males from a high-percentage male brood of gynogenetic diploids produced offspring with a balanced sex ratio. Sib-mating between a gynogenetic female and three gynogenetic males from the brood produced predominantly male progeny. These results suggest that there are at least four possible genotypes: genotypic female (XX), phenotypic female carrying a silent Y chromosome, genotypic male (XY), and genotypic supermale (YY). These inferences suggest that this fish has an XY system but a relatively high proportion of females possess a mutated, silent Y chromosome which does not lead to testis formation.     

Breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810

All seahorse species worldwide have been placed under CITES Appendix II since 2004, because they have been over-exploited for traditional Chinese medicine and aquarium trades. Aquaculture has been recognized as a long-term solution for sustaining the seahorse trade while minimizing wild collection. In this study, we evaluated the breeding and juvenile culture of an important aquarium seahorse species, the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus, Perry 1810. Pairing, mating and copulation behavior were observed. Gestation time and brood size were 17.33 ± 2.94 days and 272.33 ± 66.45 individuals/brood, respectively. Growth rates differed among juveniles from different broods. Effects of temperature on the growth rates and survivorship of the juveniles during the first two weeks were compared. The highest growth rate and survivorship of the juveniles occurred at 28–29 °C among the temperatures tested (24–33 °C). Growth rate and survivorship of the juveniles during the first 9 weeks at 28 °C were investigated. The final standard length and survivorship of the juveniles were 6.32 ± 0.52 cm and 71.11 ± 10.18%, respectively, and the relationship between the wet weight and the standard length of the juvenile seahorses can be expressed as: W = 0.0034 L^2.5535 (r² = 0.9903, n = 12, P < 0.01). These findings suggest that H. erectus is a good candidate for commercial aquaculture.     

Biology of Idotea baltica in Chondrus Aquaculture1

The marine isopod, Idoreu baltica, was studied in conjunction with Chondrus crispus aquaculture to provide information necessary for managing populations of grazers in the biological control of algal weed species. Feeding rates, growth, and reproductive activities varied directly with temperature between 10 C and 20 C. The amount of Chondrus consumed at 20 C was approximately double that at 10 C. Female I. baltica released young at about 16 day intervals at 20 C, 25 days at 15 c and 60 days at 10 C. One female grown at 17 C produced a total of 8 broods of young over a 182 day period. The number of young per brood from this female increased from 84 (1st brood) to 310 (7th brood) as she matured. Ectocurpus, Enteromorpha and Palmaria were grazed preferentially over Chondrus and Gracilaria; a preference for haploid phases of Chondrus over diploid phases was also noted. Cannibalism was prevalent and it is suggested that this behavior might fulfill a dietary requirement.     

When and why do smallmouth bass abandon their broods? The effects of brood and parental characteristics

Abstract Variation in brood abandonment was explored by conducting partial brood removals from smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, nests in two north temperate lakes. In both lakes, percent of the brood removed had no effect on nest failure rates. Nest failure prior to offspring swim‐up was more common, but unrelated to brood size after removal, in the lake with higher post‐spawning mortality and lower growth and fecundity. Brood size after removal was negatively related to nest failure in the lake with high survival, growth and fecundity. Nests guarded by young males failed more frequently than those of old males, and young broods failed more frequently than old broods. Dynamic programming and logistic regression models developed to predict nest fate worked better for the lake with selective pressures that theoretically favoured abandonment (e.g. high post‐spawning mortality). Both models identified male age and brood age as important factors in predicting nest fates. Because nest success is related to the age of the parent, this could have consequences for overall nest success for populations with different demographics.     

Multigenerational effects of 17β-estradiol and nonylphenol on euryhaline cladoceran <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diaphanosoma celebensis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:     The effects of parental exposure to 17β-estradiol (E2) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on life history parameters of three successive generations of the euryhaline cladoceran Diaphanosoma celebensis were assessed under laboratory conditions. Less than 24-h-old neonates (P) were exposed to five sublethal concentrations of E2 (0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L) and 4-NP (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 50 μg/L) at 25°C. Age at first reproduction, reproductive period, fecundity and lifespan were investigated. Successive generations (F₁–F₃) were monitored further in the absence of toxicants. Results showed that cladocerans exposed to 10–1000 μg/L E2 produced more neonates at a younger age compared to the control. The same effects were also observed in the F₁ and F₂ but ceased in F₃. Cladocerans exposed to 1 μg/L 4-NP also produced significantly more neonates compared to the control, but this effect was not found in successive generations. The results suggest that vertebrate hormone can modify the reproduction of D. celebensis , and the effects are multigenerational.     

Impaired larval development in broods of eelpout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zoarces viviparus</Emphasis>) in Danish coastal waters

Eelpouts (Zoarces viviparus), a viviparous fish, were sampled in Danish coastal waters during October and November 2001 and 2002, in ten different areas, which are receiving effluents from cities and industry to more or minor degree. The presence of gross abnormalities in eelpout broods has been suggested to be a useful biomarker of the impact of hazardous substances on fish reproduction in the marine environment as chronic exposure to various substances has the potential to induce severe developmental defects in fish embryos and larvae. Relatively high frequencies of female eelpouts (20–53) with elevated levels (>5) of larvae with developmental defects in the broods were found in four shallow fjords with effluents from larger cities and industry compared to areas. Deformations like spiral or bend shapes of the spinal axis, cranio-facial defects, eye lesions or loss of eyes were the dominating types. In some ofthe areas with the highest incidences of developmental defects, the adults had significantly enlarged livers, which may also be a possible effect caused by contaminant exposure. In two of the areas, relatively high frequencies of the broods contained larvae, which had died late but without any visible developmental defects. These two areas were affected by severe oxygen depletion prior to sampling time suggesting that examination of broods in the eelpout may include not only impact of hazardous substances but also effect of eutrophication-related problems on fish reproduction in the marine environment.     

Breeding of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in laboratory recirculation systems

From March to May 1978 over 2 million nauplii were hatched from 34 batches of eggs obtained from five Penaeus monodon females. Females of 50–63 mm carapace length, with one eyestalk removed, spawned viable eggs repeatedly within intermoult periods of 20–30 days indicating that one impregnation was sufficient to fertilize several batches of eggs spawned within one intermoult period. A fresh impregnation was necessary after each moult. The number of eggs per batch varied from 19 000 to 460 000 (mean 217 635) and did not decrease with successive batches. The mean hatch-rate was 30.5% and the mean number of nauplii per brood was 66 000. There was a tendency to a lower hatchrate for batches of eggs produced towards the end of an intermoult period. Samples of larvae from 15 broods were cultured to the post-larval stage at densities of 40–250 larvae/l. Mean survival in 3-1 cultures was 79% but was <13% in larger-scale trials.