叶黄素对七彩神仙鱼生长和体色的影响

为研究叶黄素对七彩神仙鱼体色和生长的影响,在"牛心汉堡"饲料中分别添加0、50、100、200、300和400 mg/kg叶黄素,饲喂初始平均体质量(10.3±0.3)g的七彩神仙鱼8周。结果显示,添加叶黄素50~200 mg/kg,对鱼体增重率无显著影响,但添加量达200 mg/kg后,饲料系数显著增大,添加量达300 mg/kg后,增重率显著降低。在养殖4周、8周时,鱼体皮肤亮度(L*)无显著变化,皮肤黄度(b*)和叶黄素含量随叶黄素添加量增加而显著升高;8周时,各叶黄素添加组的皮肤b*值和叶黄素含量显著高于4周时,当叶黄素添加量达300 mg/kg后,皮肤b*值(4周、8周)和全鱼叶黄素含量(8周)趋于稳定;4周时,各处理组间的皮肤红度(a*)无显著差异;8周时,当叶黄素添加量达100 mg/kg后,皮肤a*值显著降低;饲料中添加300 mg/kg叶黄素显著提高了七彩神仙鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力。研究表明,在饲料中添加叶黄素可有效改善七彩神仙鱼体表黄色,提高肝脏总抗氧化能力,但高添加量的叶黄素会降低鱼体生长性能,七彩神仙鱼饲料中的叶黄素添加量建议为200~300 mg/kg。     

饲料色素对黄颡鱼皮肤类胡萝卜素、叶黄素含量和酪氨酸酶活力的影响

以平均体重45.25 g的1冬龄黄颡鱼为试验对象,在饲料中分别添加0.4%的加丽素红、0.5%的金黄素、0.5%的金菊黄、6%的玉米蛋白粉作为色素源,以不含色素源的饲料为对照,在室内循环养殖系统中养殖56 d,观察各试验组黄颡鱼的体色,分别测定其背部和腹部皮肤、血清中的酪氨酸酶活力、总类胡萝卜素和叶黄素含量。结果为金菊黄组黄颡鱼血清酪氨酸酶活力显著提高,而其他各试验组之间无显著性的差异;对照组黄颡鱼总类胡萝卜素含量在背部皮肤下降11.2%、腹部皮肤下降57.5%,叶黄素含量变化与此类似;玉米蛋白粉组类胡萝卜素含量在腹部皮肤降低了38.5%、背部皮肤无显著性变化,背部和腹部皮肤中叶黄素含量有一定程度的增加;加丽素红组黄颡鱼总类胡萝卜素含量在腹部皮肤中降低了45%、背部皮肤无显著性变化,背部和腹部皮肤中叶黄素含量显著降低;金黄素组鱼体背部、腹部皮肤中总类胡萝卜素的含量分别升高了1.8倍和1.5倍,金菊黄组鱼体背部和腹部皮肤中总类胡萝卜素的含量分别升高了1倍和0.49倍;叶黄素含量也显著增加。试验结果表明，黄颡鱼能够选择性地沉积来源于饲料色素物质,饲料色素对黄颡鱼体色具有较大的影响。     

饲料中不同维生素E添加量对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能及免疫功能的影响

本研究探讨了饲料中不同维生素E添加量对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长和免疫的影响。在以鱼粉、豆粕为蛋白源的基础饲料中分别添加0mg/kg(对照组)、25mg/kg、75mg/kg、125mg/kg和175mg/kg的维生素E配成5种实验饲料。在水温(24.0±3.0)℃下,用上述实验饲料分别饲喂平均体质量约为5.1g的黄颡鱼幼鱼50d。实验结果表明,饲料中维生素E的添加量对黄颡鱼的特定生长率和饲料效率的影响不显著(P0.05);而添加量为175mg/kg时,黄颡鱼摄食率显著降低(P0.05);随着饲料中维生素E添加量的增高,黄颡鱼血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性未产生显著变化(P0.05);添加量为125mg/kg和175mg/kg时,血浆中丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著降低(P0.05);白细胞吞噬指数随添加量升高显著上升(P0.05),而吞噬百分率没有显著变化(P0.05)。综合以上结果,饲料中添加适量的维生素E可适当改善黄颡鱼的摄食,增强黄颡鱼的非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力,从而提高动物的健康状况。推荐在黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料中添加125mg/kg的维生素E。     

养殖密度和抗菌肽含量对网箱养殖的黄颡鱼生长性能的影响

在水温19.1～23.2℃下,将平均湿体质量为(19.9±3.5)g的黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco以2kg/m~3(D1)、3kg/m~3(D2)、4kg/m~3(D3)和5kg/m~3(D4)kg/m~3的密度饲养在水库中长2.0m×宽2.0m×高2.0m的网箱中,投喂基础饲料;再按D2组的密度饲养上述规格黄颡鱼幼鱼,分别投喂基础饲料(CK组,对照组)和添加10mg/kg(G1)、30mg/kg(G2)、60mg/kg(G3)和(G4)100mg/kg饲料抗菌肽(水溶)的饲料,研究养殖密度和饲料中添加抗菌肽对黄颡鱼生长性能和体成分的影响。抗菌肽(水溶)用海藻酸钠(剂量250mL,0.5%)包埋,自然风干。70d的养殖结果表明:黄颡鱼末体质量、末体长、特定生长率(SGR)和肥满度(K)随养殖密度增高而下降,饲料系数则上升;D1组黄颡鱼幼鱼末体长、末体质量、日增重率(DBW)、K、存活率(SR)显著高于D3和D4组(P0.05),但D1和D2组的鱼体K、饲料系数(FC)无显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中添加10～30mg/kg抗菌肽可以显著提高黄颡鱼的DBW以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,当添加量为30mg/kg时,SGR最高;当添加量为100mg/kg时,肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与血清中溶菌酶(LSZ)活性较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。实验证明,黄颡鱼网箱养殖适宜放养密度为3～4kg/m~3,饲料中抗菌肽添加量不超过60mg/kg能促进鱼的生长。添加抗菌肽10mg/kg组鱼的CAT活性最高,显著高于60mg/kg、90mg/kg以及对照组(P0.05);当添加量为30～60mg/kg时,DBW、SGR、K出现差异显著(P0.05),60mg/kg时DBW、SGR和K达到最高,高于其余各组,饲料系数FC下降。     

组胺对黄颡鱼生长及体色变异的影响

试验在基础饲料中分别添加0、10、100、1 000 mg/kg的组胺,制成4种等氮饲料(分别记为C、H10、H100和H1000),以黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)(102.13±0.52)g为试验对象,进行56 d的养殖试验,研究不同添加水平组胺对黄颡鱼生长、皮肤显微结构、皮肤黑色素含量、酪氨酸酶活力和脑中黑素皮质素受体-1(MC1R)mRNA表达量的影响。试验采用微流水室内养殖系统,结果表明:饲料中添加不同量组胺对黄颡鱼生长(增重率和特定生长率)无显著影响(P0.05),而高组胺添加量组(H1000组,组胺含量1 390 mg/kg)黄颡鱼皮肤中黑色素含量及脑组织中MC1R mRNA表达量显著低于对照组(P0.05),低添加量组(H10和H100)黄颡鱼皮肤黑色素含量和脑中MC1R mRNA表达量与对照组无差异(P0.05)。随着饲料中组胺添加量的增加,皮肤酪氨酸酶活力呈下降趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明:组胺对黄颡鱼生长表现无影响,但会引起黄颡鱼体色白化,且白化程度与饲料中组胺含量密切相关。     

叶黄素和虾青素对大黄鱼体色及抗氧化能力的影响

为了探讨饲料色素对大黄鱼成鱼体色及其抗氧化能力的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0 mg/kg(对照组D1)、100 mg/kg(D2)、200 mg/kg(D3)、300 mg/kg(D4)叶黄素和虾青素(1∶1)混合色素配制成4种等氮等能饲料,选择平均体质量为(365.54±5.83)g的大黄鱼1 800尾,随机分为4组,每组设置3个重复,每个重复150尾,进行为期60 d投喂试验。结果表明,投喂30 d后,色素添加组大黄鱼背部和腹部皮肤的黄色值(b*)显著高于对照组(P0.05);实验结束时,除D2组的大黄鱼腹部皮肤的红色值(a*)显著高于其他组(P0.05)外,各组之间大黄鱼背部及腹部皮肤亮度值(L*)和红色值(a*)均无显著性差异(P0.05),各色素添加组的大黄鱼背部和腹部皮肤的黄色值(b*)无显著性差异(P0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P0.05);大黄鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力(TAOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均随着色素添加水平的上升而升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量随着色素添加水平的上升而降低。因此,在本试验条件下,饲料中添加叶黄素和虾青素(1∶1)混合色素可以改善大黄鱼成鱼体色及提高其抗氧化能力,综上并考虑饲料成本,建议混合色素添加量为100~200 mg/kg。     

四种植物香精对黄颡鱼诱食及生长的影响

利用自制触球及迷宫法评估了百里香酚、香芹酚、丁香酚和肉桂醛4种香精对(4.45±0.58)g黄颡鱼(Pelteobargrus fulridraco)幼鱼的诱食剂量效应反应,试验结果表明:百里香酚、香芹酚和肉桂醛都对黄颡鱼有明显的诱食作用,其最适诱食浓度分别为(0.025~0.05)、0.025、0.007 g/m L;百里香酚诱食效果最佳(P0.05),但浓度过高,也会出现诱食抑制;而丁香酚对黄颡鱼幼鱼均无明显的诱食作用(P0.05)。随后在基础饲料中分别添加75、150、250、500和1000 mg/kg的百里香酚饲喂黄颡鱼幼鱼,8周的养殖结果表明黄颡鱼增重率(Y)与饲料中百里香酚添加量(X)之间可用二次方程式表示Y=-0.000 7 X2+0.796 3 X+107.08(R2=0.777 2),当黄颡鱼获得最大增重时,饲料中百里香酚的添加量为568.8 mg/kg。     

饲料中添加肉毒碱对黄颡鱼生长的影响

以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源、大豆油为脂质源配制成1个蛋白质水平（35％）X5个脂肪水平（4％，10％，16％，22％，26％）X2个肉毒碱水平（0mg／Kg,150mg／Kg）的10种配方饲料，投喂平均体重为（10．0±0．6）g的黄颡鱼，进行肉毒碱对黄颡鱼生长影响的研究。经100d饲养表明：饲养中添加150mg/Kg肉毒碱对黄颡鱼生长没有影响。在黄颡鱼低蛋白配合饲料中，体重增长率最大，饵料系数、蛋白质效率较好的是最低的脂肪含量组（4％）。高脂肪含量对黄颡鱼的生长不利。     

枸杞多糖对黄颡鱼免疫细胞活性的影响

选取540尾黄颡鱼,连续投喂含不同水平枸杞多糖的配合饲料(300、600、900、1200、1500 mg/kg饲料)8周.采用Percoll密度梯度离心等技术,对黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞和外周血白细胞进行分离纯化,使用NBT还原法、Griesse试剂显色法和MTT法测定头肾巨噬细胞的呼吸爆发活性和外周血白细胞的增殖能力,以探讨枸杞多糖对黄颡鱼免疫细胞活性的影响.试验结果表明:枸杞多糖各水平组均能显著地提高黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞的氧呼吸爆发活性(P＜0.05),且900～1200 mg/kg水平组的提高作用极显著(P＜0.01);虽然各水平组均能提高黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞的氮呼吸爆发活性,但只有1200～1500 mg/kg的水平组能极显著提高该活性(P＜0.01);枸杞多糖还能明显提高黄颡鱼外周血白细胞的增殖能力(P＜0.01).可见,枸杞多糖可以有效地提高黄颡鱼免疫细胞的活性.     

黄曲霉毒素B1对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长及肝脏功能的影响

为研究黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1, AFB1)对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长、肠道消化酶及肝脏功能的影响,用添加不同梯度黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)(0、50、100和200μg/kg)的4种等氮等脂配合饲料饲喂初始体质量为(6.00±0.10) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼8周。结果显示:(1)饲料中添加AFB1对黄颡鱼幼鱼的存活率、饲料系数和特定生长率等均无显著影响,但使胰蛋白酶活性显著提高,而高含量AFB1(100和200μg/kg)显著降低肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性;(2)随着AFB1添加量的上升,血清中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性及葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总胆汁酸和总胆固醇含量显著升高,肝脏中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性显著下降;(3) AFB1添加组的肝脏过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量显著高于对照组,100和200μg/kg AFB1组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组,其余各组无显著差异;(4) AFB1添加组肝脏sod基因及炎性因子il-1β基因的相对表达量显著上调,200μg/kg AFB1组cat基因及炎性因子il-8、il-10相对表达量显著上调;(5)通过组织学观察,AFB1会引起部分肝细胞出现轻微萎缩、肝细胞核移位、细胞界限模糊和肝细胞内空泡化的现象。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中AFB1含量低于200μg/kg不影响黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能,但饲料中AFB1≥50μg/kg时会影响黄颡鱼幼鱼肠道的消化吸收功能,同时引起肝脏氧化应激及炎性反应,造成肝脏功能损伤。     

The effect of synthetic and natural pigments on the colour of the cichlids (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cichlasoma severum</Emphasis> sp., Heckel 1840)

In this study, we have investigated the effects of Porphyridium cruentum (Rodophyta) as a natural pigment source and astaxanthin and β-carotene as synthetic pigment sources on the skin colour of cichlid fish (Cichlasoma severum sp., Heckel 1840), which are generally light orange with white patches and becomes shiny orange in the reproductive phase. The fish were fed diets containing 50 mg kg⁻¹ astaxanthin and β-carotene, and P. cruentum powder. The amount of both natural and synthetic pigment sources given as feed was 50 mg kg⁻¹, and the experiment was continued for 50 days. Total carotenoid content of the fish was determined spectrophotometrically at the end of the experiment. As a result, while a visible change of colour in the skin of the fish fed on the feed containing astaxanthin was observed with 0.34 ± 0.2 mg g⁻¹ of pigment accumulation, a relatively small change of colour was observed in the skin of other fish that were fed on the feed containing P. cruentum and β-carotene with 0.22 ± 0.2 mg g⁻¹ and 0.26 ± 0.1 mg g⁻¹ of pigment accumulations, respectively. Therefore, it was determined that these pigment sources have an effect on the colour of cichlid fish.     

Effect of dissolved oxygen levels on growth performance,energy budget and antioxidant responses of yellow catfish,Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels on growth performance, energy budget and antioxidant responses of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Yellow catfish was exposed to four levels of DO, consisting of hypoxia (2.28 mg L^?1), moderate hypoxia (4.04 mg L^?1), saturation (6.51 mg L^?1) and super‐saturation groups (9.11 mg L^?1), respectively, for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate and feed efficiency in dry matter were lowest in hypoxia and highest in the saturation and super‐saturation groups. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and energy increased with increasing DO levels. Gross energy and growth energy were lowest for hypoxia, followed by moderate hypoxia and the highest for other two groups. Faecal energy was highest in hypoxia and lowest in saturation and super‐saturation group. DO levels also significantly influenced activities of antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde level in liver and serum. Based on the observation described previously, saturated DO level helps to improve growth performance, feed utilization and antioxidant responses in yellow catfish. Super‐saturation did not increase fish performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study involved in the effect of DO levels on energy budget of fish and provides new insight into aeration regime for yellow catfish culture.     

Alleviation effect of dietary cerium and its complex with chitosan oligosaccharide on cadmium accumulation in juvenile turbot,Scophthalmus maximus L., under cadmium stress

An 8 weeks feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary cerium (Ce) and its complex with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS‐Ce) on growth performance and cadmium (Cd) accumulation of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. under Cd stress. The basal diet (Diet 0) was formulated without Cd and cerium as the control. Seven other experimental diets (Diets 1–7) were formulated with supplementation of 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 50 mg Ce³⁺/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 100 mg Ce³⁺/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 200 mg Ce³⁺/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 50 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 100 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed, and 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg +200 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed. Results of the present study showed that, compared with the control group, the condition factor in fish fed the diet with 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg feed (Diet 1) was significantly lower, whereas the Cd concentration in liver and kidney of fish fed the diet with 50 mg/kg Cd²⁺ (Diet 1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05). The high Cd accumulation of fish fed diets with sole 50 mg/kg Cd (Diet 1) could be significantly decreased by 51.72% after supplementation of 200 mg COS‐Ce/kg in the diet (Diet 7). These results suggested that elevated COS‐Ce could effectively protect against dietary Cd accumulation in turbot.     

饲料中添加酵母培养物对黄颡鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫和肠道健康的影响

为研究饲料中添加酵母培养物对黄颡鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫和肠道健康的影响，在基础饲料中分别添加0、1%和2%的酵母培养物YC1(粗蛋白含量为50%)、1%和2%的酵母培养物YC2(粗蛋白含量为55%)，配制5种等氮等脂 (42%粗蛋白和8%粗脂肪) 的实验饲料，分别命名为C、YC1-1、YC1-2、YC2-1和YC2-2。选择初始体质量为 (4.87±0.00) g 的黄颡鱼375尾，随机分为5组 (每组3个重复，每个重复25尾)，进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示，YC2-1和YC2-2处理组黄颡鱼的增重率 (WG) 显著高于对照组，YC2-2处理组的特定生长率 (SGR) 显著高于对照组；YC2-1和YC2-2处理组黄颡鱼肌肉的蛋白沉积率 (PPV) 显著高于对照组，蛋白质效率 (PER) 随着酵母培养物添加水平的上升呈先上升后下降的趋势，YC2-1处理组的PER最高；YC2-1和YC2-2处理组的饲料系数 (FCR) 显著低于对照组，YC2-2处理组的FCR显著低于YC2-1处理组；YC2-1和YC2-2处理组肝脏溶菌酶 (LSZ) 和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性均显著高于对照组；YC2-1处理组的肠道皱襞高度显著高于YC1-1处理组，皱襞宽度和上皮细胞高度显著高于YC2-2处理组。嗜水气单胞菌攻毒实验中，酵母培养物组的平均累积死亡率 (CMR) 均低于对照组，YC2-1处理组的CMR显著低于对照组。研究表明，在本实验条件下，饲料中添加酵母培养物YC2能有效改善黄颡鱼机体非特异性免疫功能、提高抗氧化能力、维持肠道健康以及提高黄颡鱼抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力。     

Effect of carotenoids and background colour on the skin pigmentation of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

Three 2‐factor experiments were conducted to determine the effects of background colour and synthetic carotenoids on the skin colour of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus. Initially, we evaluated the effects on skin colour of supplementing diets for 50 days with 60 mg kg^?1 of either astaxanthin (LP; Lucantin^® Pink), canthaxanthin (LR; Lucantin^® Red), apocarotenoic acid ethyl ester (LY; Lucantin^® Yellow), selected combinations of the above or no carotenoids and holding snapper (mean weight=88 g) in either white or black cages. In a second experiment, all snapper (mean weight=142 g) from Experiment 1 were transferred from black to white, or white to white cages to measure the short‐term effects of cage colour on skin L^*, a^* and b^* colour values. Skin colour was measured after 7 and 14 days, and total carotenoid concentrations were determined after 14 days. Cage colour was the dominant factor affecting the skin lightness of snapper with fish from white cages much lighter than fish from black cages. Diets containing astaxanthin conferred greatest skin pigmentation and there were no differences in redness (a^*) and yellowness (b^*) values between snapper fed 30 or 60 mg astaxanthin kg^?1. Snapper fed astaxanthin in white cages displayed greater skin yellowness than those in black cages. Transferring snapper from black to white cages increased skin lightness but was not as effective as growing snapper in white cages for the entire duration. Snapper fed astaxanthin diets and transferred from black to white cages were less yellow than those transferred from white to white cages despite the improvement in skin lightness (L^*), and the total carotenoid concentration of the skin of fish fed astaxanthin diets was lower in white cages. Diets containing canthaxanthin led to a low level of deposition in the skin while apocarotenoic acid ethyl ester did not alter total skin carotenoid content or skin colour values in snapper. In a third experiment, we examined the effects of dietary astaxanthin (diets had 60 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 or no added carotenoids) and cage colour (black, white, red or blue) on skin colour of snapper (mean weight=88 g) after 50 days. Snapper fed the astaxanthin diet were more yellow when held in red or white cages compared with fish held in black or blue cages despite similar feed intake and growth. The skin lightness (L^* values) was correlated with cage L^* values, with the lightest fish obtained from white cages. The results of this study suggest that snapper should be fed 30 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 in white cages for 50 days to increase lightness and the red colouration prized in Australian markets.     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin source and light manipulation on the skin colour of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

Two experiments were conducted with Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). The first was aimed at determining the dietary level of astaxanthin that improved skin redness (CIE a^*values) of farm‐reared snapper. Farmed snapper (ca. 600 g) fed a commercial diet without carotenoids were moved to indoor tanks and fed the same diet supplemented with 0, 36 or 72 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 (unesterified form as Carophyll Pink?) for nine weeks. Skin redness (CIE a^* values) continued to decrease over time in fish fed the diet without astaxanthin. Snapper fed the diet containing 72 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 were significantly more red than fish fed the diet with 36 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 three weeks after feeding, but skin redness was similar in both groups of fish after 6 and 9 weeks. The second experiment was designed to investigate the interactive effects of dietary astaxanthin source (unesterified form as Carophyll Pink? or esterified form as NatuRose?; 60 mg astaxanthin kg^?1) and degree of shading (0%, 50% and 95% shading from incident radiation) on skin colour (CIE L^*a^*b^*) and skin and fillet astaxanthin content of farmed snapper (ca. 800 g) held in 1 m³ floating cages. After 116 days, there were no significant interactions between dietary treatment and degree of shading for L^*, a^* or b^* skin colour values or the concentration of astaxanthin in the skin. Negligible amounts of astaxanthin were recovered from fillet samples. The addition of shade covers significantly increased skin lightness (L^*), possibly by reducing the effect of melanism in the skin, but there was no difference between the lightness of fish held under either 50% or 95% shade cover (P>0.05).     

室内集约化养虾池以低频率运转水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支

采用低频率运转循环水处理系统(含粗滤器、臭氧仪、气液混合器,蛋白分离器、暗沉淀池等)联用池内设施(微泡曝气增氧机与净水网)开展凡纳滨对虾室内集约化养殖实验。研究了养虾池以水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支。结果表明,养虾水经系统处理后,NO₂-N(53.4%～64.5%)、COD_Mn(53.4%～94.4%)与TAN(31.6%～40.4%)被显著去除,有效改进虾池水质;养殖周期内未换水与用药,虾池主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,7号实验池(100 d)与8号对照池(80 d)主要水化指标变化范围:DO分别为 5.07～6.70 mg/L和4.38～6.94 mg/L,TAN 0.248～0.561 mg/L和0.301～0.794 mg/L,NO₂-N 0.019～0.311 mg/L和0.012～0.210 mg/L,COD_Mn 10.88～21.22 mg/L和11.65～23.34 mg/L。7号池对虾生长指数优于8号池(80 d虾病暴发终止),单位水体产量分别为1.398 kg/m²与0.803 kg/m²。氮磷收支估算结果:7号与8号池饲料氮磷分别占总收入:氮93.70%与92.37%,磷98.77%与99.09%;初始水层与虾苗含氮共占总收入6.30%与7.63%,磷共占1.23%与0.91%。总水层(含排污水)氮磷分别占总输出:氮56.45%与59.86%,磷53.26%与55.79%;收获虾体氮磷分别占总输出:氮37.07%与31.94%,磷21.37%与13.11%。7号池饲料转化率较高;池水渗漏与吸附等共损失氮磷分别占总输出:氮7.00%与9.34%,磷25.37%与31.10%。实验结果表明,虾池以低频率运转循环水处理系统联用池内设施可有效控制水质与虾病,具较高饲料转化率。     

Pigmentation of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (L. 1875), using Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) microalga

A feeding experiment was conducted over 9 weeks with seven groups of 30 (fish per group) unpigmented gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (L. 1875) (initial mean weight = 145.2 ± 12.3 g). Three experimental diets were prepared by adding to a basal diet free of carotenoid (final pigment content of around 40 mg per kg feed): (i) a biomass of the carotenogenic Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta, Volvocales); (ii) a synthetic astaxanthin; and (iii) a mixture (1:1) of microalgal biomass and synthetic astaxanthin. At 3‐week intervals, five fish were sampled from each tank for total carotenoids analysis in skin and muscle. The carotenoid pigments (total amount = 0.4%) identified in the carotenogenic alga were lutein (0.3%), β‐carotene (1.2%), canthaxanthin (36.2%), astaxanthin, free and esterified forms (55.0%), and other pigments (7.3%). Carotenoid pigments were significantly deposited in the four skin zones studied during the feeding trial: the forefront between the eyes, the opercule, along the dorsal fin and in the abdominal area. In the muscle, regardless of the astaxanthin source, the amount of carotenoids measured was very low (less than 1 mg kg^?1) and differences not significant. Moreover, no muscle pigmentation was evident, and there was no variation in the amount of carotenoid analysed in skin tissue, through the trial, for each treatment. It was concluded that supplementing the feed with C. vulgaris would be an acceptable practice in aquaculture to improve the market appeal of the gilthead seabream.     

饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化指标及抗胁迫能力的影响

为了探讨桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）生长性能、体成分、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响，选用初始体重为（1.32±0.01）g的凡纳滨对虾960尾，随机分为6组（每组4个重复，每个重复40尾），分别投喂在基础饲料中添加0、10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮的实验饲料，饲养50 d后测定成活率、生长相关指标、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及抗低氧胁迫能力。结果显示，饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数等无显著影响（P>0.05）。饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾体成分无显著性影响（P>0.05）。添加150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可显著提高凡纳滨对虾血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性（P<0.05）。添加10~300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可显著提高血清和肝脏总抗氧化能力，显著降低肝胰腺丙二醛和脂质过氧化物的含量，添加50 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性（P<0.05）。低氧胁迫2 h时，10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；在低氧胁迫4 h时，10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结果表明，以血清总抗氧化能力为评价指标进行回归分析得出，桑叶黄酮在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜添加量为56.18 mg/kg，添加10~100 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高凡纳滨对虾抗低氧胁迫能力。     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration and feeding period on the skin pigmentation of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

A single‐factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration on the skin colour of snapper. Snapper (mean weight=129 g) were held in white cages and fed one of seven dietary levels of unesterified astaxanthin (0, 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 or 78 mg astaxanthin kg^?1) for 63 days. Treatments comprised four replicate cages, each containing five fish. The skin colour of all fish was quantified using the CIE L^*, a^*, b^* colour scale after 21, 42 and 63 days. In addition, total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of two fish cage^?1 were determined after 63 days. Supplementing diets with astaxanthin strongly affected redness (a^*) and yellowness (b^*) values of the skin at all sampling times. After 21 days, the a^* values increased linearly as the dietary astaxanthin concentration was increased before a plateau was attained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. The b^* values similarly increased above basal levels in all astaxanthin diets. By 42 days, a^* and b^* values increased in magnitude while a plateau remained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. After 63 days, there were no further increases in measured colour values, suggesting that maximum pigmentation was imparted in the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 42 days. Similarly, there were no differences in total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 63 days. The plateaus that occurred in a^* and b^* values, while still increasing in magnitude between 21 and 42 days, indicate that the rate of astaxanthin deposition in snapper is limited and astaxanthin in diets containing >39 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 is not efficiently utilized. Astaxanthin retention after 63 days was greatest from the 13 mg kg^?1 diet; however, skin pigmentation was not adequate. An astaxanthin concentration of 39 mg kg^?1 provided the second greatest retention in the skin while obtaining maximum pigmentation. To efficiently maximize skin pigmentation, snapper growers should commence feeding diets containing a minimum of 39 mg unesterified astaxanthin kg^?1 at least 42 days before sale.