南昌月亮湖夏季浮游动物昼夜垂直分布及迁移特征

2013年8月1日19∶00至2日18∶00,通过间隔1 h的定量采样,研究南昌市典型城市湖泊月亮湖中浮游动物(轮虫、枝角类和桡足类)的昼夜垂直分布规律。结果表明,月亮湖共发现浮游动物20种,其中轮虫16种,枝角类1种,桡足类3种;剪形臂尾轮虫(Brachionus forficula)、桡足类无节幼体(Copepoda Nauplii)和迈氏三肢轮虫(Filinia maior)为优势物种,分别占总捕获数量的48.27%、15.75%和11.11%。浮游动物主要类群和优势物种的Morisita指数均大于1,说明月亮湖中的浮游动物群落呈聚集分布。密度垂直分布和平均滞留深度分析结果显示,浮游动物垂直分布昼夜差异明显,夜间(19∶00-05∶00),浮游动物先聚集于月亮湖中层,01∶00后逐渐迁移到表层;白天(06∶00-18∶00),浮游动物逐渐从表层向中层和底层迁移;主要类群中轮虫、枝角类和桡足类的迁移均表现为夜间上升、白天下降、傍晚再上升,轮虫和桡足类的迁移幅度小于枝角类。优势种剪形臂尾轮虫和无节幼体的昼夜垂直迁移表现为夜升昼降,至傍晚再上升;迈氏三肢轮虫昼夜垂直分布差异显著(P0.05),但昼夜垂直迁移活动不明显。相关分析表明,水温、p H值和溶解氧对月亮湖浮游动物的垂直分布和迁移活动有显著影响。     

丁仔稚幼鱼期的摄食与生长

丁鱼岁仔、稚、幼鱼期具有明显的昼夜摄食节律,其中,仔、稚鱼最大饱食率出现在16∶00到20∶00,00∶00到04∶00时有停食现象。幼鱼最大饱食率出现在14∶00到22∶00,昼夜无明显的停食现象。仔鱼食谱中主要是轮虫,稚鱼食谱渐丰富,幼鱼期食谱更为扩大,且出现了一定量的底栖动物。仔、稚鱼体重、全长瞬时增长率要高于幼鱼期,而且,体重快速增长期要先于全长快速生长期。仔、稚和幼鱼阶段是匀速生长。     

长江中游黄石江段三种不同类型河道中仔鱼空间分布研究

2016年6月10-15日对长江中游黄石江段三种不同类型河道(分汊型、顺直型和弯曲型)中仔鱼的空间格局进行了研究。共采集仔鱼12 331尾,隶属于5目7科25种,优势种为贝氏(Hemiculter bleekeri)(占仔鱼总数的89.4%)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)(占4.6%)和吻虾虎鱼属(Rhinogobius sp.)(占1.6%)。弯曲型河道仔鱼平均密度最大,为(2.34±1.10)ind/m~3;分汊型河道次之,为(1.97±2.03)ind/m~3,顺直型河道最低,为(1.79±1.19)ind/m~3。三种河道类型的仔鱼总体空间分布特征相似,在水平分布上,近岸处仔鱼密度最高(3.06±1.54)ind/m~3,江心最低(1.16±0.94)ind/m~3;垂直分布上,仔鱼密度表层(3.20±2.51)ind/m~3最高,其次为中层(1.69±1.35)ind/m~3,底层最低(1.20±1.20)ind/m~3。不同发育阶段的仔鱼分布呈现一定规律,总体上仔鱼从卵黄吸尽期开始倾向于分布在近岸处浅水区。本研究表明分汊型和弯曲型河道中的近岸水域是鱼类育幼场的主要分布区,在航道整治等涉水工程的建设中应该予以重点保护。     

中华绒螯蟹的摄食节律

为了探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)最适宜的投喂时间,本实验将120只初重约68 g的幼蟹随机分养在24个塑料缸(70 cm×40 cm×50 cm)中。采用一次饱食投喂(将昼夜分为8个时间点:10:00、13:00、16:00、19:00、22:00、01:00、04:00、07:00,每个时间段作为1个处理组,每天每个处理组饱食投喂1次)的方法研究中华绒螯蟹的昼夜摄食节律。结果显示,幼蟹在不同投喂时间点表现出24 h周期性的摄食节律,且总摄食高峰期在22:00。从其中6d的平均摄食量可以看出,河蟹主要在19:00~22:00时间段摄食;在肝胰腺酶活性方面,淀粉酶活性在19:00~22:00内高于其他各组,且在22:00获得最高值;脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和钠钾ATP酶酶活性有相似的变化趋势,在13:00~22:00时间段这些酶的酶活呈现上升的趋势,且最高值均在22:00获得。在相关摄食基因表达方面,肝胰腺中Leptin基因的相对表达量在22:00点显著低于13:00和16:00,与其他各组相比差异不显著(P0.05);肠道中胆囊收缩素(CCK)基因的相对表达量在22:00点显示出最低值,与10:00、13:00、04:00和07:00点相比差异显著(P0.05)。综上所述,中华绒螯蟹存在明显的摄食节律,这可能与光照紧密相关,最适宜的投喂时间为22:00。     

胭脂鱼早期生活史行为发育

以人工繁殖的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinusasiaticus)脱膜仔鱼为研究对象,对其早期发育阶段在自然环境下的行为生态学及其早期生存的适应性进行分析。胭脂鱼脱膜仔鱼和1～3日龄的早期仔鱼对光照强度栖息地底质颜色没有选择性,栖息于水体底层,有喜好隐匿场所的倾向,但达不到显著性喜好的程度(P=0.654),不进行顺水漂流。4日龄以后的仔鱼开始趋光,选择白色底质,离开水体底层,并顺水漂流。14日龄以后,顺水漂流停止,选择白色底质的比例下降,几乎完全不选择隐匿场所,但仍然趋光。0～8日龄的仔鱼昼夜活动差异不明显(t=-1.48,P=0.142),9～14日龄时,夜间活动明显强于白天(t=-6.95,P=0),14日龄以后,昼夜活动差异不显著(t=0.05,P=0.96)。     

牙鲆仔鱼轮虫日摄食量及摄食节律的研究

为了解牙鲆仔鱼对轮虫的摄食量和昼夜摄食规律，我们对孵化5-7天的仔鱼进行连续的摄食观察。结果表明，5．6、7日龄的仔鱼．平均全长分别为3．62、3．68、4．07mm；轮虫日摄食量分别为19个／尾、27个／尾、32个／尾；仔鱼摄食主要在白天进行．昼夜摄食比例平均为83．5％和16．5％，在10：00到12：00及16：00到18：00出现摄食高峰。     

赤水河赤水市江段鱼卵漂流密度的昼夜变化特征

基于2011-2012年6-7月赤水河赤水市江段鱼类早期资源昼夜24 h连续采样情况，对该江段鱼卵漂流密度的昼夜变化特征进行了研究。7个昼夜共采集银（ Squalidus argentatus）、宜昌鳅（ Gobiobotia filifer）、鳜（ Siniperca chuatsi）、寡鳞飘鱼（ Pseudolaubuca engraulis）、犁头鳅（ Lepturichthys fimbriata）、四川华吸鳅（ Sinogastro-myzon szechuanensis）、长薄鳅（ Leptobotia elongata）、中华沙鳅（ Botia superciliaris）、紫薄鳅（ Leptobotia taeniops）和花斑副沙鳅（ Parabotia fasciata）10种鱼类的卵粒9099枚。结果显示，这些鱼卵漂流密度的昼夜变化特征不尽一致，其中银、四川华吸鳅、紫薄鳅和花斑副沙鳅夜间的漂流密度显著大于白天（Mann-Whitney U-tests， P＜0.05），宜昌鳅和犁头鳅白天的漂流密度显著大于夜间（Mann-Whitney U-tests， P＜0.05），而中华沙鳅和长薄鳅的漂流密度昼夜差异不显著（ Mann-Whitney U-tests， P＞0.05）。根据采集鱼卵所处发育期和孵化水温推算可知，银、宜昌鳅、长薄鳅、紫薄鳅、中华沙鳅和花斑副沙鳅的繁殖活动集中在白天时段，而犁头鳅和四川华吸鳅的繁殖活动主要发生在夜间时段。繁殖时间的昼夜分化可能是导致鱼卵漂流密度昼夜差异的主要原因。     

三峡水库生态调度对沙市江段鱼卵和仔鱼的影响

2012年5-7月三峡水库试验性生态调度期间,在长江中游沙市江段设固定采样点,共采集到鱼卵和仔鱼35种,隶属于4目、8科、10亚科、28属。银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)、细鳞鲴(Plagiognathops microlepis)、蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus mongolicus)、花斑副沙鳅(Parabotia fasciata)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)构成了该江段的主要繁殖种类。鱼类繁殖盛期在5-6月,进入7月后鱼卵减少而仔鱼数量显著增加。调查期间鱼卵和仔鱼总径流量约为6.89×1010粒(尾),其中鱼卵径流量1.1×1010粒,仔鱼径流量5.79×1010尾。定点采集的鱼卵、仔鱼随采样时间和垂向空间分布均无显著性差异。不同采集点仔鱼的横向分布存在显著性差异,平均漂流密度为江北江中江南;鱼卵的横向分布无显著性差异,且与流速、流态等水力学指标存在负相关性。生态调度期间沙市江段鱼卵总径流量和家鱼卵径流量均出现高峰,繁殖种类明显增加。初步研究表明,三峡水库生态调度制造的涨水过程能够在一定程度上满足不同鱼类自然繁殖的水文需求,对于减缓三峡水库运行对长江中游鱼类自然繁殖的不利影响、维护鱼类种群资源补充具有重要的意义。     

大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食及生长的研究↑（*）

本文以大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammosotakii)人工孵化所得的卵黄囊期仔鱼为材料,对仔鱼早期阶段的摄食及生长情况作了实验研究。结果表明:在13.5～14℃条件下,大泷六线鱼仔鱼6日龄开始摄食,约8日龄卵黄囊耗尽,10日龄饥饿仔鱼进入PNR期,混合营养期为2d;饥饿仔鱼的开口率(初次摄食率)开始较低,此后上升,到卵黄囊耗尽时达高峰(63%),以后又下降。仔鱼前期的生长率平均为0.254mm/d,饥饿仔鱼生长几乎停止,同期喂食仔鱼的生长率亦下降为0.102mm/d;摄食仔鱼在孵化后20d内的全长(L)和日龄(d)的相关式为L=0.085d 7.04。仔鱼存在昼夜摄食节律,在1昼夜中有2个摄食高峰,分别出现在14:00和20:00。     

运用超声波标志法分析水槽养殖条件下大黄鱼行为特性

为了解养殖大黄鱼的行为特征,于2018年8月27日至28日利用超声波标志法,对4尾大黄鱼使用体内植入法进行24 h行为跟踪,获得了水槽中养殖大黄鱼昼夜垂直运动深度及水平位置数据。结果显示:①垂直运动,实验鱼在不同时间段的平均运动深度依次为(0.89±0.51) m (18:00—24:00)、(0.73±0.50) m (次日0:00—6:00)、(1.04±0.50) m (次日6:00—12:00),(1.00±0.45) m (次日12:00—18:00),总体活跃深度为0.50～1.25 m;②水平运动,根据水槽水平区域划分可知,实验鱼在水槽壁周围出现的次数约(159.0±9.5)次,占总体数据约27%,非绕壁运动区域出现次数约(489.0±12.5)次,占总体数据约73%,说明实验鱼主要集中于水槽内部进行无规则运动,偶尔出现绕壁运动。本实验首次运用超声波标志跟踪法研究了水槽养殖条件下大黄鱼的行为特性,旨在为分析养殖大黄鱼运动行为和活动状态提供理论依据和数据支持。     

Diel drift behaviour of fish eggs and larvae, in particular barbel, Barbus barbus (L.), in an English chalk stream

To estimate the potential loss of fish larvae to downstream stretches, the downstream drift behaviour of fish eggs and larvae, in particular barbel, Barbus barbus (L.), was examined in the River Lee, a small, nutrient-rich chalk stream in England, using drift nets over nine consecutive 24-h periods in June 1993 at one location and over ten 24-h periods, once a week for 10 weeks from May to July 1995 at a location slightly more upstream. The density of drifting fish larvae was not correlated with river discharge in 1993 or 1995. A clear diel pattern was found in the drift of fish eggs and larvae, with barbel being a predominant species. Almost all fish larvae drifted at night both in 1993 and 1995, but the drift of eggs in 1995 occurred regardless of luminosity, although most eggs drifted during the day and at dawn. The highest densities of drifting fish larvae (in particular barbel) were found in the nets set in the highest water velocities, with the opposite pattern observed for fish eggs, suggesting either active response to the water current or shape-related differences in the drift behaviour of passive particles.     

长江上游江津江段鱼类早期资源时空分布特征研究

于2009年5—7月对长江上游江津江段卵苗的时空分布进行了调查。结果显示:在5月14日、6月3日及6月9日前后该江段有卵苗汛发生,卵苗的平均密度为9.36 ind/100 m3,最大密度为37.73 ind/100 m3;经威氏符号秩次检验,卵苗密度的昼夜分布没有显著性差异(P>0.05);卵苗密度垂直分布没有显著性差异(P>0.05);在水平分布上,南岸和北岸之间的卵苗密度没有显著性差异(P>0.05),两岸和江中间的卵苗密度均存在极显著性差异(P<0.01)。     

Artificial daily fluctuations of river discharge affect the larval drift and survival of a tropical amphidromous goby

Amphidromous fish species reproduce in rivers, and their larvae immediately drift to the sea after hatching. Most of these larvae survive in freshwater for a few days only, rapidly reaching sea water is thus essential. Being of small size, especially among species of the Sicydiinae subfamily, the larvae possess poor swimming abilities; their drift dynamics is considered to be mainly passive and influenced by flow conditions. The influence of daily fluctuations in flow regime on Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Sicydiinae) larval drift patterns was studied using drift nets at three sites along the dammed Langevin River in Reunion Island. The river flow was stable at the upstream site when frequent anthropogenic river flow fluctuations were observed at the two sites downstream to the dam. Weak diel larval drift dynamics were detected at the upstream site and the first site under anthropogenic river flow conditions. In contrast, larval drift dynamics at the most downstream site was strongly influenced by anthropogenic daily fluctuations of discharge: the abundance of drifting larvae increased with peaks of discharge, regardless of the time. As higher mortality rates of drifting larvae were observed during discharge peaks, the benefit of a more rapid travel to the ocean associated with these peaks should be lower than expected. It is concluded that peaks of discharge increase the number of larvae drifting to the sea probably due to higher physical constraints on the egg clutches, but also decrease the chance of survival for larvae that may be nonfully developed.     

Diel and seasonal abundance of fishes in the Platte River, Nebraska, USA

ABSTRACT:   The objective of the present study was to determine diel and seasonal patterns of fluvial fish composition and abundance. Electrofishing grids were used to collect fish in the Platte River at North Bend, Nebraska, USA. Sampling was started at 12.00 h and continued every 3 h for a 24-h period. More species were taken during the day than at night in the spring. In contrast, more species were taken at night than during the day in summer. In the fall, equal numbers of species were caught during the day and night. Comparisons of fish densities showed significant differences among the three seasons. Major taxa were significantly more abundant in spring, but river shiner Notropis blennius and western silvery minnow Hybognathus argyritis were more abundant in the fall. The greater nocturnal abundance of fish in summer and fall than in the spring may be due to changes in the physical and chemical characteristics during the study periods. The significance of seasonal difference in abundance of fish assemblages may indicate a response to changes in available habitats.     

赣江下游丰城江段鱼类早期资源现状调查

对赣江鱼类早期资源的调查,可为赣江鱼类资源保护以及水利工程生态调度提供科学依据.2017年5-7月,在赣江丰城段使用圆锥网采集鱼卵和弶网采集仔鱼,对鱼类早期资源种类组成、产卵规模和产卵场进行分析.结果显示,调查期间共采集鱼卵11215粒,仔鱼12645尾,隶属于4目、8科、36种,其中产漂流性卵鱼类24种.估算调查期间通过丰城段卵苗径流量为66.66×１０^８粒(尾),其中鱼卵径流量63.84×10^8 粒,鱼苗径流量2.82×10^8 尾;“四大家鱼”卵苗径流量为0.11×10^8 粒(尾),其中鱼卵径流量0.07×10^8 粒,鱼苗径流量0.04×10^8 尾.调查期间出现3次产卵高峰,集中在6 月上、中旬.各类群鱼卵数量呈现出不同的时间动态,银鮈(Squalidusargentatus)产卵高峰期主要出现在5月,银鲴(Xenocyprisargentea)、鳊(Parabramispekinensis)、赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbuscurriculus)以及“四大家鱼”则主要出现在6月.研究表明,峡江水利枢纽运行后,邻近峡江水利枢纽的巴邱“四大家鱼”产卵场消失,但其下游的仁和、新干产卵场保存较完整,在离坝较远的大洋洲镇江段新调查到一处“四大家鱼”产卵场.建议开展生态调度及增殖放流活动,以保护赣江鱼类资源.     

Feeding ecology of fishes associated with Egeria spp. patches in a tropical reservoir, Brazil

Abstract –  This research characterised feeding ecology of fishes associated with patches of Egeria najas and Egeria densa , two submerged macrophytes, in Rosana Reservoir, Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Fishes were sampled using a 1 m² throw trap in patches of different macrophyte biomass and in three diel periods during a wet season. Fish diet (10 species) was primarily composed of autochthonous items (zooplankton, algae and aquatic insect larvae). Almost all intra-specific diet patterns had moderate to low levels of diet similarity, indicating a high variability in diet. Some species showed no diel patterns in feeding activity, whereas others were primarily diurnal or nocturnal. No differences in feeding activity were observed among habitats of medium and high macrophyte biomasses, and species tended to feed on the same items among these habitats. The most abundant fish species demonstrated low inter-specific diet overlap and appear not to compete for food resources. We suggest that Egeria patches are feeding grounds and shelter for small-sized fish species.     

Vertical distribution and migration of fish larvae in the NW Iberian upwelling system during the winter mixing period: implications for cross‐shelf distribution

The vertical distribution and vertical migrations of fish larvae and implications for their cross‐shelf distribution were investigated in the northern limit of the NE Atlantic upwelling region during the late winter mixing period of 2012. The average positive values of the upwelling index for February and March of this year were far from normal, although the average hydrographic conditions during the period of study were of downwelling and the water column was completely mixed. Fish larvae, most in the preflexion stage, were concentrated in the upper layers of the water column and their distribution was depth stratified, both day and night. However, the larval fish community was not structured in the vertical plane and fish larvae did not show significant diel vertical migration (DVM), although five species showed ontogenetic vertical migration. In regions of coastal upwelling and in the absence of DVM, the location of fish larvae in the water column is crucial for their cross‐shelf distribution. Thus, the cross‐shelf distribution of the six most abundant species collected in this study can be explained by the surface onshore flow associated with coastal downwelling, retaining larvae of the coastal spawning species with a relatively shallow distribution in the shelf region and transporting larvae of slope spawning species onto the shelf. The wide vertical distribution shown by larvae of the offshore spawning species could be an adaptation of these species to ensure that some larvae reach the inshore nursery areas.