超低温冷冻对中华绒螯蟹胚胎形态结构的影响

为了解超低温冷冻对胚胎形态结构的影响,以中华绒螯蟹为研究对象,运用石蜡切片、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察细胞分裂期、原肠期和原溞状幼体期胚胎,分别用玻璃化液处理和经超低温冷冻后外部形态和内部结构的变化。结果发现:(1)显微观察表明,细胞分裂期胚胎在玻璃化液中用二步平衡法处理后吸水膨胀明显,三步平衡后胚胎形态无明显变化,超低温冷冻后,卵黄物质从细胞中溢出,细胞破损严重;原肠期胚胎在玻璃化液中用二步平衡法处理后,外部形态与鲜胚无明显差异,经过冷冻后,所有胚胎内部变成粉红色,胚体由原来的透明变成不透明状,细胞膜边缘模糊似绒毛状;(2)扫描电镜观察,玻璃化液处理后的所有原肠期胚胎表面褶皱呈沟壑状,形成一层网状结构;透射电镜观察,处理后胚胎细胞内出现白色团块,细胞边缘变得粗糙有突起,细胞内冰腔清晰可见,空泡形成,80%以上线粒体解体,细胞破裂明显;(3)组织切片观察,原肠期胚胎细胞外面的膜脱落破损,胚层内有大小不一的冰腔,细胞内出现明显的空泡。原溞状幼体期胚胎经过玻璃化液处理后,外部形态与鲜胚间无明显区别,但经过超低温冷冻后,95%以上胚胎组织呈弥散状,部分卵黄物质碎裂成颗粒状,胚胎的细胞膜脱落,胚层内出现大量冰腔和空泡,90%胚胎表面皱缩凹陷,但仍有10%的胚胎表面保持光滑完整,表明原溞状幼体期胚胎是适合进行冷冻保存的时期。     

利用显微注射技术冷冻保存牙鲆胚胎

在鱼类胚胎的冷冻保存中,需要抗冻剂有效地渗入胚胎,才能对胚胎起到保护作用.本研究采用显微注射技术将抗冻剂直接注射到牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)胚胎内,以实现牙鲆胚胎的玻璃化低温冷冻保存.研究中,首先对抗冻剂种类进行了选择,将抗冻剂的毒性由大到小依次排列为:乙二醇(EG)、甘油(Gly)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甲醇(MeOH)、1,2丙二醇(PG)、PM21(PG:MeOH=2:1);对胚胎发育时期和注射剂量进行了筛选.实验结果显示,注射600pL(1 pL=10-6mL)抗冻剂PM21后,牙鲆的心跳期胚胎成活率显著高于尾芽期胚胎(P＜0.05),成活率为(64.04 2.05)%;对卵黄囊、卵膜与卵黄膜间隙作为注射部位进行了选择,发现采用卵黄囊内注射的胚胎成活率高于"五步平衡法",并显著高于通过卵黄膜间隙注射(P＜0.05),其成活率为(44.24±7.88)%.结果表明,注射600pL 35%PM21至牙鲆心跳期胚胎卵黄囊内,平衡10min,然后进行玻璃化冷冻保存,取得了68.2y.4%透明胚胎,能够对牙鲆胚胎提供很好的保护.说明显微注射方法可以成功地将抗冻剂注射入牙鲆胚胎,并在牙鲆胚胎的冷冻及胚胎的完整性方面发挥有效的保护作用.     

牙鲆胚胎程序化冷冻保存研究

以牙鲆胚胎为材料,对胚胎程序化冷冻保存的主要环节进行了探讨,以优化牙鲆胚胎的程序化超低温冷冻保存法。单一抗冻剂的毒性试验表明甲醇(Methanol)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)的毒性低于其他抗冻剂的毒性。混合抗冻剂的毒性试验表明,20%~25%PM抗冻剂的毒性很低,经其平衡处理的胚胎,冷冻至-30℃,成活率可达80%以上。植冰前采用2℃/min的降温速率,从植冰后到入液氮前温度采用8℃/min的降温速率效果较好。入液氮前温度的筛选实验表明,入液氮前的温度以-45℃较好。利用20%PM和22%PMP,采取优化的降温程序冷冻保存尾芽期的牙鲆胚胎,分别获得5枚和7枚复活胚胎,并全部孵化出膜。     

达氏鲟精巢细胞消化分离和超低温冷冻保存

通过研究两种酶对精巢细胞的消化效果,探究抗冻剂、降温程序、糖类和卵磷脂对达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)精巢细胞冻存效果的影响,获得消化冻存后高存活率的细胞。实验使用0.25%胰蛋白酶和2 mg/m L胶原酶H+500 U/m L中性酶II的组合酶对达氏鲟精巢细胞进行消化,获得不同消化时间内的活细胞数量。另外,还研究了冷冻稀释液中分别添加10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、乙二醇(EG)、甲醇(MET)作为抗冻剂,采用-1℃/min慢速降温以及直接投入液氮中的快速降温方法冻存,冷冻稀释液采用D-海藻糖或同浓度D-蔗糖,以及添加5%、8%、11%卵磷脂对冻存效果的影响。结果显示:两种消化酶在同一时间消化所得的活细胞数和活细胞率无显著差异,并且都在3 h获得最多活细胞。慢速降温的冻存效果极显著地好于快速降温(P=0.01)。不同抗冻剂的保存效果差异显著,复苏后细胞相对存活率EG(51.70%±5.24%)MET(45.09%±3.15%)DMSO(40.18%±3.90%)。不同糖对达氏鲟精巢细胞冻存效果无显著影响;不同浓度的卵磷脂冻存效果有极显著差异。含8%卵磷脂的冻存液对细胞的冻存效果最好,细胞存活率可达(93.55±2.56)%,培养10 d后细胞数目为0 d时的3.19倍。     

不同抗冻剂对牙鲆胚胎毒性研究以及玻璃化颗粒冷冻保存方法的应用

以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)不同发育期胚胎为实验材料,研究了7种渗透性和5种非渗透性抗冻剂对牙鲆尾芽期和心跳期胚胎的毒性,同时对玻璃化液在不同胚胎发育期的毒性作用,以及玻璃化颗粒冷冻过程中,冷冻颗粒降温和解冻的时间进行了研究。结果表明,单一渗透性抗冻剂对牙鲆胚胎的毒性随着抗冻剂浓度的升高、平衡时间的延长而提高,其毒性由大到小依次为乙二醇(EG)、酒精(EtOH)、甘油(Gly)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甲醇(MeOH)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)。非渗透性抗冻剂中聚乙烯吡咯酮(PVP)对牙鲆尾芽期胚胎的毒性最强,其次是蔗糖和D果糖,葡聚糖和葡萄糖毒性最弱。在总体积分数一定的情况下,PG、MeOH与DMSO体积比为9∶6∶5的混合抗冻剂对牙鲆尾芽期胚胎毒性最低;各发育期胚胎经过玻璃化液平衡后,尾芽期以前胚胎的成活率随胚胎发育期逐渐升高,心跳期以后逐渐降低,尾芽期和心跳期成活率最高。含胚胎的玻璃化颗粒冷冻降温时间最短为15.09 s,解冻时间最短为6.22 s;而不含胚胎的玻璃化颗粒冷冻降温和解冻时间分别为(13.83±1.86)s和(7.20±0.90)s。将PG、MeOH与DMSO按体积比9∶6∶5配成总体积分数为35%的混合溶液,再添加5%的蔗糖配制成玻璃化液,采用此玻璃化颗粒冷冻方法对173粒牙鲆尾芽期至心跳期胚胎进行超低温冷冻保存,解冻后共获得4粒成活胚胎。     

棘头梅童鱼精子超低温冷冻保存研究

为保护和利用棘头梅童鱼种质资源,以常用无机盐及葡萄糖配制的5种溶液(依次编号A、B、C、D、E)作为稀释液,不同体积分数的DMSO作为抗冻剂,采用2 mL冻存管和两步降温的方式,对棘头梅童鱼精子的超低温冷冻保存技术进行了研究,并利用人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子对冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子的授精能力进行检验。结果表明,以E溶液为稀释液、10%DMSO为抗冻剂、两步降温方式冷冻保存的棘头梅童鱼精子在37℃水浴解冻后复活率较高,为(76.67±10.41)%^82.33±4.62%;以上述方法冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子与人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子杂交,受精率达到(20.26±4.12)%。     

日本蟳精子超低温冷冻保存技术的研究

以精子存活率作为评价指标,采用两步降温法研究了稀释剂、抗冻保护剂和预冷时间对日本蟳精子超低温冷冻保存效果的影响。结果表明:以采用稀释剂II、15%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作为抗冻保护剂的保存效果最佳。在液氮中保存24 h后,精子存活率可达83.76%,保存一年后可达73.81%。精液的第一次预冷时间以25 min为宜。     

玻璃化液对泥鳅胚胎成活率的影响

玻璃化液作为一种比较理想的低温保护剂 ,对鼠胚胎和牛胚胎保存已获成功 ,但对适合于鱼类胚胎保存的至今未看到报道。为了研究玻璃化液对鱼类胚胎的低温保存效果 ,使鱼类胚胎低温冷冻保存获得成功 ,作者开展了利用不同的低温保护剂 ,采用不同浓度的组合 ,经超低温冷冻筛选后找出了能形成玻璃化的最低浓度 ,并利用这些能形成玻璃化的抗冻剂对泥鳅胚胎进行了毒性实验 (1998) ,但还没有找出对胚胎保存效果好、毒性小、“高渗”损伤小的最佳玻璃化液。本文进一步利用这些玻璃化液对在不同条件下 ,对不同发育时期的泥鳅胚胎延长玻璃化对胚胎的作…     

棘皮动物精子超低温冷冻保存技术研究进展

棘皮动物(Echinodermata)是无脊椎动物中进化地位最高等的类群,其海参纲(Holothurioidea)和海胆纲(Echinoidea)的一些物种具有非常高的经济价值和营养价值。由于受到人类活动的影响,很多棘皮动物物种数量和生物多样性遭到了严重破坏,种质资源保存迫在眉睫。超低温冷冻保存是种质资源长期保存的重要方法,具有突破地理隔离、实现远缘杂交、保护种质资源、解决种质退化和保护濒危物种等作用。本文综述了海胆、海参和海星3种主要棘皮动物的精子超低温冷冻保存研究进展,并展开描述了精子收集、稀释剂和抗冻剂制备、平衡、冷却、解冻和质量评价等精子冷冻保存过程的各个步骤,以期为棘皮动物种质资源保存的进一步研究及产业化应用提供参考。     

云纹石斑鱼精子冷冻保存

以云纹石斑鱼精液为实验材料,对精子稀释液、抗冻剂种类和适宜浓度、冷冻保存液进行了筛选。结果表明,利用9g/L NaCl、10g/L KHCO3和10%小牛血清配制而成的稀释液EM1-2适宜于云纹石斑鱼精子冷冻保存,以2ml冷冻管为精子容器,在60L液氮生物保存罐中冷冻保存精子,冷冻解冻精子活力可达56.67%±5.77%,要优于TS-2、ES1-3和其他EM系列稀释液冷冻保存精子活力。利用EM1-2为基础液对抗冻保护剂进行筛选,结果显示,10%~20%的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和1-2-丙二醇(PG)冷冻保存后精子活力无显著差异(P0.05),其中15%的DMSO和10%PG冷冻保存精子效果最优,解冻后精子活力分别可达54.52%±7.81%和57.24%±3.69%。利用冷冻保存1年的精液与云纹石斑鱼卵进行受精,受精率和孵化率均达到80%以上,与新鲜精子无显著性差异(P0.05)。本研究表明,利用EM1-2配制15%的DMSO或10%的PG可用于冷冻保存云纹石斑鱼精液。在此基础上,建立了精子冷冻库,保存精子130ml,为人工繁育和杂交育种提供了丰富的精子源。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).