饲粮蛋白脂肪比对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegates)生长、消化酶及血清生化指标的影响

为探讨饲粮不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对圆斑星鲽生长、消化酶及血清生化指标的影响,以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,配制成蛋白水平为40%、45%、50%,脂肪水平为8%,12%,16%的9组试验饲料(分别表示为P40L8、P40L12、P40L16、P45L8、P45L12、P45L16、P50L8、P50L12、P50L16),每组设3个重复,每重复20尾鱼,经过83 d的饲养试验。结果表明,试鱼成活率不受饲粮中蛋白质和脂肪水平的影响(P0.05)。增重率、特定生长率和摄食率随脂肪水平的增加而显著降低(P0.05),P50L8组试鱼增重率较P40L16组高33.63%,特定生长率高31%。饲料效率随蛋白水平的增加而显著增加(P0.05),P50L8组试鱼饲料效率较P40L8组高24.09%。P50L8组表现出最高的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及摄食率。胃蛋白酶随蛋白水平的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势。胰蛋白酶以P50L8组最高,显著高于P50L12组6.91%(P0.05),和其他各组差异不显著(P0.05)。胃脂肪酶随饲粮中蛋白水平的提高先降低后升高。肠脂肪酶以P50L8组最高,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。试鱼血清中总蛋白含量随饲粮蛋白水平的增加显著升高(P0.05),P50L8组谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶均高于其他组,但各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。甘油三酯和总胆固醇以P50L8组最低,且显著低于P45L12和P45L16组(P0.05),与其他组差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮脂肪水平增加未引起蛋白质节约作用,饲粮中蛋白质、脂肪、蛋能比和蛋白脂肪比分别为50%、8%、104.31mg/kcal和6.63时,可满足圆斑星鲽的较快生长及其生理需要。     

蛋白营养对工业养殖大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、氨氮排泄及肌肉氨基酸的效应

在封闭循环水养殖条件下,选用体重为(145.08±0.56)g大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L.)幼鱼,进行4种饲粮蛋白质水平(41%、46%、50%和55%,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组)的单因素实验74 d,研究蛋白营养变化对工业养殖大菱鲆幼鱼生长、氨氮排泄及肌肉氨基酸的影响。结果显示:(1)实验鱼增重率的提高随饲粮蛋白含量升高先快后慢,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组增重率极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组18.48%–65.95%(P0.01),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间无显著差异;饲料系数则相应下降,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别极显著低于Ⅰ组25.64%、28.21%(P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间无显著差异;(2)实验鱼氨氮排泄率与饲粮蛋白水平呈正相关,即随饲粮蛋白水平提高,实验鱼氨氮排泄率呈先缓增后趋平稳趋势,饲粮蛋白含量超过50%时,排泄率急剧上升。氨氮排泄率呈明显昼夜节律性,即摄食后排泄率逐渐升高,6–8 h达排泄高峰,后逐渐降低,以此周期性循环。早投喂后6 h各组排泄率达高峰,Ⅳ组极显著高于其他3组17.95%–35.07%(P0.01);晚投喂后8 h各组排泄率达1 d内第2次高峰,Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组31.27%(P0.01),显著高于Ⅱ组14.25%(P0.05);(3)17种常见氨基酸在各处理组鱼肌肉内含量丰富,总量均高于65 mg/100 mg,且随饲粮蛋白含量升高呈渐增趋势,其中,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组无论肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量,还是鲜味氨基酸含量,均略高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,但4组间差异不显著(P0.05);饲粮蛋白含量变化对实验鱼肌肉氨基酸组成比例无显著影响。总之,饲粮蛋白水平过高,不能显著改善生长性能,却会显著提高氨氮排泄;同时,既不能改变肌肉氨基酸比例,也难以显著增加肌肉氨基酸积累。研究表明,大菱鲆幼鱼饲粮适宜蛋白质水平为45%–50%。     

不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对细鳞鲑幼鱼生长和肌肉氨基酸含量的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)幼鱼生长、体成分以及肌肉氨基酸含量的影响。采用蛋白质水平为40%、45%、50%和55%,脂肪水平为8%和16%,共8组实验饲料。在水温为(16±0.2)℃的循环流水水族箱系统内进行为期10周的养殖试验。采用常规生化分析方法对该鱼肌肉营养学组成及含量进行测定分析。研究结果表明,不同蛋白和脂肪水平对细鳞鲑幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、肥满度和肝体比等均有显著影响(P0.05)。随着蛋白水平增加,增重率、特定生长率、肥满度和肝体比率先升高后降低,其肌肉粗蛋白含量也随之显著升高(P0.05),而对粗脂肪和粗灰分不存在显著影响;随着脂肪水平增加,其肌肉粗脂肪含量也随之显著提高(P0.05),而对水分、粗蛋白和灰分含量不存在显著影响。肌肉中共测定出17种氨基酸(除色氨酸),不同蛋白和脂肪水平对氨基酸总量(WTAA)和必需氨基酸的构成比例(WEAA/WTAA)不存在显著影响。综合生长性能与氨基酸模式的实验结果,本研究认为细鳞鲑幼鱼最适蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为50%和8%,适宜蛋能比为29.36 g/MJ。     

饲料蛋白能量比对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的生长性能、饲料利用和体组成的影响

为探求红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼饲料的最适蛋白质能量比,以鱼粉和豆粕作为主要蛋白源,鱼油和豆油作为主要脂肪源,配制粗蛋白含量分别为36%、42%和48%,粗脂肪含量分别为8%、12%和16%,蛋能比为17.06~24.20 mg/kJ的9组饲料。投喂初始体重为14.95 g的红鳍东方鲀幼鱼56 d。结果显示,由双因素分析方法得出,饲料的蛋白水平、脂肪水平和蛋能比水平均可显著影响红鳍东方鲀的终末体重、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE),且饲料蛋白为36%时,显著低于42%和48%组,但与饲料蛋白为42%和48%组之间相比无显著差异。在饲料脂肪为8%时,显著低于12%组,与饲料脂肪为12%与16%组之间相比无显著差异。此外,饲料的蛋白和脂肪水平对红鳍东方鲀生长和饲料利用的相关指标均无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。由单因素方差分析得出,终末体重、FE、SGR均是Diet8(48/12)蛋白水平为48%、脂肪水平为12%处理组最高,显著高于Diet1(36/8)蛋白水平为36%和脂肪水平为8%处理组、Diet2(36/12)蛋白水平为36%和脂肪水平为12%处理组、Diet3(36/16)蛋白水平为36%和脂肪水平为16%处理组(P<0.05)与Diet4(42/8)蛋白水平为48%和脂肪水平为8%处理组、Diet5(42/12)蛋白水平为42%和脂肪水平为12%处理组、Diet6(42/16)蛋白水平为42%和脂肪水平为16%处理组、Diet7(48/8)蛋白水平为48%、脂肪水平为8%处理组之间相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,根据研究结果综合考虑生长性能及蛋白质节约效应,红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的最适蛋白水平为42%,脂肪水平为12%,蛋能比为20.75 mg/kJ。     

饵料蛋白能量比对黑鲷幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

取黑鲷(Sparusmacrocephalus)幼鱼960尾,体重(3.39±0.18)g,以鱼粉和豆粕作为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油等比例混合油作为脂肪源,共配制4个蛋白水平(34%、38%、42%、46%),每一蛋白水平设3个脂肪水平(10%、13%、16%),共12种饵料,糖水平保持在16%左右,饵料的蛋白能量比(P/E)在96.76～136.21mg/kcal。黑鲷幼鱼随机分成12组,每组设2重复,实验为期42d。结果表明,对特定生长率(SGR)与饵料系数(FCR)的影响,以较高蛋白组(38%、42%、46%)显著优于低蛋白组(34%)(P<0.05),中、高脂肪组(13%、16%)显著优于低脂肪组(10%)(P<0.05);各组饵料对成活率的影响无显著差异(P>0.05)。当蛋白水平为42%,脂肪水平为16%时,黑鲷幼鱼获得最大特定生长率(3.20)、最高蛋白质效率(2.10)和最小饵料系数(1.14)。全鱼脂肪含量随着饵料中脂肪水平的提高而逐渐升高。在同一饵料蛋白水平内,全鱼蛋白与灰分含量随着饵料脂肪水平的提高呈逐渐升高趋势。经统计分析,饵料中不同蛋白能量比显著影响黑鲷幼鱼生长(P<0.05),饵料中脂肪有明显节约蛋白质的作用(P<0.05)。由生长及体成分的实验结果得出,黑鲷幼鱼的最适饵料蛋白水平为42%,最适蛋白能量比(P/E)为110.37mg/kcal。     

饲料脂肪水平对血鹦鹉鱼吸收虾青素效果、生长性能和血清生化指标的影响#br#

为了探讨血鹦鹉鱼(Vieja synspila♀×Amphilophus citrinellus♂)增色期饲料脂肪水平对其生长、免疫力和吸收虾青素的效果,选取540尾血鹦鹉鱼随机分为6组,投喂虾青素为4‰而脂肪添加水平分别为2.93%(对照组)、5.90%、8.89%、11.91%、14.94%、17.92%的饲料60 d。结果显示:1)随着脂肪添加量的增加,血鹦鹉鱼增重率和特定生长率先升高后降低,饲料脂肪水平为11.91%时增重率和特定生长率达到最高值,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。2)体色的红值(a*)、黄值(b*)和组织中的类胡萝卜素含量均随着脂肪添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,体表红值(a*)和类胡萝卜素含量均在脂肪添加水平为14.94%时达到最大值,且显著高于其他组(P<0.05);黄值(b*)在11.91%组达到最大值,与14.94%组无显著差异,但显著高于其他组(P<0.05);体色亮度值L值在各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)游离脂肪酸(NEFA)在14.94%组达到最低值,并显著低于其他组(P<0.05);总蛋白(TP)在11.91%组最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);胆汁酸(TBA)和血清总胆固醇(TCHO)含量分别在11.91%组和14.94%组达到最大值,且显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在一定虾青素含量的饲料中,适量添加脂肪可提高血鹦鹉鱼的生长性能、有效改善虾青素的吸收效率、增强机体免疫力,过高的脂肪水平则对虾青素吸收无益。综合分析各指标,推荐血鹦鹉鱼着色饲料(4‰虾青素)中适宜的脂肪水平为11.91%~14.94%。     

蛋白营养对工业养殖大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、氨氮排泄及肌肉氨基酸的效应

在封闭循环水养殖条件下,选用体重为(145.08±0.56)g大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L.)幼鱼,进行4种饲粮蛋白质水平(41％、46％、50％和55％,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组)的单因素实验74 d,研究蛋白营养变化对工业养殖大菱鲆幼鱼生长、氨氮排泄及肌肉氨基酸的影响.结果显示:(1)实验鱼增重率的提高随饲粮蛋白含量升高先快后慢,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组增重率极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组18.48％-65.95％ (P＜0.01),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间无显著差异;饲料系数则相应下降,Ⅱ、Ⅳ组分别极显著低于Ⅰ组25.64％、28.21％ (P＜0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间无显著差异;(2)实验鱼氨氮排泄率与饲粮蛋白水平呈正相关,即随饲粮蛋白水平提高,实验鱼氨氮排泄率呈先缓增后趋平稳趋势,饲粮蛋白含量超过50％时,排泄率急剧上升.氨氮排泄率呈明显昼夜节律性,即摄食后排泄率逐渐升高,6-8 h达排泄高峰,后逐渐降低,以此周期性循环.早投喂后6h各组排泄率达高峰,Ⅳ组极显著高于其他3组17.95％-35.07％ (P＜0.01);晚投喂后8h各组排泄率达ld内第2次高峰,Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组31.27％ (P＜0.01),显著高于Ⅱ组14.25％ (P＜0.05);(3) 17种常见氨基酸在各处理组鱼肌肉内含量丰富,总量均高于65 mg/l00 mg,且随饲粮蛋白含量升高呈渐增趋势,其中,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组无论肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量,还是鲜味氨基酸含量,均略高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,但4组间差异不显著(P＞0.05);饲粮蛋白含量变化对实验鱼肌肉氨基酸组成比例无显著影响.总之,饲粮蛋白水平过高,不能显著改善生长性能,却会显著提高氨氮排泄;同时,既不能改变肌肉氨基酸比例,也难以显著增加肌肉氨基酸积累.研究表明,大菱鲆幼鱼饲粮适宜蛋白质水平为45％-50％.     

不同光照周期对脊尾白虾生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分的影响

为探讨不同光照周期对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分的影响，本研究挑选体质量为(0.71±0.05) g、体长为(3.62±0.28) cm的脊尾白虾，在水温23~25℃、盐度22~24、pH 7.8~8.1、光照强度为1000 lx的养殖条件下，测定其在5种光照周期(全光照L、16L︰8D、12L︰12D、8L︰16D、全黑暗D，L表示光照时长，D表示黑暗时长)下的生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分等相关指标。结果显示，在存活率方面，全黑暗组最高[(86.67±5.77)%]，其次为12L︰12D组[(83.33±8.82)%]，再次为8L︰16D组[(80.00±3.33)%]，3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)；在特定生长率方面，8L︰16D组的特定生长率为(2.49±0.20)%/d，显著高于全黑暗组(P<0.05)；在蜕壳率方面，8L︰16D组蜕壳率最高，为(6.96±0.50)次/(尾·d)。性腺指数随光照时间的缩短逐渐增大，在光照时间为8L时达到最高值[(2.37±0.04)%]，显著高于其他组(P<0.05)；8L︰16D组卵巢成熟率为(42.93±4.57)%，显著高于全黑暗组(P<0.05)；8L︰16D组卵巢相对长度在实验第30天时显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。8L︰16D组血淋巴蛋白质和胆固醇浓度显著高于全光照组、16L︰8D组和全黑暗组(P<0.05)，与12L︰12D组无显著差异(P>0.05)；8L︰16D组葡萄糖浓度显著高于全光照组和全黑暗组(P<0.05)，与16L︰8D组和12L︰12D组差异不显著(P>0.05)；8L︰16D组甘油三酯浓度显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。研究表明，不同光照周期对脊尾白虾生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分均产生不同程度的影响，8L︰16D是脊尾白虾亲虾促熟和工厂化养殖较为适宜的光照周期。     

脂肪和蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大西洋鲑相关代谢酶和生长基因表达的影响

为探究主要脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业化养殖大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)成鱼脂肪相关代谢酶和生长相关基因表达的影响,本实验采用3×2双因素随机实验设计,设置3个脂肪水平:18%、21%、24%(分别以F18、F21、F24表示),2个蛋白质水平:38%、48%(分别以P38、P48表示)。组合为6个实验处理组,每组3个重复,每重复40尾鱼。实验在室内封闭循环水养殖系统中进行,实验鱼初始体重(650.0±45.50)g,实验期56 d。结果表明:(1)工业化养殖实验鱼的脂肪需求较国外深海网箱养殖明显降低,蛋白质需求相近。P48F21组增重率显著最佳,较其他各组提高22.23%~125.86%(P0.05);P48F24组饲料系数显著最低,较其他各组降低16.24%~30.00%(P0.05)。(2)单因素高脂肪显著提高肝体比(P0.05),高蛋白极显著降低肥满度(P0.01);P48F24组肝体比较其他各组显著提高10.92%~28.16%(P0.05),P48F18组肥满度较其他各组显著降低10.24%~12.31%(P0.05);并创新提出了600~900 g大西洋鲑形体营养调控初步方案。(3)单因素高、中脂肪显著提高肝脂肪分解酶(HL、LPL和总酯酶)活力,高蛋白显著提高LPL和总酯酶活力;P48F21和P48F24组饲粮显著提高肝脂肪分解酶活力,其中LPL活力比P38F18组分别提高46.51%、48.84%(P0.05)。实验处理主要对肝脂肪分解酶产生作用,显现了两组优良饲粮改善生长性能的脂肪生理代谢机制。(4)单因素中脂肪极显著增加肌肉和肝IGF-I基因表达量(P0.01);高蛋白极显著增加肌肉GH、IGF-I及肝IGF-I基因表达量(P0.01);GHR基因表达量,随脂肪或蛋白水平升高均有显著下降特征(P0.05)。P48F21和P48F24组试鱼肌肉GH、IGF-I及肝IGF-I基因表达量显著提高(P0.05),肌肉和肝GHR基因表达量显著降低(P0.05)。初步的新发现是,GH和IGF-I与GHR存在相互制约的负相关内在调控关系,以自身控制鱼类生长和生殖活动处于相对稳定和可控状态下。本研究初步确定,P48F21和P48F24组是工业化养殖大西洋鲑成鱼的主要营养素优良组合饲粮,其中以显著降低脂肪水平和饲料成本的P48F21组合饲粮更佳。     

紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响

研究了紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代0%(S0)、10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)、50%(S50)的鱼粉蛋白对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响。实验幼鱼体质量(83.0±0.20)g。结果显示:1)当替代比例≤20%时,各组间星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、日摄食率(DFI)、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)均无显著变化,高于此值时呈显著下降(P<0.05)。随饲料中紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的升高,鱼体肥满度(CF)呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而消化道指数(DTI)则呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05);各实验组干物质、蛋白质及脂肪表观消化率均呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。以星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)为参考指标,采用折线回归分析得出,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。2)紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼肌肉水分、蛋白及粗灰分含量未产生显著性影响,肌肉脂肪含量仅S40组显著低于S0和S20组,其他各组间无显著差异;当替代比例小于20%时,肝脏水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),之后趋于平稳(P>0.05)。肝脏粗脂肪变化趋势与此相反。肝脏粗蛋白含量仅表现为S30、S50组显著高于S0组(P<0.05),其他各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏粗灰分含量不受饲料鱼粉替代比例的影响(P>0.05);全鱼水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量呈显著下降(P<0.05)。S30组全鱼粗蛋白最高,S40组最低(P>0.05),除S30组外,其他各组均与S0组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组间全鱼粗灰分含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。3)当替代比例>20%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量呈显著降低。各组间胆固醇(CHO)含量随紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白的添加呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例≥20%时,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性有下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例分别大于20%和40%时,谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著升高但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验鱼血浆溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随鱼粉替代比例的升高呈显著上升(P<0.05)。各实验组间血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异,但均低于S0组(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不受紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的影响(P>0.05)。结论认为,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Morphological, structural, and functional characterization of the haemocytes of the scallop, Argopecten irradians

Argopecten irradians is one of the most important commercial species of Pectinidae family in China. The internal defense system of mollusks consists of circulating haemocytes. In order to characterize the haemocytes of the scallop A. irradians, light and electron microscopical studies were carried out. Four types of haemocytes were recognized: type I small hyalinocytes (2.38 ± 0.08 μm, 30-35%), type II large hyalinocytes (4.41 ± 0.33 μm, 15-20%), type III small granulocytes (4.15 ± 0.26 μm, 20-25%), and type IV large granulocytes (8.26 ± 0.52 μm, 25-30%). Granulocyte types showed smaller N/C ratios than hyalinocytes. The mean haemocyte concentration was about (3.75 ± 0.65) × 10⁷ cells ml^− 1 of haemolymph. Among haemocytes, 44.7% are granular and 55.3% are agranular. These gave a relatively systematic classification scheme for haemocytes of A. irradians. Three types of granules were identified: type I, with high electron-density; type II, with low electron-density; and type III, with a middle level of electron-density, based on TEM studies. Different haemocyte types were not separated with DDGC of Percoll in this study. Both granulocytes and hyalinocytes showed a phagocytic response to the two strains of bacteria, Escherichia coli and RLOs. The phagocytic ability of granulocyte was significantly higher (41-48%) than that of hyalinocyte (9.2-11.2%).     

Optimizing the essential fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, in the diet of the prawn, Penaeus monodon

The dietary requirements of Penaeus monodon for eicosapentaenoic (20:5n‐3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n‐3; DHA) acids were examined. These requirements were examined when dietary levels of linoleic (18:2n‐6; LOA) and linolenic acids (18:3n‐3; LNA) were also provided at previously established optimal levels of 14 and 21% respectively of the total lipid fatty acids. A 5 × 5 factorial design was used with incremental amounts (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% of total fatty acids) of EPA and/or DHA. An additional diet containing cod‐liver oil was provided as a reference diet. The total lipid content of all of the 25 treatments and reference diets was maintained at the same level of 75 g kg^?1. Growth of prawns fed with the reference diet after 50 days was 244 ± 21%. The greatest response to singular additions of EPA or DHA was with a 12% inclusion of either fatty acid, resulting in 287 ± 21 and 293 ± 18% weight gain, respectively. Growth was generally better when combinations of EPA and DHA were used, the optimal combination being EPA 4% and DHA 4%, resulting in 335 ± 25% weight gain. Addition of high levels of either of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the diet had a negative effect on growth. Digestibilities of the total neutral lipid and specific fatty acids were examined during the growth trials. The digestibility of total neutral lipid was usually higher when either or both HUFA were present, however there were few significant differences between treatments that contained either or both HUFA. Following the growth trials, digestive glands (DG) of prawns fed with the various diets were analysed to determine the total lipid content and fatty acid composition. Total lipid in the digestive gland increased with the inclusion of DHA, but was not significantly affected by the addition of EPA. The fatty acid composition of the digestive gland lipid generally reflected that of the diet. However, the maximum retention of EPA (11.1% of total DG fatty acids) and DHA (10.7% of total DG fatty acids), was not directly proportional to the amount of either fatty acid present in the diet. These results demonstrate that both EPA and DHA have considerable growth promoting capacity. This growth promoting capacity is enhanced when an optimal balance of both fatty acids are incorporated into the diet.     

Larval transport and retention of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, in the coastal zone of the Florida Keys, USA

The spiny lobster Panulirus argus is of ecological and commercial importance in the South Florida coast of the continental USA and throughout the Intra‐Americas Sea. Essential spiny lobster habitat in South Florida is primarily located in the Florida Keys coastal zone (including the Dry Tortugas), where the dynamic regional circulation coupled with the long planktonic larval duration (6–12 months) of P. argus raises questions of larval retention and recruitment. Locally spawned phyllosomata entrained in the Florida Current are likely to be expatriated out of the Straits of Florida, which implies that the local spiny lobster population is sustained by the transport of larval recruits from upstream locations. We examined the physical processes that may influence recruitment. Transport processes in the Keys coastal zone are spatially variable. Observed and modelled data suggest that the upper Keys is a point of onshore larval transport via the inshore meandering of the Florida Current, and the lower Keys to Dry Tortugas region apoint of retention through wind‐driven onshore/countercurrents and eddy recirculation. Eddies that propagate between the Dry Tortugas and the lower Keys facilitate the exchange of larvae between the Florida Current and the coastal zone. Northerly wind events associated with cold fronts can enhance recirculation of larvae in the upper Keys. The association of older larvae with the Florida Current front supports the hypothesis that spiny lobster larval recruits come from upstream sources in the Caribbean.     

响应面法研究温度、盐度、pH及磷酸盐、硝氮、氨氮对副溶血弧菌生长的影响

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus，VP)在海洋环境中普遍存在，是能够引起人类中毒的重要食源性病原菌之一，研究其生长受环境因子的影响规律对科研和社会生活都具有重要意义。本研究采用响应面法研究温度、盐度、pH、磷酸盐、硝氮和氨氮对VP的生长影响，以探讨、评估这6种理化因子的综合作用结果。首先用Design-Expert软件中的Box Behnken中心组合原则设计三因素三水平响应面实验，再进行响应面分析，以培养基光密度(OD600 nm)值为生长状态参数，获得该菌的最佳培养参数：温度为34.5℃，盐度为3%，酸碱度pH为8.0。在此基础上，考察NaNO3、NH4Cl和Na3PO4对VP生长的影响并建立模型。回归方程决定系数R2=0.9217，校正系数R2=0.8211，回归模型F=9.16, P=0.004，表明该模型具有较好的准确性。实验所得实测值与模型演算理论值拟合良好，皆表明磷酸盐、硝氮和氨氮对VP的生长都具有抑制作用。