基于叶绿素a时空分布的胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔养殖容量评估

2017年7月~2019年4月期间，本研究采用大面观测、现场模拟实验与生长情况跟踪相结合的手段，基于Dame指标和Herman模型估算了胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的养殖容量。结果显示，调查期间，胶州湾水体的叶绿素a浓度为2.09~4.28 mg/m3，均值为3.07 mg/m3；不同规格(壳长2.29~3.59 cm)的菲律宾蛤仔单位个体的平均滤水率为0.45 L/(h?ind.)，单位重量菲律宾蛤仔的平均滤水率为2.52 L/(g?h)；菲律宾蛤仔1龄、2龄和3龄的平均干重分别为0.18、0.30和0.42 g；胶州湾的水团停留时间为52 d，初级生产时间为1.58 d，贝类滤水时间为2.09 d；1龄、2龄和3龄蛤仔的养殖容量分别为637、378和272 ind./m2。目前，菲律宾蛤仔养殖量已超过养殖容量，建议若以2龄蛤为采捕对象，适宜的播苗密度为582 ind./m2；若以3龄蛤为采捕对象，适宜的播苗密度为789 ind./m2。本研究结果可为保障胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔养殖产业的绿色高质量发展提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔面盘幼虫生物学特性研究

2006年5～9月,通过浮游拖网调查对胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔面盘幼虫(D形幼虫)生物学特性进行研究,结果表明:移植底播菲律宾蛤仔面盘幼虫壳长、壳高呈线性相关,与其它蛤仔种群面盘幼虫差异显著。     

菲律宾蛤仔对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响

营养盐在沉积物-水界面的扩散影响菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的底播、菲律宾蛤仔和鳗草实生苗的互作，推测菲律宾蛤仔规格、丰度和活动稳定性影响营养盐的扩散。将不同丰度、规格的菲律宾蛤仔置入沉积物中，室内培养19天，并于第13、19天，研究营养盐在沉积物-水界面的交换通量。菲律宾蛤仔生物量、规格和丰度、活跃性影响营养盐在沉积物-水界面的交换通量，第13天，NO^-₂-N、NH₃-N、TN交换通量受菲律宾蛤仔规格影响，NO^-₂-N和NH₃-N交换通量随菲律宾蛤仔规格增大而增大。第13天和19天，NO^-₂-N、NH₃-N、TN、PO₄^3--P交换通量受菲律宾蛤仔丰度影响，随菲律宾蛤仔丰度增大而增大。因此，评估滤食性贝类环境容量、贝类与海草的互作时，需考虑贝类生物量、规格和丰度的作用。     

菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）低温保活方法的研究↑（*）

本文在菲律宾蛤仔（Ｒｕｄｉｔａｐｅｓ ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎａｒｕｍ）生物学研究基础上，对菲律宾蛤仔在 ２７． ０～－１． ７℃范围内不同温度条件下的存活率，失重率及保活过程中的化学变化等进行了系统的分析研究，确定了菲律宾蛤仔的保活工艺和方法。结果表明，（１）菲律宾蛤仔的最肥季节为每年的 ３～ ７月，出肉率（干物计）最高可达 １０％；（２）最低保活温度为－１．７℃；（３）－１．０～－１．７℃可保活１３天，存活率９１％；（４）－１．０～１．７℃保活，保活时间最长，失重率也低，主要化学成分无显著变化。     

菲律宾蛤仔低温保活方法的研究

本文在菲律宾蛤仔生物学研究基础上，对菲律宾蛤仔在２７．０￣－１．７℃范围内不同温度条件下的存活率，失重率及保活过程中的化学变化等进行了系统的分析研究，确定了菲律宾蛤仔的保活工艺和方法。结果表明，（１）菲律宾蛤仔的最肥季节为每年的３￣７月，出肉率（干物计）最高可达１０％；（２）最低保活温度为－１．７℃；（３）－１．０￣－１．７℃可保活１３天，存活率９１％；（４）－１．０￣１．７℃保活，保活时间最长，     

菲律宾蛤仔的生长发育

本文以菲律宾蛤仔的受精卵孵化、蛤苗培育至成贝生长等阶段的发育生长速度为主要研究对象。文中系统地记述了菲律宾蛤仔的胚胎发育、浮游幼虫培育、幼苗至成贝诸阶段的生长发育速度、生长特点以及亲蛤的繁殖能力。经1978—81年三年暂养试验表明，9月底将亲蛤暂养于池塘内并适当地控制生态条件，能使亲蛤的性腺保持三个月不排放精卵，从而可延长繁殖期，做到有计划地分批催产和育苗。1至3龄亲蛤都能繁殖后代，但以3龄亲蛤为好。     

胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔生态容量评估及其碳汇功能

胶州湾是我国重要的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)养殖基地,为探究湾内菲律宾蛤仔的生态容量及其碳汇功能,本研究采用Ecopath模型法评估了胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔的生态容量,并利用Ecosim模块动态分析了菲律宾蛤仔生物量扩大对胶州湾生态系统结构与功能特征的潜在影响,同时估算了胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔个体及种群水平的碳收支情况。结果显示,胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔的生态容量为239.9 t/km2,虽然整体水平尚未达到生态容量,但局部养殖区域已远超出了菲律宾蛤仔的生态容量;当胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔生物量从当前增加至生态容量时,生态系统总流量、容量、优势度和循环指数分别提高了16.0%、3.9%、47.1%和103.0%,而熵值降低了10.4%,表明此时生态系统具有更高的成熟度与稳定性,但菲律宾蛤仔生物量扩大至生态容量10倍时会对生态系统产生不利影响甚至崩溃;菲律宾蛤仔个体在1个养殖周期内约摄取3 310.1 mg C,其中约46.2%的碳沉降至海底,约13.2%的碳通过收获移出,如按菲律宾蛤仔生物量达到生态容量时计算,胶州湾每年将有1.5万t碳以生物沉积形式沉降至海底,有0.6万t碳以收获形式移出。研究结果为指导菲律宾蛤仔增养殖产业的健康可持续发展、阐明菲律宾蛤仔的碳汇功能提供了理论依据与数据支撑     

黑石礁海区底质和菲律宾蛤仔资源调查

为了研究黑石礁海区潮间带底质的粒径组成对菲律宾蛤仔分布的影响,找到最适合苗种底播增养殖的底质,于2005年3月24日对辽宁省大连市沙河口黑石礁海区潮间带进行了底质和菲律宾蛤仔资源的调查。结果表明:在潮间带,越靠近岸边,底质粒径越大。将底质分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3个类型,菲律宾蛤仔分为4个类型,Ⅱ型底质适宜菲律宾蛤仔生活,蛤仔分布最广;壳长2~3 cm的蛤仔对底质要求较低,对底质粒度的适应范围较广。     

菲律宾蛤仔滩涂生态养殖技术

为研究菲律宾蛤仔的滩涂生态养殖技术,在长江口以北的黄海海区滩涂进行了菲律宾蛤仔砂仔苗、白仔苗及中仔苗3种不同规格苗种的生态养殖试验。试验结果:大面积增养殖条件下,砂子苗、白仔苗及中仔苗的放养密度分别为2 700、760、667粒·m-2时,捕获量分别为(7.96±0.31)×10-2、(3.03±0.12)、(1.89±0.06)kg·m-2。小面积增养殖条件下,白仔苗和中仔苗的成活率与放养密度呈负相关。另外,滩涂养殖白仔苗经15~18个月养殖可采捕销售,亩产值7272元(15亩=1 hm2,下同);浅海底播养殖中子苗,经11个月的养殖可采捕销售,亩均产值5048元;在大规格苗种培育中,从砂仔苗(壳长1~3 mm)培育到白仔苗(壳长8~10 mm)需7个多月,亩产值1067元。     

汕尾港菲律宾蛤仔繁殖与生长规律的研究

报道了广东省汕尾港菲律宾蛤仔的产卵季节、壳长生长和体重生长等的研究结果。汕尾港的菲律宾蛤仔有别于我国其他海区的菲律宾蛤仔．其产卵期长达7～8个月(增加了4～5个月)．长成商品规格只需15个月。     

Growth,mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) in Jiaozhou Bay

Samples of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) were collected from May 2004 to April 2005 monthly, and plankton net trawling of planktonic larvae and bottom sediment sampling surveys were further conducted from May to October 2006 in Jiaozhou Bay. Based on the data collected, growth, mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam and the environmental effects were examined. The results showed that the enhanced clams grew well and showed a growth trend similar to the local wild ones. The main growth periods lasted from April to September, with the water temperature being the main factor affecting the growth, which was the same as that of the wild clams. There were also two reproduction cycles for the farmed Manila clams each year in Jiaozhou Bay and the main breeding period was from May to June. The phenomenon of delayed metamorphosis was quite common through larval development. The farmed clams could spawn when they reached sexual maturity, but they could not perform effective recruitment as many planktonic larvae died during metamorphosis and settlement. A preliminary study indicated that sediment perturbation and marine environment pollution were the main factors causing the death of larvae in the development process.     

Culture of Juvenile Atlantic Surfclams, Spisula solidissima solidissima and Spisula solidissima similis, in Forced-Flow Upwellers in a Bivalve Hatchery in Coastal Georgia

Four experimental growth studies for juvenile Atlantic surfclams, Spisula solidissima solidissima and Spisula solidissima similis , under hatchery conditions were conducted in 10-cm diameter forced-flow upweller units. Experiments were designed to determine optimum food ration (2%, 5%, and 8% g dry weight of algae/g wet weight of clam), water culture temperature (20, 25, and 30°C), flow rate (2, 4, and 6 Lpm), and stocking density (7, 14, and 21 g wet weight of clams) for rearing juvenile clams in upweller units. Each experimental trial was performed for a 14-d period. Nested Analysis of Variance showed that juvenile surfclams Spisula solidissima similis grew significantly faster at a temperature of 20°C and food rations of 5 % and 8%. In all four experiments, clam mortalities were not observed except in the temperature experiment, where total mortality occurred for clams cultured at 30°C. Clam growth in biomass and size decreased significantly with increases in culture temperature. For Spisula solidissima solidissima , clam growth was significantly reduced in terms of size and biomass at a flow rate of 6 Lpm. No difference in size or biomass was determined between clams grown at a flow rate of 2 or 4 Lpm. Surfclams at the lowest stocking density of 7 g wet weight significantly increased more in net biomass compared to those at higher stocking densities. Clams were significantly larger in shell length when grown at the two lower stocking densities compared to those at the highest stocking density. Hatchery-rearing protocol for juvenile surfclams is discussed.     

Physical properties of soft shell clams, Mya arenaria

Soft shell clams, Mya arenaria, are found from Canada to North Carolina on the U.S. Atlantic Coast and from Canada to California on the U.S. West Coast. They are also found in several other parts of the world including Europe. The primary market for these clams on the U.S. East Coast is in New England. Clams are sold whole live or in one of the several cooked forms. Commercial soft clam shucking and processing is primarily by manual methods. However, physical properties data for these clams is lacking and is a constraint on the automation of processing. Several properties of soft shell clams harvested from five different harvest locations in the Chesapeake Bay are detailed in this paper and relationships between the components of the clam are defined mathematically through regression equations. The live weight and the clam length are related to shell weight, siphon weight, meat weight, total solids and free water in the clams. Meat yields under both standard processing methods and for clams steamed and consumed with only the shell removed are detailed. The effect of harvest area on the clam parts is also defined. Soft shell clams shucked manually result in a meat yield of approximately 29% of the live weight. If steamed and eaten the meat yield may be as high as 43% of the live weight, primarily because the siphon is often consumed in steamed clams.     

SEM observations on larval shell morphology of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and their utility

Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is common and abundant on Japanese tidal flats, forming a commercially important clam fishery. However, annual catches of Manila clam have decreased drastically since 1975?C1985. To study larval recruitment processes of Manila clam, we carried out scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations on larval and juvenile shells of clams reared at 20 and 24?°C. There was no significant difference in final shell length of trochophores between 20 and 24?°C. However, the larval duration was much longer and the shell length of settled size of pediveligers was much larger for clams reared at 20?°C than those reared at 24?°C. These findings suggest that larval duration and growth, as well as settlement size, may vary markedly depending on temperature (and probably on season). The larval shell morphology of Manila clam can provide essential information about larval recruitment processes.     

Comparison of Three Culture Methods for the Intensive Culture of Northern Quahog Seed, Mercenaria mercenaria

A number of approaches have been utilized for growing bivalve hatchery seed (1 mm) to a size suitable for field planting (< 8 mm) but few have been directly compared. This study evaluated the growth and survival of northern quahog seed in three different culture systems and two different stocking densities. The three systems were: 1) a stacked-tray unit with downward water flow; 2) traditional upweller culture units with water flowing upward without seed bed expansion; and 3) upweller culture units with water flowing upward at fluidization velocities to provide seed bed expansion. The two stocking densities were 1.0 and 3.0 g whole wet weight clam/cm² respectively. During each trial period the seed clams were fed a 1% daily ration (% dry weight algae per wet weight clam per day) of the cultured diatom Chaetoceros muelleri . After 14 d of culture at the 1.0 g whole wet weight/cm² stocking density, seed clams (4.4 ± 0.6 mm initial shell length) under fluidized-flow condition exhibited better growth (0.54/d), and a greater final shell length (5.9 ± 1.0 mm). At the high density stocking conditions, after 28 d of culture, seed clams (4.2 ± 0.6 mm initial shell length) in the fluidized-flow culture conditions again exhibited better growth rate (0.031/d) and a greater final shell length (6.0 ± 1.0 mm). The preliminary evaluation of fluidized-flow for seed clam culture in land-based nurseries indicates its potential as a suitable alternative to raceway, downwelling, or traditional forced-flow culture methods.     

Growth of the hard clam Meretrix lusoria in Taiwan

The growth of hard clam Meretrix lusoria in Taiwan was observed as it was grown at six different stocking rates (55, 109, 172, 244, 344 and 455 clams/m²), from November 1979 to September 1980. It was found that the stocking rate had more effect on the increase of the total weight of the clam than on the shell length. Under the environmental condition of the study site, the optimum stocking rate was 244 clams/m². When the net production of the clam was lower than 1103 g/m², the growth of the individual clam was not affected by the stocking rate. But when the net production was higher than 1589 g/m², the growth of the individual clam seemed to be retarded. The average pH of the sea water in the clam culture area was between 7.9 and 8.4. The average dissolved oxygen content was between 4.2 and 11.2 mg/l. And the average water salinity was between 30‰ and 35‰. All these three factors did not seem to have direct relationship with the growth of the clams. Sea water temperature, however, showed great effects on the growth of the clams. It is shown that the growth of the hard clam was slow at a water temperature of 15–18°C, increased at 20–22°C, and accelerated at 25–32°C.     

A survey of the health status of the Manila clam <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ruditapes philippinarum</Emphasis> in Ireland with specific reference to brown ring disease

The present work investigated the health status of the Manila clam in Ireland, with particular reference to brown ring disease (BRD) caused by V. tapetis which has been responsible for high mortalities of this bivalve throughout Europe. BRD was diagnosed in Ireland in the 1990s, causing heavy mortalities in Manila clam stocks in the north-west coast. In the current study, samples of clams from an Irish hatchery were obtained and screened from two sites, Drumcliff Bay, Co. Sligo and Dungloe Bay, Co. Donegal. Turbellarians and trematodes with some minor infections were the only parasites observed. Clams were examined for BRD, by analysis of shell valves for brown ring signs, and for V. tapetis by microbiological methods and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). BRD was not diagnosed in cultivated clams from either site. It was, however, diagnosed in residual clams, which had survived the initial outbreak of BRD in the 1990s in Dungloe Bay. V. tapetis, however was detected in clams from both sites. Additionally, BRD was diagnosed, and V. tapetis isolated, in a once-off sample of clams from Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, where clams had been on-grown from imported seed. Minor heterogeneity at the 16S rDNA gene was observed between some sequenced products from Mulroy Bay and from Drumcliff Bay and Dungloe Bay indicating that in addition to V. tapetis, a V. tapetis-like strain may have been present in Mulroy Bay. The detection of V. tapetis in asymptomatic clams in Drumcliff Bay and Dungloe Bay may indicate that disease development may only occur when a number of factors combine to induce disease symptoms.     

文蛤动态能量收支模型构建、验证与应用

为评估文蛤生态容量,实验根据动态能量收支理论,基于R语言构建了文蛤动态能量收支模型,采用线性与非线性回归法估算模型参数,通过对比围塘环境下文蛤壳长、湿重、软体部湿重的实测值与模拟值验证模型,并应用于模拟黄海海域滩涂区文蛤的生长过程。结果显示,文蛤模型主要参数形状系数、阿伦纽斯温度系数和单位体积结构物质所需能量分别为0.57、9 278 K和2 056 J/cm³;实测与模拟的文蛤壳长、湿重和软体部湿重相关系数R²平均为0.996,模拟值与实测值的平均误差为3.58%;如东沿海区域6月实测文蛤软体部干重为0.48 g,壳长3.12 cm,模型模拟的软体部干重、湿重和壳长分别为0.476 g,6.6 g和3.2 cm。研究表明,实验构建的文蛤动态能量收支模型的准确度较高,可真实地反映出文蛤在自然水域中的生长过程,为评估文蛤生态容纳量及构建文蛤相关的生态系统模型提供科学参考。     

缢蛏选育系F5的生长优势比较及育种效应分析

以6个缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)自然群体(浙江象山群体、浙江乐清群体、福建霞浦群体、福建长乐群体、江苏射阳群体和上海崇明群体)为材料,构建基础群体F_0,采用群体选育方法进行多代连续选育(选择强度2.063),比较了选育系F_5与对照群体的生长差异,并估计F_5的选择反应、现实遗传力和遗传获得。结果表明,F_5的卵径及受精率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但F_5的变态率、存活率及后期壳长生长明显优于对照组(P0.05);7~360日龄F_5壳长的选择反应、现实遗传力与遗传获得的变化范围分别为0.30~0.78,0.14~0.37和4.83%~42.18%,平均为(0.49±0.06),(0.23±0.08)和(26.49±11.73)%。研究结果表明,对缢蛏的连续多代选育是有效的,可以明显提高其存活能力和主要经济性状。