厦门海域野生鱼类单殖吸虫种类组成分析

2005年6月至2006年11月,本文对福建厦门海域野生鱼类单殖吸虫的种类和感染情况进行调查研究,检查鱼类39种,隶属于8目27科35属,共检出单殖吸虫23种,分属于2个亚目、11科、20属。在16种鱼类的鳃或体表上发现有单殖吸虫寄生,占检查鱼种类的41%;检查570尾鱼类样本,117尾鱼检出单殖吸虫,检出率为20.5%;在感染单殖吸虫的鱼种类中,阳性感染率为10.5%～57.1%,平均感染率25.9%。寄生单殖吸虫的鱼类5目12科15属16种,其中鲈形目鱼类最多,有12种,占75%。鲈形目鱼类共寄生9科18种单殖吸虫;鲻形目鲻鱼寄生有3科3种单殖吸虫。有3种单殖吸虫寄生于不同科宿主鱼体上,多数寄生宿主各不相同,表现出较强的宿主专一性。随着海水鱼类养殖的发展,应密切关注由单殖吸虫引起的鱼类疾病。     

金鱼单殖吸虫病及其防治

单殖吸虫是体型较小的寄生虫。其种类很多,除少数种类营腔寄生(口腔、鼻腔、膀胱)以外,绝大多数寄生在鱼类的体表、鳍条和鳃上。单殖吸虫的幼虫发育,不需经过变态和无性繁殖,也没有中间宿主,而直接发育为成虫。由于单殖吸虫寄生在体表和鳃上,用它的附着器官(钩子和铗子等)钩住鳃丝,破坏鳃组织,刺激鳃细胞分泌过多     

西藏羊卓雍错高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫的种群生态

高原裸鲤(Gymnocypris waddellii)是西藏高原重要的土著裂腹鱼类,本研究调查了藏南内流湖泊羊卓雍错高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫的种群生态学,对180尾高原裸鲤寄生蠕虫进行种类鉴定和感染数量统计分析.结果显示,羊卓雍错高原裸鲤肠道寄生蠕虫由5个物种构成,分别为聂氏拟短节绦虫(Parabreviscolex ni...     

江口水库鱼类寄生单殖吸虫区系调查

调查了江口水库鱼类寄生虫单殖吸虫区系，检查鱼类２８种１６３尾，发现单殖吸虫６属４０种，其中指环虫属３０种，占虫种类的７５％。     

鱼类的鳃病及其防治方法

引起鱼类鳃病的病原体主要包括以下几种：细菌、病毒、霉菌、原生动物、单殖吸虫和甲壳类。本文对这些疾病的症状作了描述，并提出了综合防治措施。     

西藏哲古措2种土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的群落结构及感染状况

为了解西藏哲古措土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的群落结构及季节动态，于2018年9月（秋季）和12月（冬季）、2019年3月（春季）和6月（夏季）对哲古措进行了4个季节的采样调查。共采集到2种土著鱼类，分别为高原裸鲤（Gymnocypris waddellii）和异尾高原鳅（Triplophysa stewartii），与原来的记录不同。在高原裸鲤的消化道中采集到了5种寄生蠕虫，分别为聂氏拟短结绦虫（Parabreviscolex niepini）、新棘吻虫未定种（Neoechinorhynchus sp.）、异肉吸虫未定种（Allocreadium sp.）、对盲囊线虫未定种线虫（Contracaecum sp.）和束首线虫未定种（Streptocara sp.），并对形态特征进行了描述。本研究发现，哲古措土著鱼类消化道寄生蠕虫的物种组成具有一定地域性，大部分为广布性寄生虫，鸟类在其传播过程中起到了重要作用。经过分析，高原裸鲤消化道寄生蠕虫群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.70~1.27，显示了较高的群落多样性，Berger-Parker优势度指数为0.38~0.76，优势群为线虫。线虫表现出一定的季节消长规律：秋季为周年最高，冬季下降，春季上升，夏季降至最低，推测与水温、中间宿主的种群数量、线虫的生命周期和鱼类宿主繁殖期的行为等有关。复殖吸虫、绦虫和棘头虫四季的感染率均在10%以内浮动，平均丰度也较低。异尾高原鳅的消化道中未发现任何寄生蠕虫，推测与宿主肠道空间大小、摄食量和分布空间的差异有关。本研究通过对西藏湖泊土著鱼类寄生蠕虫的调查与分析，旨在为深入了解西藏寄生虫的组成特点、研究青藏高原隆升对寄生虫与鱼类宿主协同进化提供基础理论依据。     

红鳍原触鳃部寄生单殖吸虫生态位分析

鱼类寄生单殖吸虫越来越多受到寄生虫学家和生态学家的关注。生态位分析也是生态学研究的一个重要方面，国外学者在这方面进行了较多的工作。近年来。我国单殖吸虫生态学的研究也吸引了不少科学家的兴趣。     

鳗鲡常见疾病及其防治（续）

9．指环虫病 病原：为指环虫，属于单殖类蠕虫，至今已发现了大约200多种，其中以伪指环虫危害最严重，以吸食鳗鲡鳃组织和血液为生，当伪指环虫在鳃部的寄生数量达到一定程度时，引起鳗咬食，甚至不摄食，全年均可发生。且虫体多携带病菌和病毒，当虫体寄生较多时，鳗鳃部呈现开放型的伤口，同时病菌侵入，造成烂鳃或败血病等。     

鱼类三代虫、指环虫的几种诊治方法

三代虫、指环虫属蠕虫类扁形动物门吸虫纲的单殖吸虫，体外寄生，寄生在鳃、皮肤和鳍条上，尤以鳃上为甚。虫体椭圆形、卵生或胎生。生活史中不需中间寄主，受精卵自成虫排出后，即孵化出幼虫。成虫前有乳突、头器，后有吸器。随水温升高，卵发育周期缩短，繁殖速度加快。成虫适宜水温为20℃—25℃，流行于春末夏初以及高温季节。大量寄生可引起鱼苗、成鱼大批死亡，给养殖者带来严重损失。笔者将多年来的诊治经验加以总结，供同行参考。     

水产养殖中指环虫、三代虫病的防治

正一、指环虫、三代虫生物学指环虫和三代虫均属于单殖吸虫纲,其生活史简单,无世代交替和宿主更替。指环虫是鲤科鱼类养殖中常见的单殖吸虫,其虫体较小,长度通常不超过2毫米,显微镜下可见一虫体前部有两对黑褐色的眼点,位于咽的两侧。指环虫为卵生,成熟个体中卵一经形成即产出,虫卵孵出毛蚴,感染宿主后,即附着于体表,并移行到鳃等寄生部位,脱去纤毛,直接发育成虫。主要     

Seasonal patterns in the community of gill monogeneans on wild versus cultured orange‐spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides Hamilton, 1822 in Daya Bay,South China Sea

Epinephelus is among the most important fish genera in the Southeast Asian Pacific coastal systems. In Chinese coast, the orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides is one of the most significant species based on culture volume, and it is consumed all over the world. Very little information exists on this species’ parasitofauna. Composition and temporal variation in the community structure of the gill monogeneans on wild versus cultured E. coioides from Daya Bay (23°25′N, 117°2′E), South China Sea were determined using seasonal samples taken between April 2008 and January 2009. Eight species of monogeneans of three families and four genera on the gills of E. coioides were found: Neobenedenia melleni, Haliotrema cromileptis, Diplectanum grouperi, Pseudorhabdosynochus justinei, P. lantauensis, P. coioidesis, P. serrani and P. shenzhenensis. Eight of the monogenean species exhibited seasonal variation in their infection dynamics associated with environmental changes during seasons. The variations in the infection dynamics generated changes in the community structure during the sampling periods. Moreover, in the three different host living environments (wild, monocultured and polycultured), the monogenean communities exhibited the different seasonal patterns.     

Nanoemulsions with oleoresin of Copaifera reticulata (Leguminosae) improve anthelmintic efficacy in the control of monogenean parasites when compared to oleoresin without nanoformulation

This study compared the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Copaifera reticulata oleoresin (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 mg/L) and of nanoemulsions prepared with this oleoresin (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L) against monogeneans on the gills of Colossoma macropomum. The major compounds present in the oleoresin of C. reticulata were γ-macrocarpene (14.2%), α-bergamotene (13.6%), β-selinene (13.4%) and β-caryophyllene (11.7%). All concentrations of the nanoemulsion and the oleoresin without nanoformulation showed anthelmintic efficacy against monogeneans, and higher concentrations led to more rapid parasite mortality. Structural damages to the tegument of the parasites exposed to C. reticulata oleoresin were observed with scanning electron microscopy. At two hours of exposure, fish showed 100% tolerance to all nanoemulsion concentrations used in the in vitro assays, whereas 100% mortality was shown in the fish exposed to the oleoresin without nanoformulation after one hour. The results of this study suggest that nanoemulsions with oleoresin of C. reticulata have advantages in the control and treatment of monogenean infections in C. macropomum when compared to the oleoresin without nanoformulation. In addition, since nanoemulsions with the C. reticulata oleoresin are safe to control monogeneans, the efficacy of these nanoformulations may be assayed in therapeutic baths to treat C. macropomum infected by monogeneans.     

Treatment of Microcotyle sp. (Monogenea) on the gills of cage-cultured red porgy,Pagrus pagrus following baths with formalin and mebendazole

Two bath treatment trials for the control of the monogenean Microcotyle sp. in the gills of cultured red porgy, Pagrus pagrus using formalin (200 ppm for 1 h) and mebendazole (400 ppm for 1 h) were conducted. Formalin was very effective removing all the parasites from the gills of the infected fish while mebendazole produced no significant result. Based on the results of the trial, formalin was selected for the treatment of a large population of heavily infected red porgies held in sea cages. The results of the treatment are discussed.     

Studies on the morphology of Uronema marinum Dujardin (Ciliatea: Uronematidae) with a description of the histopathology of the infection in marine fishes

Abstract. A normally free-living hymenostomatid ciliate was found to be the cause of heavy infections of gills, viscera and body muscle in Atlantic and Pacific marine fishes kept in the New York Aquarium. Of special interest is the fact that the parasites, usually with food vacuoles filled with blood cells and cellular debris, caused extensive damage to the body muscle; the other infected organs showed no characteristic tissue reactions. The immediate cause of death is attributed to the exceptional load of the parasite on the gills, thus interfering with normal respiratory function.
The ciliate, isolated from a recent outbreak, is described in detail, and shows many characteristics of Uronema marinum Dujardin, a species that has been reported as free-living in salt water; the form reported here differs from the type and other members included in this species, by the presence of less than three rows of bipolar meridians. This facultative parasite is described in detail and compared with other genera.     

鄱阳湖湖口鱼类资源现状调查

2014年5月-12月对鄱阳湖湖口县水域鱼类资源进行逐月调查,对该水域鱼类种类组成、渔获物结构、优势种、群落多样性指数和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)进行分析。结果显示,在鄱阳湖湖口水域共采集鱼类52种,隶属于7目12科40属;优势种分别为鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鳙(Aristichys nobilis)和光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus),占样本个体总数的61.34%;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(Hi)为2.59,Margalef种类丰富度指数(D)为6.09,Pielou均匀度指数(J')为0.65,Simpson优势度指数(λ)为0.87,相对稀有种数(R)为97.87%;该水域定置网CPUE为1.10~6.21 kg/d,与湖口水位呈显著正相关(P0.05)。鄱阳湖湖口水域渔业捕捞个体以小型鱼类居多,洄游型鱼类的幼鱼补充群体数量极少,鱼类群落多样性指数有上升趋势。     

西藏黑斑原鮡消化道寄生蠕虫的分布类型及种间关系

黑斑原鮡(Glyptosternum maculatum)是中国唯一的原鮡属鱼类, 在中国仅分布于西藏的雅鲁藏布江。在 2019 年 5—8 月对 383 尾黑斑原鮡消化道寄生蠕虫种类调查鉴定的基础上, 对其感染数量的频率分布进行了统计, 并分别用方差均值比和 X² 检验、共感染频率统计等方法对各寄生蠕虫种群的空间分布类型及消化道寄生蠕虫群落的种间关系进行了分析和判定。结果显示, 深槽绦虫未定种(Bathybothrium sp.)、原头绦虫未定种(Proteocephalus sp.)和杆咽线虫未定种(Rhabdochona sp.)的分布模式为均匀分布; 异肉吸虫未定种(Allocreadium sp.)、新棘吻虫未定种 (Neoechinorhynchus sp.)、裸鲤棘头虫(Echinorhynchus gymnocyprii)和 Contracaecum eudyptulae 呈聚集分布。异肉吸虫未定种与裸鲤棘头虫、新棘吻虫未定种与深槽绦虫未定种、新棘吻虫未定种与原头绦虫未定种、新棘吻虫未定种与异肉吸虫未定种, 以及新棘吻虫未定种与杆咽线虫未定种间均为正关联; 裸鲤棘头虫与异肉吸虫未定种间为负关联; 其他寄生蠕虫物种两两之间不存在相互关联。共感染频率分布显示被感染的宿主多数只感染 1 种寄生虫, 同时感染 2 种以上寄生虫的宿主约占被感染宿主群体的 1/3, 其中, 共感染的最大物种数为 4 种, 但频率只为 1, 以 2 种物种共同感染的情况居多。     

Protective responses of intestinal mucous cells in a range of fish–helminth systems

Histopathological, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies were conducted on the intestines of four fish species infected with different taxa of enteric helminths. Brown trout (Salmo trutta trutta), eel (Anguilla anguilla) and tench (Tinca tinca) obtained from Lake Piediluco (central Italy) were examined. Brown trout and eel were infected with two species of acanthocephalans, and tench was parasitized with a tapeworm species. In addition to the above site, specimens of chub (Squalius cephalus) and brown trout infected with an acanthocephalan were examined from the River Brenta (north Italy). Moreover, eels were examined from a brackish water, Comacchio lagoons (north Italy), where one digenean species was the predominant enteric worm. All the helminths species induced a similar response, the hyperplasia of the intestinal mucous cells, particularly of those secreting acid mucins. Local endocrine signals seemed to affect the production and secretion of mucus in the parasitized fish, as worms often were surrounded by an adherent mucus layer or blanket. This is the first quantitative report of enteric worm effects on the density of various mucous cell types and on the mucus composition in intestine of infected/uninfected conspecifics. We provide a global comparison between the several fish–helminth systems examined.     

Gill histopathology of wild marine fish in Tasmania: potential interactions with gill health of cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L

This study surveyed conditions in the gills of wild marine fish in Tasmania to determine potential interactions between wild and cultured fish. Wild marine fish of 12 species were captured from three Atlantic salmon farm sites and three reference sites around Tasmania. The survey concentrated on three species, red cod, Pseudophycis bachus, sand flathead, Platycephalus bassensis, and jack mackerel, Trachurus declivus. Seventy-six per cent of salmon pens contained wild fish species. The number of species found in a pen ranged from one to nine and the number of individuals ranged from one to 23. Trichodinids were prevalent and occurred on seven of the 13 species examined. Trichodina occurred on the gills of all but one specimen of red cod. Monogenean gill flukes were observed on all three major species sampled and were abundant on sand flathead. Other parasites and conditions observed in the survey included metacercariae of digenean trematodes, epitheliocystis and cysts of unknown origin. Infestations of trichodinids on red cod and monogenean gill flukes on sand flathead were significantly more intense at farm sites than at reference sites. Atlantic salmon sampled at the same time from the farms were only affected by amoebic gill disease and isopods.     

Treatments for ectoparasites and diseases in captive Western Australian dhufish

The Western Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum), an open-water marine finfish, has been identified as a potential species for aquaculture and a 4 y research project has concentrated on broodstock collection and maintenance, spawning and larval rearing. This paper describes treatments which were developed for the ectoparasites and diseases of broodstock fish. These included bacterial and fungal infections, Cryptocaryon irritans, Haliotremasp., an unidentified axinid monogenean, the isopod Aega cyclops and copepod Caligus sp. Treatments based on betadine, formalin, freshwater, malachite green, oxytetracycline (terramycin), 2-phenoxyethanol, potassium permanganate and trichlorphon (neguvon) were all tried. The most effective treatments against parasites were a freshwater bath or a combined freshwater bath and anaesthesia with 2-phenoxyethanol. Monogeneans on the gills were difficult to control and exophthalmia was an unresolved problem.