维生素C、E及高度不饱和脂肪酸交互作用对克氏原螯虾繁殖性能的影响

在室内,将体质量20~40g的克氏原螯虾饲养在50cm×40cm×40cm的水族箱中,投喂7种饲料:基础饲料(对照组,试验饲料1);基础饲料+0.5%维生素C+0.02%维生素E+8%高度不饱和脂肪酸(含6%秘鲁鱼油和2%大豆卵磷脂)(试验饲料2);基础饲料+0.5%维生素C+0.02%维生素E(试验饲料3);基础饲料+8%高度不饱和脂肪酸(试验饲料4);基础饲料+0.02%维生素E(试验饲料5);基础饲料+0.5%维生素C(试验饲料6);2#青虾全价颗粒饲料(粗蛋白≥30%)(试验饲料7),每组饲料设置3个重复,研究了在饲料中添加维生素C、E及高度不饱和脂肪酸对克氏原螯虾培育成活率、抱卵率、抱卵量及孵化率的影响。76d的繁育结果表明,7组试验饲料对克氏原螯虾亲虾的培育成活率影响不显著(P0.05)。试验饲料2组亲虾的抱卵率(75%)和孵化率(82.8%)最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料2组、3组、5组、6组亲虾的相对抱卵量差异不明显(P0.05),显著高于饲料4组(仅添加高度不饱和脂肪酸)、1组(P0.05),添加维生素C、维生素E的饲料3组的亲虾相对抱卵量最高,亲虾平均抱卵18粒/g,仅添加高度不饱和脂肪酸的饲料4组,亲虾培育成活率及相对抱卵量较低。结果表明,维生素C、维生素E和高度不饱和脂肪酸具有交互作用,能提高克氏原螯虾的繁殖性能。     

维生素E对克氏原螯虾生殖的影响

实验用不同的维生素E(VE)含量的饲料投喂克氏原螯虾亲虾,研究对其繁殖性能的影响,目的是为研制亲虾的人工饲料提供指导.结果显示,在添加VE量分别为基础饲料干重的0%、0.004%、0.02%、0.1%和0.5%的5个饲料组中,0.02%VE组不仅可以增加产卵雌虾的数量比例,而且也能提高克氏原螯虾雌虾的产卵量.随着VE含量的升高,产卵雌虾的比例呈下降趋势,单个雌虾的产卵量与0.02%VE组差不多,这表明饲料中适当添加VE可促进克氏原螯虾产卵,但饲料中VE含量过高对克氏原螯虾的繁殖产生负面影响.在饲料中添加适量的VE能够提高亲虾繁殖能力,方法简单,效果明显,适合规模化生产的需要,可以推广.     

湖北地区温棚养殖与稻田养殖克氏原螯虾生长特性研究

2018年12月—2019年3月间,定期从温棚养殖和稻田养殖的克氏原螯虾中采集599尾样本,测量克氏原螯虾的体质量(y)、全长(x1)、头胸甲长(x2)、头胸甲宽(x3)、腹节总长(x4)、第一腹节长(x5)、第一腹节宽(x6)、尾节长(x7)、第六腹节长(x8)、第六腹节宽(x9)和螯长(x10),探明温棚养殖幼虾与稻田养殖幼虾以及温棚养殖雌雄幼虾的生长特性,以期为克氏原螯虾温棚养殖及单性养殖提供参考。试验结果表明,克氏原螯虾全长(L)和体质量(m)呈幂函数,回归方程为:m=0.0209L3.1132;温棚养殖和稻田养殖克氏原螯虾幼虾均在2—3月生长最快,1月生长最慢;克氏原螯虾幼虾各时期各生长指标温棚养殖幼虾均大于稻田养殖幼虾,至3月,温棚养殖的克氏原螯虾体质量接近稻田养殖的2倍;在温度较低的12月—翌年2月期间,温棚养殖的克氏原螯虾幼虾的平均体质量增加率比稻田养殖的克氏原螯虾幼虾的平均体质量增加率高14.00%,温棚养殖的克氏原螯虾幼虾全长平均增长率比稻田养殖的高3.96%。温棚养殖的各时期雄虾体质量均略高于雌虾,但差异不显著(P>0.05);在所有生长指标中,只有雄性克氏原螯虾螯长一直大于雌性,且自12月后,雌、雄虾螯长间一直存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

蛋白质水平及能量蛋白比对克氏原螯虾生长与蛋白酶活力的影响

用3种不同蛋白质水平及能量蛋白比(E/P)水平饲料投喂克氏原螯虾,分析比较不同饲料对克氏原螯虾生长及蛋白酶活力的影响.试验结果表明,当饲料蛋白质水平为31.86%、E/P为35.85 kJ/g时,克氏原螯虾生长最快.随着饲料蛋白质含的上升, 克氏原螯虾肠蛋白酶活力无显著变化(P＞0.05),肝胰脏、胃蛋白酶活力显著增强(P＜0.05);饲料E/P水平未引起胃、肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶活力的显著变化(P＞0.05),当饲料蛋白质水平为31.47%、E/P为40.42 kJ/g时,克氏原螯虾蛋白酶活力最高.     

维生素C对克氏原螯虾肝胰腺非特异性免疫的影响

为探究维生素C作为饲料添加剂短期投喂克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)对其肝胰腺非特异性免疫的影响,并寻找出最适的添加量,将规格相同(27 g±3 g)、健康无伤的克氏原螯虾暂养7 d后分5组,对照组投喂基础饲料,4个试验组投喂的饲料为在基础饲料中添加维生素C(添加量分别:0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 g/kg)。投喂5 d后,取试验虾肝胰腺进行免疫相关酶活指标的测定,结果显示:添加0.2 g/kg的维生素C可以显著提升克氏原螯虾肝胰腺中SOD、CAT、T-AOC等抗氧化酶的活性,对于免疫酶ACP、AKP的活力依然有显著提升作用。并且对于肝胰腺中MDA的含量有降低作用(P<0.05)。0.4 g/kg添加组,能够显著提升肝胰腺中CAT活力,并且显著降低MDA含量(P<0.05)。由此可以得出在饲料中添加0.2~0.4 g/kg维生素C可以在一定程度上提升克氏原螯虾肝胰腺的非特异性免疫。     

不同含量螺旋藻饲料对克氏原螯虾两种消化酶的影响

在克氏原螯虾饲料中设置了0～8%共6个梯度的螺旋藻添加量,投喂成年及幼年虾35 d后,测定螯虾肠胃道蛋白酶和纤维素酶.结果表明:各梯度螺旋藻添加量下,幼虾胃蛋白酶活力和纤维素酶活力均显著高于成虾,但螯虾虾龄对消化酶的变化趋势并无明显影响.螯虾胃蛋白酶活力和纤维素酶活力升高的螺旋藻最低有效添加量分别为0.5%和2%,并分别在1%和2%螺旋藻添加量下达到一较高水平,此后随螺旋藻含量增加,两种酶活力仍随之升高,效果虽然不显著,但也一直维持在这一较高水平上.     

维生素C对克氏原螯虾生长及非特异性免疫机能的影响

为探讨维生素C对克氏原螯虾生长及非特异性免疫机能的影响,以初始体质量(3.19±0.06)g的克氏原螯虾为试验对象,分别投喂维生素C添加量为0(对照),30、60、120、240和480 mg/kg的等能等氮饲料,进行为期60 d的养殖试验。结果表明,饲料维生素C添加水平对克氏原螯虾的存活率(SR)、肝胰腺指数(HSI)、肥满度(CF)及饲料系数(FCR)没有显著影响(P0.05),增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)随饲料维生素C含量增加先上升后下降,其中120 mg/kg组增重率和特定生长率显著高于其他各组(P0.05);克氏原螯虾血浆溶菌酶(LZM)活性以120 mg/kg组最高,且显著高于其他各组(P0.05),酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性变化趋势一致,均以120 mg/kg组最高,显著高于除480 mg/kg组外的其他各组(P0.05);克氏原螯虾肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不受维生素C添加水平影响(P0.05),肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随饲料中维生素C含量的增加先升高后降低,120 mg/kg组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),120 mg/kg组肝胰腺丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。可见,饲料中适量的维生素C(120 mg/kg)可促进克氏原螯虾生长,提高机体免疫和抗氧化能力。     

用稳定性同位素技术分析稻—虾系统中不同“碳/氮”投喂方式对克氏原螯虾食性的影响

为改善克氏原螯虾在稻—虾共作模式下对稻田中丰富自然资源的利用效率,本研究通过在饲料中添加碳源(麸皮、葡萄糖)调节饲料"碳/氮"(C/N)分别为8,12,16三个组别进行投喂,利用稳定性同位素技术分析各组克氏原螯虾的食性。结果显示,(1)不同C/N投喂组中不同规格成虾肌肉中的δ13C和δ15N值均较本底显著降低,成虾肌肉的δ13C值随投喂饲料C/N的增加而下降,B组不同规格成虾肌肉的δ15N值均较其他两组高。同一C/N投喂处理组中,1级小规格成虾肌肉的δ13C和δ15N值均为最高。(2)通过食性分析,组A中不同规格的克氏原螯虾的第一食物来源均为饲料,占比38.03%～44.17%,组B中饲料仍为不同规格克氏原螯虾的第一食物来源,但是占比下降为22.13%～25.35%,组C中1级小规格成虾中有机碎屑为第一食物来源,占19.93%,2级中规格成虾及3级大规格成虾的第一食物来源饲料进一步下降为18.85%和19.40%,组B及组C中浮游动物、藻类、喜旱莲子草等天然饵料食物来源占比均较组A显著增加。研究表明,通过优化C/N的投喂模式,可以提高克氏原螯虾对于稻田天然饵料的利用率,避免饲料的过度使用和浪费,有利于实现对稻田资源的合理利用。     

饲料脂肪水平对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长性能及肌肉品质的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲料脂肪水平对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)幼虾生长性能和肌肉品质的影响。实验选取600尾初始体重为(4.00±1.00) g的克氏原螯虾幼虾，随机分为5组(L1、L2、L3、L4和L5组)，分别投喂脂肪水平为2.86%、5.11%、7.67%、10.19%和13.02%的等氮实验饲料，养殖周期为60 d。结果显示，随着脂肪水平的升高，特定生长率(SGR)呈先升高后降低的趋势(P<0.05)，饲料系数(FCR)呈先降低后升高的趋势(P<0.05)，L3组的FCR显著低于其余组(P<0.05)；对SGR进行折线回归分析，得出最适脂肪含量为6.82%。饲料脂肪水平对克氏原螯虾肌肉的水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)；随着饲料脂肪水平的增加，肌肉的蒸煮损失率、粗脂肪含量、总多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)和总氨基酸(∑TAA)含量呈上升趋势，L5组的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)显著高于其余组，L5组的二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著高于L1和L2组(P<0.05)；随着饲料脂肪水平的增加，肌肉硬度、弹性、凝聚性和黏性呈下降趋势，且L1~L3组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)，L5组的总鲜味氨基酸(∑FAA)、丙氨酸(Ala)及天门冬氨酸(Asp)的含量显著低于L1组(P<0.05)。综上所述，适宜的饲料脂肪含量可以提高克氏原螯虾幼虾的生长性能和肌肉的营养品质，在本实验条件下，克氏原螯虾幼虾饲料中脂肪的建议添加量为6.82%~10.19%。     

亚硝酸盐和硫化物对克氏原螯虾幼虾的毒性效应研究

采用静水法生物测试,研究了亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)和硫化物(S2-)对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)幼虾急性毒性效应。实验结果表明,克氏原螯虾幼虾的死亡率随着NO2--N和S2-浓度的升高和暴露时间的延长而显著上升。NO2--N对克氏原螯虾幼虾24、48、72、96h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为108.09、90.08、73.02、69.74mg/L。S2-对克氏原螯虾幼虾24、48、72、96h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为12.96、9.57、7.62、4.63mg/L。克氏原螯虾幼虾对NO2--N和S2-的安全浓度(SC)分别为6.97mg/L和0.46mg/L,为相应渔业水质标准的35倍和2.3倍,说明克氏原螯虾对NO2--N和S2-的毒性具有一定的耐受力,且对NO2--N的耐受能力强于S2-。     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Hatchability, and Growth of African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus,Eggs and Larvae

Abstract

Effects of salinity on embryonic development and growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, eggs and larvae were studied. Eggs were incubated at 27-29°C in 2,4,6,8, and 10 ppt sodium chloride. Rate of embryonic development was delayed in all salt solutions by 15, 15,28 and 30 minutes, in 2,4,6, and 8 ppt sodium chloride, respectively, when compared with the control group (0% salt); total mortality occurred at 12 hours after gastrula stage in the 10 ppt concentration. Percentage hatching was 45.1,47.7, 59.5,49.2, and 26.6% while percentage deformity was 10.4, 16.1, 52.0, 28.6, and 71.6% in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppt salt treatments, respectively. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the hatching percentage and in deformity percentage between 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of yolk absorption was significantly faster in the control and 2 ppt salt treatments, but slower in 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of increase in length was slower with increasing salinity. The optimum salinity for African catfish eggs and was between 0-2 ppt and acceptable up to 6 ppt. The results suggest that increasing salinity delayed hatching and development of African catfish eggs and larvae, respectively, as well as increased the deformity of the larvae.     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Influence of density and background color to stress response, appetite, growth, and blind-side hypermelanosis of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

To study the relevance of density and background color to stress response, appetite, and growth in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we reared two duplicate groups of juveniles (total length 4.46 ± 0.06 cm, body weight 0.77 ± 0.03 g) in flat-bottom aquaria with dark-green (control) and white backgrounds for 120 days. We measured cortisol and glucose levels in blood and calculated the daily food intake, food conversion efficiency, survival rate, and growth rate. To study the relevance of density and background color to malpigmentation (hypermelanosis) on the blind side, we also compared malpigmented ratios and prepro-melanin-concentrating hormone mRNA activities in the brain between the dark-green and white background groups, as well as between a relatively lower density (60 days) and higher density (120 days). Although we measured relatively higher levels of cortisol and glucose in the white background group and over 200 % of coverage area [PCA]), the bright background failed to induce an acute stress response of more than 20 ng/ml cortisol and 40 mg/dl glucose both in 60 days and 120 days, but did enhance appetite and growth. Also, a bright background color delayed hyperpigmentation only at a low density below 200 % PCA, but did not inhibit malpigmentation at a high density of more than 200 % PCA. In addition, below 200 % PCA, expression of MCH mRNA was significantly higher in the white group, but the level was reversed and was lower in the white group at more than 200 % PCA. In conclusion, although did not induce a high stress response over 200 % PCA, the bright background color resulted in a moderate increasing of cortisol level in blood below 20 ng/ml and enhanced appetite and growth. Moreover, at a density below 200 % PCA, the bright color inhibited hypermelanosis with high MCH mRNA activity, but at more than 200 % PCA did not inhibit malpigmentation, and the fish showed low MCH mRNA activity, indicating that the inhibitory effect of a bright background color on hypermelanosis is density dependent.     

Compositional differences,antioxidant activity,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition,and sensory characteristics of kamaboko fermented in wheat,rice, brown rice,and soybean koji

Fisheries Science - Fermentation of kamaboko in koji with wheat (KW), rice (KR), brown rice (KB), or soybean (KS) was performed by simulation of tofuyo processing. Moisture and protein content...     

Effects of Dietary Savory and Myrtle Essential Oils on Growth,Survival, Nutritional Indices,Serum Biochemistry,and Hematology of Farmed Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Fry

The effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Effects of levamisole,echinacea, and thyme oral administration on growth factors,blood parameters,and immunity in beluga,Huso huso

A total of 180 fish (95.50 g) were fed with 0.1% levamisole, 0.5% thyme, and 0.5% echinacea crude extract for 60 days. The control group received no stimulant. The results of growth parameters indicated a significant positive effect of levamisole in comparison with the control group, though it was not significantly different from echinacea and thyme treatments (P > 0.05). No mortalities were observed in the treatments. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the treatments. The highest numbers of white and red blood cells and the greatest amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were detected in the levamisole treatment, showing significant differences with the other groups in the percentage of hemoglobin only (P < 0.05). The highest levels of MCH and MCHC were also measured in the levamisole treatment. Differential count of white blood cells revealed no significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte levels with the control. There was a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophil in the levamisole treatment alone. No significant differences were recorded in total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes. Levamisole treatment displayed the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase and lysozyme as well as the greatest amount of immunoglobulin. So 0.1 levamisole yielded better results in the growth, blood, and immunity parameters and can be used as a stimulant without injuring body organs.     

Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis infestations of dogs and cats. Biology of the agent, epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and control

A review is presented of the biology, epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of canine and feline Ctenocephalides canis and C. felis infestation. Also data are given on the prevalence of fleas in dogs and cats during a year at the 1st Animal Medical Hospital, Munich Veterinary Faculty. 5.5% of the dogs and 18.9% of the cats were infested with fleas.