基于PAE编码系统的短须裂腹鱼行为谱

短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)是长江上游特有鱼种。近年来,由于受过度捕捞、水电开发等人类活动影响,短须裂腹鱼自然资源量不断下降。2015年11月—2016年3月,采用焦点动物取样法和随机取样法对短须裂腹鱼的行为谱进行了研究。以"姿势、动作和环境"为轴心,以生态功能为分类依据,构建短须裂腹鱼PAE行为谱。共辨识和定义了自然条件下短须裂腹鱼的10种姿势、22种动作和43种行为。根据行为的生物学功能,将上述行为划分为11大类,即摄食与排遗、探索、领域、发情、交配、护幼、冲突、运动、聚群、休息和杂类行为;区别了各种行为在雄性、雌性和幼体之间的相对发生频次以及发生季节。本研究有助于短须裂腹鱼的行为与保护研究,亦可为其他鱼类的行为谱研究提供参考。     

光照对短须裂腹鱼生长及生理影响研究

光照是影响鱼类活动、摄食和生长的主要环境因子之一。本文分别以野生和养殖短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachi)为研究对象,研究了短须裂腹鱼对光谱、光强选择趋向性及光谱对短须裂腹鱼生长、生理的影响。结果显示,黄光、红光和绿光都对短须裂腹鱼起到吸引作用;利用黄光进行光照强度选择性研究发现,在低光照强度范围(22.6~64.7 lx),短须裂腹鱼对光强的趋向性没有显著差异(P>0.05);为期56 d的养殖实验发现,不同的光照颜色显著影响短须裂腹鱼的生长率和存活率(P<0.05),黄光和自然光处理组的养殖效果无显著性差异;无论在生长率和应激水平,均优于蓝光环境,蓝光提升了短须裂腹鱼的应激水平,导致存活率下降。研究结果可为水利工程建设过鱼设施诱鱼光源的选择提供科学依据。     

短须裂腹鱼鱼苗感染不动杆菌的诊断与防治

<正>短须裂腹鱼属鲤形目、鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属、裂腹鱼亚属鱼类,主要分布于金沙江、雅砻江和乌江等水系。其肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富,深受当地民众青睐。近年来,由于过度捕捞和水电开发等的影响,其种群的分布和数量正在逐渐减少,已被世界自然保护联盟IUCN红色名录记录为"近危"物种。为更好地保护该鱼类资源,短须裂腹鱼已被列为雅砻江和金沙江的增殖放流鱼类。虽然短须裂腹鱼人工驯养     

荧光染料对短须裂腹鱼早期鱼苗的浸泡标记研究

为探究短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)早期鱼苗浸泡标记的合适荧光染料及标记条件,为短须裂腹鱼大规模标记放流及其效果评估提供参考,实验使用茜素络合物(AC)、茜素红S(ARS)、盐酸四环素(TC)、酸性茜素蓝B(AAB)、茜素黄GG(AYG)和钙黄绿素(CAL)溶液分别浸泡标记短须裂腹鱼早期鱼苗(仔、稚鱼),实验结束后摘取耳石检测荧光标记。结果显示:AC、ARS均可在短须裂腹鱼耳石上形成荧光标记,标记在绿光下最明显,呈橘红色;TC、AAB、AYG、CAL均未形成有效的荧光标记;AC标记造成的死亡率和标记质量随着溶液浓度、浸泡时间的增加而升高,随着鱼体全长的增加而降低;AC标记20日龄短须裂腹鱼结束16 d后,与空白对照组相比,除浓度300 mg/L、浸泡时间24 h的这组全长显著较低外,其他各组无显著差异;AC及ARS重复标记均可形成两个橘红色标记环,首次标记时AC造成的死亡率低于ARS,再次标记时前者高于后者。综合考虑标记质量、死亡率及对生长影响等多方面因素,本研究推荐使用AC或ARS浸泡标记短须裂腹鱼早期鱼苗,具体条件为:溶液浓度50～100 mg/L,浸泡时间12～24 h。     

雅砻江5种(亚种)裂腹鱼类遗传关系的RAPD分析

从雅砻江流域采集到的裸裂尻鱼属的软刺裸裂尻鱼、大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼、高原裸裂尻鱼和裂腹鱼属的短须裂腹鱼、长丝裂腹鱼,属于鲤科裂腹鱼亚科,是此流域重要的经济鱼类。裂腹鱼类是一类较特殊的类群,适应于高原水体的生活环境。通常高原水体环境具有低温、低氧、饵料贫乏等特点,在其中生活的鱼类生长缓慢、性成熟较迟、繁殖力较低,生态稳定性较弱,其资源一旦遭受严重破坏,就很难恢复。     

短须裂腹鱼有氧游泳能力及其行为的实验研究

研究短须裂腹鱼的游泳能力、运动生理及游泳行为,为过鱼设施的设计提供参考依据。实验用15尾短须裂腹鱼于2013年7月中旬采自金沙江上游玛曲河河口处,体长(23.83±2.47)cm,体重(224.95±76.83)g。游泳能力测试装置采用丹麦Loligo Systems公司生产的大型游泳水槽。(1)短须裂腹鱼临界游泳速度为(75.04±7.6)cm/s、(3.17±0.42)BL/s;(2)运动耗氧率与游泳速度呈幂函数关系:MO2=100.00+42.61U1.81(R2=0.995,P0.001);单位距离耗氧率(COT)与游泳速度的关系也呈幂函数关系:COT=0.12U-1+0.04U1.02(R2=0.898,P0.001),最适游速Uopt=1.81 BL/s,COTmin=0.14 mg/(kg·m);(3)随着游泳速度的增加,尾摆幅度的变化不显著(P0.05),变化范围为0.17~0.26 BL、平均(0.21±0.02)BL,而尾摆频率和运动步长都呈线性增加的趋势。     

短须裂腹鱼胚胎及早期仔鱼发育观察

2014年12月通过人工繁殖获得短须裂腹鱼受精卵,并在人工孵化条件下对其胚胎和早期仔鱼发育特征进行观察。结果显示,短须裂腹鱼成熟卵为浅黄色,卵径为(3.18±0.17)mm,吸水膨胀后达(3.96±0.25)mm。在水温12.7~14.0℃[平均(13.68±0.32)℃]条件下,受精卵在受精后3.17h胚盘隆起,16h进入囊胚期,47h进人原肠期,60.67h进入神经胚期,74.67h出现肌节,192.5h孵出,胚胎发育有效积温为2633.68h·℃。初孵仔鱼全长为(10.88±0.41)mm,13d仔鱼鳔完全充气,开始平游,18d仔鱼卵黄囊消失。分析发现短须裂腹鱼胚胎发育特点与其他裂腹鱼亚科鱼类存在一定程度的差异。     

短须裂腹鱼幼鱼耗氧率和临界窒息点的测定

采用封闭式呼吸室法对短须裂腹鱼幼鱼的耗氧率和临界窒息点进行测定。结果表明:在19.4℃条件下,短须裂腹鱼幼鱼的临界窒息点为0.720 mg/L,24 h平均耗氧率为0.205 mg/(g·h),昼夜耗氧率差异不明显;在17.2℃时,24 h平均耗氧率为0.135 mg/(g·h),昼夜耗氧率差异不明显;15.3℃时,24 h平均耗氧率为0.112 mg/(g·h),昼夜耗氧率差异不明显。短须裂腹鱼幼鱼的耗氧率随温度的升高而上升。     

短须裂腹鱼营养成分分析与品质评价

采用生化方法对短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行了分析,并对其营养品质进行了评价,为其养殖生产及饲料配制提供理论依据。2015年5月采集当年人工繁殖的短须裂腹鱼幼鱼200尾作为实验材料,体长为5~8 cm,体重为3.12~4.51 g,分成4个混合样本进行检测分析。结果表明,短须裂腹鱼鲜样中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分分别为(70.66±1.50)%、(14.24±0.40)%、(12.83±1.44)%和(2.05±0.11)%。共检测出17种氨基酸,总量为(10.88±0.21)%,必需氨基酸总量(5.05±0.11)%,非必需氨基酸总量为(5.83±0.10)%;依据氨基酸评分(AAS),短须裂腹鱼的第一限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸(Val),第二限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸(Ile);依据化学评分,第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys),第二限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Tyr)。共检测出17种脂肪酸,总量为(84.39±7.20)mg/100 g,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸以及多不饱和脂肪酸分别为(24.95±2.22)mg/100 g、(38.69±3.29)mg/100 g、(20.22±1.60)mg/100 g。综合分析认为短须裂腹鱼是具有食用价值和资源开发潜力。     

不同蛋白配比饲料对短须裂腹鱼生长的影响

用蛋白质含量分别为28%、30%、36%的3种人工配合颗粒饲料,投喂短须裂腹鱼2龄鱼40 d观察生长情况。结果表明:蛋白质含量28%、30%、36%饲料的蛋白质效率分别为99.04%、104.10%、120.22%,平均增重率分别为12.44%、14.06%、19.32%,饵料系数分别为3.60、3.20、2.31。饲料中蛋白质含量28-36%范围内,对短须裂腹鱼增重率、蛋白质效率随着蛋白质含量的增加逐渐提高,饵料系数则相反。     

Dispersal of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) larvae on the southeast U.S. continental shelf: results of a coupled vertical larval behavior – 3D circulation model

In the marine environment, pelagic dispersal is important for determining the distribution and abundance of populations, as well as providing connections among populations. Estimates of larval dispersal from spawning grounds are important to determining temporal and spatial patterns in recruitment that may have significant influences on the dynamics of the population. We present a case study of the dispersal of Centropristis striata (black sea bass) larvae on the southeast U.S. continental shelf. We use a coupled larval behavior – 3D circulation model to compare the effects of the timing and location of spawning against that of larval vertical migration on larval dispersal. Using the results of field data on larval vertical distributions, we compare the dispersal of virtual 'larvae' which have ontogenetic changes in vertical behavior with that of particles fixed near the surface and near the bottom. Larvae were released at potential spawning sites four times throughout the spawning season (February through May) for 3 yr (2002–04) and tracked for the assumed larval duration (from 27 to 37 days including the egg stage). Results indicate that adult behavior, in the form of spawning time and location, may be more important than larval vertical behavior in determining larval dispersal on the inner- and mid- continental shelves of this region.     

金乌贼雄性规格和社群数量对求偶与交配行为的影响

为探讨不同规格雄性金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)在求偶交配过程中的竞争及优势等级,采用实验生态学方法,在室内可控条件下分别设置1L1S组、1L2S组和1L4S组(L和S分别表示大规格雄性和小规格雄性,数字表示实验中雄性金乌贼数量),连续摄像观察和记录金乌贼的繁殖行为。结果显示:(1)繁殖过程中金乌贼具有明显的领域行为和护卫伴游行为。(2)随着群体中小规格雄性比例的增加,处于优势地位的大规格雄性个体的优势等级发生变化,主要表现为大规格雄性护卫伴游时间、成功交配次数逐渐减少,而小规格雄性护卫伴游时间、成功交配次数逐渐增多。(3)当群体中小规格雄性较少时,大规格雄性常常主动攻击小规格雄性,而当小规格雄性数量远大于大规格雄性时,小规格雄性主动向其他雄性发起攻击,以争取护卫权和交配权。研究表明,雄性金乌贼的规格和数量对于求偶竞争以及交配行为具有显著影响。随着繁殖群体中小规格雄性增多,大规格雄性成功交配次数逐渐降低。1L4S组成功交配次数稍高于1L2S组,显著高于1L1S组(P0.05)。人工苗种繁育过程中选择合适规格的雄性亲体和合理的雌雄比例,对提高金乌贼繁殖效率具有重要意义。     

拟目乌贼繁殖行为学的初步研究

拟目乌贼在繁殖期间的行为较为复杂,包括求偶、雄性争斗、交配、雄性陪护、产卵等行为。拟目乌贼在生殖策略上并非"一夫一妻"制,交配时,雄性用第1、2对腕固定雌性的头部,然后用茎化腕将精荚输送至雌性纳精囊内。雌性受精后不久便产卵,拟目乌贼雌性轮流在产卵区产卵。卵白色,半透明,卵群葡萄状,分枝,刚产出的卵短径约1.2cm,长径约2.4cm,拟目乌贼平均产卵量为354枚。     

The missing link: tidal‐influenced activity a likely candidate to close the migration triangle in brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Crustacea,Decapoda)

Life cycle closure for species inhabiting areas with daily varying currents but directed net water transport requires specific behavior to minimize losses due to advection of passive drifting life stages. Variations in swimming activity of different‐sized Crangon crangon (15–65 mm total length) were therefore monitored under constant laboratory conditions immediately after being caught in the German Wadden Sea. Activity of shrimps of different sizes, caught at different seasons, always peaked at times corresponding with ebb tide in the habitat from where they were taken. This behavior was maintained for several days if no external stimuli were present but shifted to night activity if a light–dark cycle was provided. The observed behavior/activity pattern was included in a coupled hydrodynamic and individual‐based model (IBM) and the shift in the location of a shrimp cohort was monitored over time. Performance of ebb tide activity not only allowed the shrimps to reach the preferred deeper winter and spawning areas but also allowed them to migrate against the dominating current from eastern nurseries to more western located spawning areas. Passively drifting larvae released at these locations and later larval and juvenile stages that perform flood tide transport can reach the nurseries again. This links the nurseries and adult spawning grounds and closes the migration triangle.     

Using coupled fish behavior–hydrodynamic model to investigate spawning migration of Japanese anchovy,Engraulis japonicus,from the East China Sea to Taiwan

Adult Japanese anchovies (Engraulis japonicus) migrate from the East China Sea to the coastal region of Taiwan to spawn around late winter and early spring and, later, their larvae constitute important fisheries in Taiwan. However, their migration route and its mechanism remain unclear. To investigate their spawning migration, we used a coupled fish behavior–hydrodynamic modeling approach. The physical field is simulated by the Pacific Ocean adaptation of the TaIwan Multi‐scale Community Ocean Model (TIMCOM) and the fish migration by Lagrangian tracer tracking with the aid of approximation of fish swimming behavior. We investigated three fish behavioral scenarios: (i) passive tracking of the current, (ii) swimming along with the current, and (iii) swimming along with the current and then changing to swimming toward the optimal spawning temperature. The comparison with and without Changjiang discharge is used to investigate the impacts of discharge reduction due to the Three Gorges Dam. Our results suggest that spawning migration of Japanese anchovy from the East China Sea to Taiwan may be aided by the China Coastal Current and that adult anchovies cannot reach the spawning site by passive advection alone. Thus, the swimming behavior of anchovies is crucial during the spawning migration, as it provides extra velocity and the orientation to the favorable spawning grounds. In addition, the adult anchovy is unlikely to reach the coastal area of Taiwan without Changjiang discharge. Our findings indicate that a coupled fish behavior–hydrodynamic model can help understand the influences of physical environment on the migration of Japanese anchovies.     

Cohort splitting in bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, in the US mid-Atlantic Bight

Atlantic bluefish exhibit cohort splitting, whereby two modes of juvenile recruits originate from spatially distinct spring‐ and summer‐spawning regions in US Atlantic shelf waters. We evaluate the pattern of cohort splitting in a transition area (US Maryland coastal region and Chesapeake Bay) between the two major spawning regions. Spring and summer cohorts were differentially represented in Maryland estuarine (Chesapeake Bay) and coastal waters. The spring cohort was dominant in Chesapeake Bay, but was not well represented in the ocean environment, and the converse true for the summer cohort. We hypothesized that ocean temperatures control the bimodal spawning behavior and extent of cohort splitting. As evidence, we observed an intervening early summer cohort produced in years when shelf temperatures during early summer were suitably warm for spawning. In most years however, two dominant cohorts were evident. We propose that vernal warming dynamics in the mid‐Atlantic Bight influence spawning behavior and the resultant bimodal pattern of seasonal juvenile cohort production commonly observed along the US east coast.     

Migration and spawning behavior of the greater amberjack Seriola dumerili in eastern Taiwan

Greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) is an important fishery resource with a circumglobal distribution from tropical to temperate waters. Here, we investigated the spawning migration and habitat utilization of S. dumerili in the East China Sea (ECS). Archival tags were attached to 22 adult fish to examine their horizontal and vertical movements and estimate the spawning ground. S. dumerili were captured and released in the coastal waters of eastern Taiwan on November of 2016 and 2017. Information from seven pop-up satellite archival tags and seven depth–temperature recorders was recovered. Almost all of the fish stayed in the Taiwanese exclusive economic zone. Most individuals moved from released site to the southern edge of the ECS and showed behavior associated with the topographic features in winter (November to December). These phenomena may be related to foraging and be driven by oceanographic features such as the seasonal monsoon and the Kuroshio. The fish then migrated to the south offshore area of Taiwan in January and February. During their southward migration, the fish experienced a slowly elevated water temperature regime (SETR), which is one of the environmental factors that induce final oocyte maturation. In the spawning season (February to April), tagged females exhibited continuous diel vertical movements (DVMs) after experiencing the SETR. These continuous DVMs were observed over a wide geographic range from north to south in the Kuroshio off eastern Taiwan. Our study demonstrated that the putative spawning ground of S. dumerili must extend further in a north–south direction than predicted in a previous study.     

Physical activity and behavior of a centrarchid fish, Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède), during spawning

Abstract – The spawning behavior of male and female largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède) was studied in central Illinois during the spring of 1998 to examine patterns of muscular activity associated with different spawning related behaviors and to evaluate whether electromyogram (EMG i ) telemetry could be used to detect spawning activity. Fish were implanted with EMG i transmitters (8 females, 16 males) on April 7, prior to the initiation of spawning, and were released in four 0.10-ha earthen research ponds. Continuous EMG i records, underwater videography and additional visual observations for one pair of EMG i tagged fish were collected throughout the entire spawning event, allowing us to quantify behavioral correlates of physical activity. Male EMG i activity patterns were only correlated with female patterns during courting and periods of male aggression toward the female. Overall, EMG i activity was highest for the female during shuddering (gamete deposition), whereas male EMG i activity was similarly high during periods of nest excavation, shuddering and post-spawn parental care activities. During spawning, female EMG i activity was positively correlated to shuddering. Average daily EMG i activities for females peaked on the day of spawning. As a result of their engagement in parental care activities, male activity continued to rise even after spawning was completed. EMG i telemetry appears to be a useful technique for monitoring the reproductive activity of largemouth bass, especially in areas of high cover or turbid water or during low light conditions. This technology permitted us to quantify and contrast the activity patterns associated with different spawning related activities, information that will be required to construct accurate, gender-specific bioenergetics models for this species.