中华原钩虾的胚胎发育及其与水温的关系

采用发育生物学和生态学方法,观察描述了中华原钩虾的胚胎发育过程,研究了胚胎发育与水温的关系。结果显示,中华原钩虾的抱卵量与雌体体长呈正相关,抱卵雌虾通过抱卵板附着胚胎,在育卵袋内孵化幼体。水温15~27°C范围内,随着温度的升高,胚胎发育历期缩短,发育速率加快;21°C恒温条件下,中华原钩虾胚胎发育全程大约需要220 h,离体培养受精卵和亲体抱卵孵化基本同步。根据有效积温法则公式计算出胚胎的发育温度阈为6.02°C,有效积温为137.30°C·d。研究表明,中华原钩虾的前几次卵裂为全裂,后转为表面卵裂,初孵幼体与成体形态相似;温度对其胚胎发育历期和发育速率的影响差异极显著。     

温度对中华原钩虾(Eogammarus possjeticus)摄食率和消化酶活力的影响

采用生理生态学和酶学分析方法,测定了不同温度下中华原钩虾的摄食率和消化酶活力。结果显示,温度对中华原钩虾幼体消化酶活力的影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。在15?25℃范围内,胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶及淀粉酶的活力随培养温度的升高而增加;在20?25℃范围内,胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力均处于较高水平,说明中华原钩虾幼体在此温度范围内具有较好的消化吸收能力。作为甲壳动物食性指标的淀粉酶/类胰蛋白酶活力(A/T)比值在1.2?1.5之间,说明此阶段中华原钩虾幼体偏植物食性。中华原钩虾日摄食率受温度影响显著(P<0.05),在水温20?25℃之间,中华原钩虾幼体具有最大摄食率,其回归方程为：y = ?0.754 x2+33.297 x?277.57 (R2=0.958),最大日摄食率为89.84%。成体在20℃左右达到日摄食率的最大值,其回归方程为：y = ?0.247 x2+10.463 x– 78.287 (R2=0.998),最大日摄食率为32.47%;中华原钩虾幼体和成体饵料吸收率均随温度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,各温度处理组幼体的饵料吸收率均高于成体。根据饵料吸收率回归方程,可得到最大饵料吸收率,幼体为59.86%,成体为56.86%,对应的温度分别为幼体21.30℃、成体21.24℃。因此,20?25℃是培育中华原钩虾的适宜水温范围。     

盐度对克氏原螯虾孵化率的影响

研究了不同盐度对克氏原螯虾受精卵孵化的影响.水温25 ℃条件下,盐度0～8时克氏原螯虾的受精卵均可孵出幼体.但以盐度0～4时孵化率较高,每个亲体平均孵出的幼体数量较多,高出此盐度范围时孵化率明显降低,且随着盐度升高,孵化时间延长.试验表明,0～4的盐度为克氏原螯虾孵化的适宜盐度,孵化率较高,孵化时间较短.     

温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾（Fenneropenaeus meiguiensis）生长与存活的联合效应

采用中心复合设计(CCD)和响应曲面法(RSM),研究了温度(16–35℃)和盐度(5–29)对墨吉明对虾生长与存活的联合效应。结果显示,温度的一次效应和二次效应对墨吉明对虾的特定生长率和存活率具有显著影响(P<0.05);盐度的一次效应对墨吉明对虾的特定生长影响不显著(P>0.05),但对墨吉明对虾存活率的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05);盐度二次效应对特定生长率与存活率具有极显著影响(P<0.01);温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾的生长与存活不存在显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。采用中心复合设计建立了温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾特定生长率和存活率影响的模型方程,该方程的决定系数分别为0.9014、0.9631,校正系数分别为0.8310、0.9367,表明模型具有较好的拟合度,可用于预测墨吉明对虾特定生长率与存活率的变化。通过模型优化和验证实验,得出温度为26.6℃、盐度为15.5时,特定生长率和存活率均达到最大值,分别为1.296%,98.34%,其满意度为0.970。结果显示,墨吉明对虾在工厂化养殖过程中温度为26–27℃、盐度为15–16时,有利于墨吉明对虾的存活与生长。     

温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus meiguiensis)生长与存活的联合效应

采用中心复合设计(CCD)和响应曲面法(RSM),研究了温度(16–35℃)和盐度(5–29)对墨吉明对虾生长与存活的联合效应。结果显示,温度的一次效应和二次效应对墨吉明对虾的特定生长率和存活率具有显著影响(P<0.05);盐度的一次效应对墨吉明对虾的特定生长影响不显著(P>0.05),但对墨吉明对虾存活率的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05);盐度二次效应对特定生长率与存活率具有极显著影响(P<0.01);温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾的生长与存活不存在显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。采用中心复合设计建立了温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾特定生长率和存活率影响的模型方程,该方程的决定系数分别为0.9014、0.9631,校正系数分别为0.8310、0.9367,表明模型具有较好的拟合度,可用于预测墨吉明对虾特定生长率与存活率的变化。通过模型优化和验证实验,得出温度为26.6℃、盐度为15.5时,特定生长率和存活率均达到最大值,分别为1.296%,98.34%,其满意度为0.970。结果显示,墨吉明对虾在工厂化养殖过程中温度为26–27℃、盐度为15–16时,有利于墨吉明对虾的存活与生长。     

日本米虾胚胎发育及离体孵化

本研究采用自制离体孵化装置，对日本米虾(Caridina japonica)不同发育期胚胎进行离体孵化研究，结果显示，水温为25.5℃时，日本米虾受精卵孵化大约需要25 d，发育积温为637.5℃。胚胎发育历经受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、前无节幼体期、后无幼体期、前溞状幼体期和膜内溞状幼体期8个时期。各期离体胚胎均能孵化出幼体，膜内溞状幼体期离体胚胎孵化率最高，为(80.7±2.4)%，非离体孵化的对照组为(79.1±4.9)%，二者差异不显著；卵裂期离体胚胎孵化率最低，为(28.2±2.6)%，与对照组差异显著。各组离体胚胎所孵化出的Ⅰ期(ZⅠ)和Ⅱ期溞状幼体(ZⅡ)的变态率无显著差异。温度对日本米虾前溞状幼体期胚胎离体孵化影响显著，在15.0℃~32.5℃范围内，随水温升高孵化时间逐渐缩短，15.0℃时，前溞状幼体离体孵化时间为(436.8±124.8) h，32.5℃时缩短至(228.0±88.8) h，但温度高于29.0℃时，孵化出的幼体变态率开始下降。本研究可为日本米虾繁殖生物学及甲壳动物胚胎离体孵化技术研究提供参考。     

温度、盐度对黄海北部海月水母碟状幼体生长的影响

试验条件下采用两因素交叉分组法初步研究了温度、盐度及其交互作用对黄海北部海月水母碟状幼体生长的影响。结果表明,温度对海月水母碟状幼体的影响显著,温度10~25℃时,温度越高,海月水母碟状幼体的生长速度越快。25℃为碟状幼体生长的最适温度。海月水母碟状幼体生长的适宜盐度为22~31,在此范围内,不同盐度对碟状幼体生长的影响差异不显著。25为碟状幼体生长的最适盐度。而温度与盐度的交互作用对海月水母碟状幼体生长的影响不显著。     

冬季温度刺激对克氏原螯虾繁育的影响

通过加温刺激克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)雌虾在冬季抱卵,并对卵及幼体在不同水温下的发育过程进行观察。结果显示:经过38 d的加温刺激,在26℃下陆续观察到有虾抱卵,18℃以下未观察到抱卵虾,但该水温能促进雌虾性腺发育。雌虾经加温刺激后所抱卵在18℃,21℃和26℃下均能正常孵化出幼虾。18℃,21℃和26℃下孵化时间分别为(39.67±3.06)d,(28.33±2.52)d和(15.00±2.00)d,孵化所需时间随着温度的提升而减少(P<0.05)。孵化的幼虾经45 d养殖后,在18℃,21℃和26℃下体长分别为(1.90±0.25)cm,(2.73±0.38)cm和(3.78±0.70)cm,体重分别为(0.223±0.100)g,(0.688±0.331)g和(2.145±1.272)g。18℃,21℃水温下的幼虾在此生长阶段为非异速生长(b=3),26℃水温下的幼虾为异速生长(b>3)。在3种温度下,幼体生长速度随温度的升高明显加快(P<0.05)。     

青虾工厂化、规模化人工育苗技术研究

从白洋淀水产种质资源保护区捕获的抱卵虾中挑选出200 kg作为孵化用亲虾,经10²0 d培育,受精卵破膜孵化出幼体。自然水温(2020 d培育,受精卵破膜孵化出幼体。自然水温(20³0℃)条件下,青虾初孵幼体经2530℃)条件下,青虾初孵幼体经25³0 d的培育,生长发育成体长1.030 d的培育,生长发育成体长1.0¹.5 cm的仔虾。2013年,利用450 m3水体共培育仔虾4 800万尾,培育密度最高达15.6万尾/m3,最低6.8万尾/m3,平均11.1万尾/m3。     

低盐度条件下罗氏沼虾人工育苗试验

在水温30的条件下,用8个盐度梯度(4、7、10、13、16、19、22、25)的育苗用水进行罗氏沼虾人工育苗对比试验,结果表明:在7￣13的盐度范围内,罗氏沼虾幼体生长发育正常,变态时间均值为181d,而过高或过低盐度明显延长变态时间,且存活率很低;用淡水孵化罗氏沼虾幼体,每天增加盐度2￣10,幼体的生长发育和变态与育苗盐度始终保持在10的对照组相比没有显著差异;罗氏沼虾在盐度为10的水体中孵化并发育到第期后,每天降低盐度2直到变态,幼体变态时间平均缩短2￣3d,且变态同步性较高。研究表明,罗氏沼虾幼体对盐度变化有较强的适应能力,因此在低盐度条件下进行罗氏沼虾生产性育苗是可行的,本研究可明显节约罗氏沼虾育苗过程中的海水用量,降低育苗成本,为内陆地区大面积推广罗氏沼虾养殖提供了一定的技术依据。     

盐度对棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

观察比较了11个盐度梯度[0、5、10、15、20、25、30(自然海水)、35、40、45、50]下,棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lueidus)胚胎的沉浮情况、孵化时间、孵化率和畸形率,并测定了初孵仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI)。结果表明:(1)棘头梅童鱼胚胎在海水盐度为30及以上时100%漂浮;盐度为25时,95%漂浮,5%悬浮;盐度为20时95%悬浮,5%沉底;盐度为15时95%沉底,5%悬浮;盐度为10及以下时100%沉底。在水温18～20℃的条件下,棘头梅童鱼胚胎在盐度5～40范围内经28～32 h能孵化出仔鱼,盐度对孵化时间影响不显著(P>0.05)。但孵化率和畸形率因盐度不同而有显著差异。综合分析表明棘头梅童鱼胚胎孵化的适宜盐度范围为15～35,孵化最适盐度范围在20～30之间。(2)在可孵出鱼苗盐度范围(5～40)内,棘头梅童鱼仔鱼SAI值为(1.80±0.03)～(11.85±0.02),与卵的孵化率呈正相关关系。仔鱼生存的适宜生长盐度为10～30,最适盐度范围为20～25。     

盐度对杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化和卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响

为了研究盐度对褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)♀×清水石斑鱼(Epinephelus polyphekadion)♂杂交后代(简称杂交石斑鱼)受精卵孵化、卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响,将杂交石斑鱼受精卵置于不同盐度水体中,观察盐度胁迫下卵径、油球径、孵化率及畸形率,以及孵化后卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化和活力状况。结果表明,在本研究条件下,受精卵卵径随盐度降低而增大,油球径不随盐度变化而变化。在盐度18~36范围内均能孵化仔鱼,但因盐度不同孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率有显著差异(P0.05);随盐度升高,孵化率呈先升后降的变化,初孵仔鱼畸形率则相反。盐度24~36组孵化后3 d仔鱼卵黄囊几乎完全消耗,组间无显著差异(P0.05)。在盐度24~36范围内,随着盐度的增加,仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI值)呈先升后降的变化曲线;盐度30~33范围内,初孵仔鱼SAI值大于5;5日龄仔鱼全部死亡,半数死亡时间出现在孵化后3.5 d。综上分析表明,该杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化及仔鱼培育的适宜盐度范围为24~36,最适盐度范围为30~33。     

温度和盐度对鞍带石斑鱼受精卵发育及仔鱼成活率的影响

研究了在8个盐度梯度(18.3‰、19.7‰、21.2‰、23.5‰、25.6‰、27.1‰、29.5‰和31.7‰)下鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceol受精卵和仔鱼在水中的分布状态、出膜率和仔鱼存活率;在9个温度梯度(18℃、20℃、22℃、24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、33℃和35℃)下,其受精卵孵化率、畸形率和仔鱼成活率。结果表明:(1)在水温为25~26℃,当盐度≤25.6‰时,受精卵表现为沉性;当盐度≥27.1‰时,受精卵表现为浮性。仔鱼的分布与受精卵有相似的特点,当盐度≤21.2‰时仔鱼分布在底层水体;当盐度≥27.1‰时,仔鱼集中分布在上层水体。(2)以孵化率和成活率为指标,鞍带石斑鱼孵化的适宜盐度范围为21.2‰~31.7‰,最适盐度范围为25.6‰~31.7‰。在盐度为31.7‰时仔鱼成活率最高达到75.9%。(3)鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育的适温范围是26~30℃。28℃时受精卵孵化率、仔鱼成活率均最高,畸形率最低。     

Effects of salinity on Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus from fertilization to juvenile settlement

The Brazilian flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus, is a promising candidate for aquaculture, especially due to the euryhalinity demonstrated experimentally for large juveniles (3 g) and sub-adults. Flounder are observed in estuaries and were already reared in fresh and salt water, however little is known with respect of salinity tolerance during their early development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of salinity from fertilization to juvenile settlement. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity. In trial 1 adult flounder were captured in the wild, transferred to the laboratory and induced to spawn. The gametes were hand striped, split in four samples and fertilized with water at 10, 15, 25, and 35‰. Eggs were considered fertilized when the first cell divisions were observed under the microscope. For the trial 2 newly hatched larvae were reared in four salinities (5, 10, 20, and 30‰) and their growth and survival were observed until metamorphosis. In trial 3 larvae and juvenile of different ages (6, 16, 30, 45, and 60 dah — days after hatching) were evaluated for their tolerance to fresh water. Although the fertilization rate was directly proportional to salinity, hatching was successful only in full salt water. Larvae did not survive in low salinity water (5‰) longer than 6 days, whereas growth was improved when larvae were reared at 20 and 30‰. Young larvae cannot survive in salinities below 4‰, but at 30 dah juvenile presented 100% survival in fresh water. The present findings demonstrate the need for high salinity water (30–35‰) for the successful reproduction and incubation of P. orbignyanus eggs. Flounder can be reared successfully at intermediate salinities (20‰) during larviculture, but at lower salinities (5 and 10‰) their survival and growth are impaired. However, immediately after flounder metamorphose into juveniles they survive even in fresh water, demonstrating the strong euryhalinity of this species even at early stages of development.     

温度、盐度对条石鲷胚胎发育影响及初孵仔鱼饥饿耐受力

研究了盐度、温度对条石鲷胚胎发育的影响和初孵仔鱼对饥饿的耐受力。结果表明，胚胎发育的适宜盐度范围为20～35，最适盐度范围为25～30，孵化率都在89%以上，盐度低于20或高于35，孵化率都降低。盐度对孵化时间有一定影响，盐度高于35或者低于15条件下孵化时间都延长。胚胎发育的适宜温度范围为21～27℃，孵化率都在77%以上，最适温度范围为23～25℃，孵化率达89%以上，低于19℃或者高于27℃时孵化率降低且初孵仔鱼畸形率升高。胚胎孵化时间与温度成负相关关系，胚胎发育速率与温度成正相关关系。条石鲷胚胎发育的生物学零度（阈温度）为10.06℃，有效积温值为405.3℃·h。对胚胎发育的Q10值进行了计算。饥饿条件下，条石鲷初孵仔鱼8日龄全部死亡，半数死亡时间出现在第6天，饥饿对初孵仔鱼生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

温度和盐度对日本黄姑鱼胚胎发育的影响

为了确定日本黄姑鱼（Nibea japonica）胚胎孵化的最适水温和盐度，采用不同水温和盐度对日本黄姑鱼受精卵进行了孵化试验。结果显示，在盐度为30的条件下，日本黄姑鱼受精卵在14～28℃范围内均能正常孵化，最适孵化水温为18～20℃。孵化时数与温度呈幂函数相关，孵化时间随温度升高而缩短。盐度试验表明，在水温为18℃的条件下，日本黄姑鱼受精卵在盐度25—32的海水中呈悬浮或者半悬浮状态，在盐度14～45范围内均能孵化，适宜孵化盐度为26～32。盐度对初孵仔鱼全长有显著影响，盐度较低组仔鱼全长显著大于高盐度组（P〈0．05）。     

Effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival of New Zealand shortfin,Anguilla australis,and longfin,A. dieffenbachii,glass eels

The ideal water conditions for maximizing the performance of the nursery culture of glass eels harvested from the wild for aquaculture need to be determined for the New Zealand shortfin (Anguilla australis) and longfin (Anguilla dieffenbachii) eels. This study determined the survival and growth of glass eels reared under different temperature and salinity conditions in the laboratory. The growth and survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels reared in salt water (35‰) maintained at 25 °C was examined over 84 days from capture. The mean specific growth rate (SGR) was higher in shortfin [2.30±0.29% body weight (b.w.) day^?1] than longfin glass eels (1.52±0.06% b.w. day^?1), and survival was also higher in shortfin (76.0±4.16%) than for longfin glass eels (28.7±6.36%). A second experiment identified the effect of salinity (0, 17.5‰ and 35‰) and temperature (17.5 and 26.5 °C) on the acclimation, growth performance and survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels over a period of 84 days from capture. There was no incidence of mortality for either shortfin or longfin glass eels reared across all salinity treatments (0‰, 17.5‰ and 35‰) at 26.5 °C, while survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels reared at 17.5 °C was the highest in 17.5‰, followed by 35‰ and 0‰ treatments. Both temperature and salinity affected the SGR of shortfin glass eels, with the highest SGR observed for shortfin glass eels reared in 0‰ water maintained at 26.5 °C. In longfin glass eels, salinity alone had an effect on the SGR, with the highest SGR observed in glass eels reared in 0‰ water regardless of the water temperature (17.5 and 26.5 °C). In addition, the adaptability of glass eels to salinity was evaluated from the development and the physiological responses of gill chloride cell (CC) morphology. The number and size of CCs increased significantly with increasing salinity in both shortfin and longfin eels.     

The effect of salinity on growth and survival of juvenile black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri)

Growth and survival of juvenile black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) were determined at salinities from 0 to 60 ppt (in 12-ppt increments) and from 0 to 12 ppt (in 4-ppt increments) in two separate trials of 6 and 4 months duration, respectively. Juvenile black bream were able to survive and grow at salinities ranging from freshwater (0 ppt) to 48 ppt. Osmotic stress was evident at 60 ppt, however, survival was not significantly affected. Fish reared at 24 ppt in trial 1 had a specific growth rate of 2.34±0.03%/day, a rate significantly higher only to those fish reared at 60 ppt (2.16±0.04%/day). Growth was greater at 24 ppt in association with the highest food intake and most efficient FCR. Although both food intake and FCR were not significantly higher than those obtained with fish reared at 12, 36 and 48 ppt, the combination of the two factors being optimised at 24 ppt lead to the greatest growth. Analysis of data from the second trial found no significant difference in the growth rate of black bream reared at salinities ranging from freshwater to 12 ppt, with SGR ranging from 1.92±0.05%/day to 2.05±0.02%/day. Variable results in freshwater between the two trials suggested that total hardness of freshwater may influence survival and/or an ontogenetic change in salinity tolerance may occur.     

盐度与pH对花鲈孵化、初孵仔鱼成活及早期幼鱼生长性能的影响

为探究我国北方海域花鲈繁育适宜盐度和pH处理的设定,及促进早期花鲈苗种推广,本研究针对不同盐度(0、15、20、25、30、35和40)与pH(5.5、6.5、7.5、8.5和9.5)条件下,北方人工繁殖花鲈受精卵的孵化率、畸形率及饥饿10 d后的存活情况进行了分析,并对花鲈初孵仔鱼进行不投饵耐饥饿实验,记录每日存活率(SR)及最终生存活力指数(SAI)。最后观测低盐0、养殖盐度30与高盐45对花鲈早期幼鱼生长性能的影响。结果显示,北方海域花鲈受精卵适宜孵化盐度为20~35,以盐度25组孵化率最高,适宜pH为6.5~7.5,以pH 6.5组孵化率最高。低盐15组中,具最低的孵化率及最高的畸形率,但在最终饥饿SR的统计中,低盐15组的SR及SAI明显高于盐度30与35组,推测低盐15接近花鲈体液等渗点,降低了渗透调节中的能量消耗,更利于存活。初孵仔鱼饥饿实验中,盐度20组SR下降相对平缓,在第8天仍有12.66%的SR(其他组已为0)。饥饿1 d时,各pH组SR均小于90%,以pH 6.5组SR最高,为89.11%。与盐度处理组相比,花鲈初孵仔鱼对pH变化较为敏感,其孵化率及最终SR显著低于盐度处理组。花鲈早期幼鱼盐度处理组中,低盐0与高盐45将对此规格花鲈幼鱼产生较大损伤,以高盐45抑制最显著,应为苗种盐度推广的上限,而花鲈生长盐度30与各处理盐度相比,较适合花鲈早期幼鱼的生长。研究结果将为北方海域花鲈繁育适宜盐度和pH处理的设定,及提高花鲈孵化率、育苗成活率与早期苗种推广提供基础资料。     

NaCl盐度和NaHCO3碱度对大鳞鲃幼鱼生长及鳃组织特征的影响

在水温22~25℃的条件下,研究不同盐度、碱度水体对大鳞(Barbus capito)幼鱼生长、摄食和鳃组织的影鲃响,探索了幼鱼生长的最适条件.单因素盐度梯度值设置为0(对照组)、2.0、4.0、6.1、7.8、10.0和11.9,实验结果表明,当盐度高于6.1时,大鳞幼鱼的体长和体质量受到显著影响(P<0.05);盐度2.0时幼鱼的终末体质量值最鲃大;盐度4.0时体质量特定增长率和饵料转化效率最高,盐度11.9时均降至最低;盐度到达7.8时对幼鱼生长有抑制作用,依据理论公式推算,幼鱼的最适生长盐度应为1.88.单因素碱度梯度值为10.00、15.83、25.10、39.80和63.12 mmol/L,碱度高于25.10 mmol/L时对幼鱼的体质量、饵料转化效率及总摄食量均有显著影响(P<0.05);碱度15.83 mmol/L时幼鱼的终末体质量、体质量生长率和饵料转化效率值最高,碱度63.12 mmol/L时最低.碱度到达39.80 mmol/L时对幼鱼生长有抑制作用,依据理论公式推算,幼鱼的最适生长碱度为20.57 mmol/L.从鳃组织的显微结构观察结果来看,随着盐度和碱度的升高,鳃小片上皮细胞出现肿胀、脱落和坏死的现象,泌氯细胞的体积膨胀,从而影响了幼鱼的生长.综上所述,大鳞幼鱼期,养殖盐度不宜超过6.1,碱度不超过25.10 mmol/L.鲃