传染性胰腺坏死病毒VP3蛋白的原核表达及抗原性分析

应用RT-PCR方法扩增了IPNV编码内衣壳VP3蛋白的基因615bp,将VP3基因克隆至原核表达载体pET30b,并在大肠杆菌BL21中得到了表达。通过SDS-PAGE分析表明,重组菌诱导后得到了预期大小约30ku的VP3蛋白,与理论值相符,经薄层扫描分析表明目的蛋白表达量可占菌体总蛋白的30%。用镍离子亲和层析柱纯化可溶性的VP3蛋白,并制备抗血清。Western-blotting结果显示,VP3蛋白可被兔抗IPNV阳性血清识别;间接ELISA结果显示,IPNV细胞培养物作为抗原,兔抗VP3蛋白高免血清稀释度为1∶25600时,P/N>2,抗血清可与IPNV全病毒发生反应,以上两项结果说明,表达的VP3蛋白与天然的IPNVVP3蛋白一样具有相同的抗原性。试验利用原核表达系统成功地高效表达了IPNVVP3蛋白,融合蛋白以可溶性形式存在,并制备了高效价的抗血清。     

传染性胰腺坏死病毒VP2COE蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及与初步应用

为制备抗IPNV VP2蛋白的单克隆抗体,对其基本特性进行鉴定并进行初步应用。实验利用Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化的IPNV VP2 COE重组蛋白作为免疫原,免疫8周龄的雌性BALB/c小鼠,经3次免疫后,将免疫小鼠的脾细胞与骨髓瘤SP2/0细胞融合。采用间接ELISA和有限稀释法筛选杂交瘤细胞,共得到2株能稳定分泌特异性抗体的阳性细胞株,分别命名为5G10和5F3,亚类鉴定均为IgG1亚类。2株杂交瘤细胞的染色体数目在75～120之间。间接ELISA检测5G10和5F3细胞培养上清的效价分别为1∶105、1∶102,腹水效价分别为1∶108、1∶104。Western-blotting和间接免疫荧光鉴定结果显示,2株单抗均能特异性地识别IPNV。间接ELISA表明,2株单抗不与IHNV、VHSV、SVCV、HRV等病毒反应,说明获得的单抗具有高度的特异性。相加ELISA实验结果显示,2株单克隆抗体分别识别IPNV VP2蛋白上不同的抗原位点。应用间接免疫荧光方法对临床确定为患有IPN虹鳟肝组织进行检测,结果证实该2株单克隆抗体可用于后续实验。     

抗传染性胰腺坏死病毒VP3蛋白单克隆抗体的制备

利用纯化后的传染性胰腺坏死病毒(IPNV VP3)重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过细胞融合技术,采用间接ELISA和有限稀释法筛选杂交瘤细胞,利用染色体鉴定、蛋白印迹和免疫荧光等方法对单克隆抗体进行鉴定,共得到2株能稳定分泌特异性抗体的阳性细胞株,分别命名为2F1、4A7,亚类鉴定2株单抗均为IgG1亚类。ELISA检测其腹水效价,蛋白印迹检测表明获得的2株单抗均能特异性识别IPNV VP3蛋白;间接免疫荧光鉴定表明2株单抗均与IPNV发生反应;间接ELISA检测结果表明2株单抗均不与HSV、SVCV、HRV等病毒反应,与IPNV具有较强的特异性反应。     

传染性胰腺坏死病毒VP3蛋白的干酪乳杆菌表达系统构建

根据传染性胰腺坏死病毒(IPNV)VP3蛋白的全基因序列,设计并合成引物,以IPNV(ATCC VR-1318)细胞培养毒提取的核酸为模板,对传染性胰腺坏死病毒VP3蛋白的干酪乳杆菌表达系统进行了构建研究。结果显示:进行RT-PCR扩增得到截短的VP3基因约615 bp目的片段,将其克隆到pMD18-T Simple载体,经酶切、PCR扩增和序列测定后显示目的片段正确;将目的片段分别亚克隆到乳酸菌细胞表面表达型载体和分泌表达型载体,电转化于干酪乳杆菌,获得了阳性重组菌株。结果表明,通过本实验方法可构建表达传染性胰腺坏死病毒VP3蛋白的干酪乳杆菌表达系统,为实现IPNV VP3蛋白在乳酸菌中的表达及免疫原性研究奠定了基础。     

鲑鱼甲病毒E1基因高保守区融合表达及免疫特性的分析

根据Gen Bank中公布的鲑鱼甲病毒(salmonid alphavirus,SAV)SAV 1、SAV 2和SAV3三个基因型中E1基因,选择高保守序列702 bp(436-1137)合成基因,命名为SAV E1,将其克隆到原核表达载体p Cold TF中构建重组质粒。然后将重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌感受态细胞BL21中,经终浓度为1.0 mmol/L的IPTG诱导表达,SDSPAGE和Western blot鉴定,重组蛋白均获得了表达,表达E1重组蛋白约95 k D。用镍离子亲和层析柱纯化重组蛋白,制备抗血清。间接ELISA结果显示,鼠抗重组蛋白E1血清效价为1∶25 600;间接免疫荧光结果显示,鼠抗重组E1蛋白血清可与SAV发生特异反应,由此表明表达的E1重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性和免疫反应性,为SAV检测方法的建立提供理论依据。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型VP6蛋白多克隆抗体制备及其特异性分析

为了制备高效的草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型VP6蛋白多克隆抗体并对其特异性进行鉴定,实验以草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型HZ08株为模板,采用PCR方法扩增S9基因,将该S9基因与p ET-32a(+)载体连接构建p ET-32a-S9原核表达载体,转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)后用IPTG诱导表达;纯化后的重组VP6蛋白免疫新西兰兔,制备多克隆抗体,使用间接ELISA方法测定抗体效价,Western blot和IFA试验鉴定抗VP6蛋白多克隆抗体特异性。结果显示草鱼呼肠孤病毒Ⅱ型的S9基因在原核表达载体中能够正确地表达VP6蛋白,纯化的重组蛋白免疫新西兰兔制备的抗VP6多克隆抗体,经间接ELISA方法测定其效价约为1∶105,Western blot和IFA试验结果显示制备的多克隆抗体能特异性识别GCRVⅡ型毒株,而不能识别GCRV I型、Ⅲ型以及其它病毒,表明该多克隆抗体具有较高的特异性。研究表明制备的抗VP6蛋白多克隆抗体能够特异性识别GCRVⅡ型病毒,为GCRVⅡ型病原学研究及草鱼出血病临床诊断奠定基础。     

Ⅱ型草鱼呼肠孤病毒VP4、VP35蛋白多克隆抗体制备及其免疫原性分析

为建立针对Ⅱ型草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)的血清学检测方法,分别构建了GCRV JX02株外衣壳蛋白VP4、VP35的原核重组表达质粒PGEX-4T-3-S6、PGEX-4T-3-S11,用纯化的重组蛋白r VP4、r VP35分别免疫小鼠制得相应的多克隆抗体,用间接ELISA方法测定2种抗体的效价,用Western Blot鉴定抗体的特异性。SDS-PAGE分析细菌表达的r VP4、r VP35大小分别约为98ku和61ku,且都主要以包涵体的形式存在;间接ELISA方法测定制备的抗体效价分别约为1:4×105和1:106;Western Blot结果显示,制备的2种多克隆抗体都既能够识别原核表达的重组蛋白,又能够识别JX02毒株上的对应蛋白,并且发现感染JX02的草鱼血清中存在结合VP4、VP35的相应抗体。本研究制备的2种多克隆抗体都具有良好的生物学特性,并且这2种重组蛋白作为相应抗体捕获原可以用于通过检测抗病毒抗体来确诊草鱼是否感染Ⅱ型GCRV。本研究将为GCRV主要流行株血清学检测方法的建立以及VP4、VP35蛋白相关功能研究奠定基础。     

抗大鲵虹彩病毒MCP COE蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

制备抗大鲵虹彩病毒(CGSIV)MCP COE蛋白的单克隆抗体,并对其基本特性进行鉴定及开展初步应用。用纯化的重组CGSIV MCP COE蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,间接ELISA法检测阳性孔,经有限稀释法亚克隆,筛选单克隆杂交瘤细胞株。采用间接ELISA法、免疫印迹法和单克隆抗体亚型检测试剂盒等鉴定单抗的稳定性、特异性和亚型;采用腹水诱生法制备单抗腹水,饱和硫酸铵法纯化腹水单抗;间接ELISA法分别测定单抗杂交瘤细胞上清液和腹水单抗的效价;利用间接免疫荧光法观察CGSIV的增殖。结果显示,细胞融合克隆率为98.68%,阳性率为20.52%,得到1株能够稳定分泌特异性抗体的阳性杂交瘤细胞,命名为1M6。单克隆抗体的亚型属于Ig G2b,κ链;免疫印迹法和间接ELISA法测定结果显示,单抗具有很好的特异性;杂交瘤细胞株培养上清液的效价为1∶1600,腹水单抗效价为1∶2×106,亲和常数为2×105。间接免疫荧光显示CGSIV感染EPC细胞24 h后在宿主细胞质中可以观察到成熟的病毒粒子形成的包涵体,而且在宿主细胞核内也能发现病毒粒子。抗CGSIV MCP COE蛋白单克隆抗体的成功制备为CGSIV免疫学检测方法的建立和其他相关研究的开展奠定了基础。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒HZ08株VP4蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

为了建立针对草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)流行株的血清学检测方法,实验构建了能高效表达GCRV HZ08株主要衣壳蛋白VP4的重组表达载体pET32a-S6,利用纯化的VP4重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠的脾细胞与SP2/O细胞融合,经过克隆和筛选,获得3株能稳定分泌抗VP4重组蛋白单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,MAb)的杂交瘤细胞,分别命名为2C2、2F3和5E5.抗体经亚型鉴定均为IgG1,轻链为K链;间接ELISA试验证明,3株杂交瘤细胞分泌的MAb可特异性识别GCRV-HZ08,与GSRV,ISKNV,IHNV均无交叉反应.选择2C2作为腹水生产细胞株,免疫小鼠后腹水ELISA效价为1∶720 000;IFA和Western-blotting结果显示,这株杂交瘤细胞分泌的MAb能够特异性识别GCRV-HZ08病毒粒子.本实验制备的MAb具有良好的生物学特性,为GCRV流行株血清学检测方法的建立及VP4蛋白相关功能研究奠定了基础.     

鱼源植物乳杆菌表达IPNV VP2-VP3重组蛋白及其口服免疫程序

为比较鱼源乳酸菌表达系统口服疫苗在不同免疫程序下诱导鱼免疫应答水平的差异,确定鱼源乳酸菌表达系统口服免疫虹鳟幼鱼的免疫程序。本研究构建了重组表达IPNV VP2-VP3蛋白的鱼源植物乳杆菌L1212,将重组菌pPG612-VP2-VP3/L1212包裹颗粒饲料,口服免疫虹鳟幼鱼。免疫程序分为连续免疫组、免疫1 d后间隔1 d再免疫1 d组、连续免疫4 d后32 d加强免疫1次组和间隔免疫后32 d加强免疫1次组。免疫后进行尾动脉采血,间接ELISA方法检测各组血清抗体效价,免疫接种66 d后,腹腔注射IPNV,计算各组相对免疫保护率。确定颗粒饲料按照1 mL/g比例与108 CFU/mL重组菌pPG612-VP2-VP3/L1212和2.5%海藻酸钠混合,于20℃烘干制备口服疫苗。间隔免疫组血清抗体效价和攻毒保护率均显著高于其他组,并且免疫2次的间隔免疫组的血清抗体效价和攻毒保护率均显著高于免疫1次间隔免疫组。采用重组菌包被颗粒饲料饲喂虹鳟幼鱼,间隔免疫的免疫程序和免疫保护率优于连续免疫的免疫程序,对IPNV的入侵起到保护作用。     

Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)‐GN438A expresses VP2 gene‐encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are important pathogens in rainbow trout farming worldwide. Their co‐infection is also common, which causes great economic loss in juvenile salmon species. Development of a universal virus vaccine providing broadly cross‐protective immunity will be of great importance. In this study, we generated two recombinant (r) virus (rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐EGFP and rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐VP2) replacing the NV gene of the backbone of rIHNV at the single point mutation at residue 438 with an efficient green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene and antigenic VP2 gene of IPNV. Meanwhile, we tested their efficacy against the wild‐type (wt) IHNV HLJ‐09 virus and IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge. The relative per cent survival rates of two recombinant viruses against (wt) IHNV HLJ‐09 virus challenge were 84.6% and 81.5%, respectively. Simultaneously, the relative per cent survival rate of rIHNV‐N438A‐ΔNV‐VP2 against IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge was 88.9%. It showed the two recombinant viruses had high protection rates and induced a high level of antibodies against IHNV or IPNV. Taken together, these results suggest the VP2 gene of IPNV can act as candidate gene for vaccine and attenuated multivalent live vaccines and molecular marker vaccines have potential application for viral vaccine.     

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) serotype Sp is prevalent in Turkish rainbow trout farms

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a common pathogen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Turkey. We found that 455 of 1,676 sample pools tested were IPNV positive. Positive samples were found in all geographical regions where sampling was conducted. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of VP2 from 30 isolates representing all regions showed that the viruses were highly similar in sequence and grouped within Genogroup 5 (serotype Sp‐A2). No correlations between sequences, sampling sites or geographical origins were identified. Although clinical disease was evident in several farms, analyses of the amino acid sequence of VP2 showed that all virus strains harboured the P₂₁₇T₂₂₁ motif, assumed to be associated with low virulence. We conclude that IPNV is prevalent in Turkish rainbow trout farms and that the viruses are very homogenous and likely to be of European origin. Frequent exchange of eggs and live fish within the farming industry may explain the homogeneity of the IPNV.     

Field study indicating susceptibility differences between salmonid species and their lineages to proliferative kidney disease

Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) is the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), which affects both wild and farmed salmonid fish. The objective of this study was to outline differences in susceptibility to PKD in different salmonid species, hybrids and breeding lineages. Susceptibility to T. bryosalmonae infection was established based on cumulative mortality, pathological findings and detection of T. bryosalmonae in the kidney using immunohistochemistry and molecular methods. Determination of pure and hybrid individuals of different species in the genus Salvelinus, and dissimilarity of rainbow trout lineages, was performed using traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microsatellite analyses. Rainbow trout displayed higher disease severity compared with brook trout and Alsatian charr. Moreover, the results indicated differences in infection susceptibility, not only among different salmonid species but also among different lineages of charr and rainbow trout. Our study indicated that some salmonid species and even different lineages of the same species are more suitable for farming under PKD pressure.     

Comparative proteomic analysis of virulent and rifampicin-attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiologic agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome. In this study, we compared a wild‐type strain (CSF 259‐93) with a rifampicin‐resistant strain and virulence‐attenuated strain of F. psychrophilum (CSF 259‐93B.17). The attenuated strain harboured a mutation in the rpoB gene consistent with resistance to rifampicin. Two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE) and mass spectrometry demonstrated an altered proteome with eight proteins characteristic for the parent strain and six that were unique to the attenuated strain. Immunoblotting with a diagnostic monoclonal antibody (FL‐43) identified a putative antigen (FP1493) that was subsequently cloned, expressed as a recombinant protein and confirmed as recognized by FL‐43. 2D‐PAGE, immunoblotting with rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), convalescent antisera and mass spectrometry of bacterial whole‐cell lysates revealed several uniquely expressed immunoreactive proteins including FP1493. An FP1493 recombinant subunit vaccine was tested, but did not provide protection against challenge with the CSF259‐93 strain. While the exact mechanism responsible for altered protein synthesis and attenuation of CSF 259‐93B.17 is still unknown, the differentially expressed immunoreactive proteins are a valuable resource to develop subunit vaccines and to identify proteins that are potentially involved in disease.     

虹鳟IgM重链恒定区的表达及兔抗血清的制备

为了能够成功表达虹鳟IgM,本研究利用生物信息学软件对虹鳟IgM的亲水性及抗原性进行了分析,根据GenBank收录的虹鳟IgM重链恒定区,参照生物信息学分析结果,设计用于扩增截短的IgM基因的引物,以虹鳟头肾RNA提取物为模板,利用RT-PCR方法扩增虹鳟截短的IgM重链恒定区部分基因片段,连接原核表达载体pET-27b,利用大肠杆菌Rosetta进行表达。SDS-PAGE及HPLC结果显示,纯化后截短的IgM大小约为47.7 ku,且纯度达到90%。利用其制备兔抗血清后ELISA分析结果显示,所制备的兔抗血清与本研究所表达的截短IgM蛋白的反应效价为1∶40 000,与虹鳟血清提取的全长IgM反应效价为1∶20 000并且呈现出抗原计量依赖性。研究表明,重组IgM蛋白与虹鳟血清中的天然IgM重链恒定区具有近似的结构,利用其所制备的兔抗血清能够与虹鳟鱼体中的天然IgM发生特异性反应。     

Modelling effects of climate change on Michigan brown trout and rainbow trout: Precipitation and groundwater as key predictors

Understanding how changes in stream temperature affect survival and growth of coldwater fishes, including brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), is important for conserving coldwater stream fisheries in a changing climate. However, some contemporary stream temperature models assume spatially uniform (i.e. unrealistic) air–stream temperature relationships or demand hydrometeorological predictors (e.g. solar radiation and convection) that are expensive and often impractical for fisheries managers to measure. As such, we produced a relatively cost-effective, management-relevant modelling approach for predicting effects of changes in air temperature, precipitation and groundwater inputs on stream temperature and, consequently, the survival and growth of brown trout and rainbow trout in Michigan, USA. We found that precipitation- and groundwater-corrected stream temperature models (mean adjusted R² = .77, range = 0.65–0.88) performed better than linear air–stream temperature models (mean adjusted R² = .59, range = 0.21–0.80). Stream temperature was projected to increase by 0.07–3.88°C (1%–22%) with simulated changes in air temperature, precipitation and groundwater inputs. The greatest warming was predicted for surface runoff-dominated sites with limited groundwater-driven thermal buffering, where thermal habitat suitability for salmonid survival and growth declined 20%–40%. However, groundwater-dominated sites may not be immune to temperature warming, especially if groundwater temperature increases or groundwater inputs decline in a changing climate. Our modelling approach provides a reliable, cost-effective method for predicting effects of climate change on brown trout and rainbow trout survival and growth, allowing for strategic management actions to increase the thermal resilience and sustainability of salmonid populations (e.g. groundwater conservation and riparian/watershed rehabilitation).     

Occurrence and prevalence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in cages in the Black Sea

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in cage systems in the South Eastern Black Sea were surveyed for the type, occurrence and prevalence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Two nearby farms (designated as Farm A and Farm B) were visited monthly in 2007 and 2008. At each farm, 385 fish were selected randomly from five cages. Another farm with infected trout from a hatchery also was monitored for IPNV from the transfer to harvest. IPNV was found to be prevalent in both farms surveyed. In Farm A, IPNV was present throughout the growing period, from January to May, and all five randomly sampled cages tested positive for IPNV in March and April of 2007. In Farm B, IPNV was present only in February and March in 2007, and in 2008, IPNV was observed in January (two cages) and February (one cages) at low levels. Interestingly, IPNV was absent 2 weeks after transfer to the sea at 17.5°C. The same strain of IPNV, genotype III that was isolated from the same stock of fish at the hatchery, reoccurred when water temperatures dropped to 12°C in December in the Black Sea. Transferring fish to the sea at high water temperatures could lessen the negative impacts of IPNV on growth of rainbow trout in brackish water.     

Plasma levels of insulin,glucagon and glucagon-like peptide in salmonids of different weights

Plasma levels of insulin in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar, and Pacific coho salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutch and plasma circulating levels of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide, in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, were measured by homologous radioimmunoassays. Hormonal levels were compared against the average body weight of the same group of fish. Plasma insulin levels were significantly correlated (r=0.56, 0.46 and 0.42 respectively) with body weight in all three salmonid species. Moreover, rainbow trout from fast-growing families had significantly higher (p<0.005) plasma insulin levels than did fish from slow-growing families. Plasma titres of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide were always lower than insulin titres and did not correlate with body weight.Reported in part at Satellite Symposium on Applications of Comparative Endocrinology to Fish Culture, Almunecar, Spain (Sundby, 1989).     

A comparative study of picomolar affinity 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the hearts of three salmonid species

The hearts of three cultured salmonid species, collected at either mid-light or mid-dark were studied for their binding to 2-[¹²⁵I]iodomelatonin, a specific melatonin agonist. The binding was saturable, reversible, and highly specific. The equilibrium dissociation constant (K_d) ranged from 30.1 ± 3.0 pmole 1⁻¹ in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) to 40.5 ± 2.3 pmole 1⁻¹ in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) indicating a high binding affinity. The maximum density of binding (B_max) was at the low femtomolar level of 0.57 to 0.87 fmole mg⁻¹ protein. Higher B_max appeared to be demonstrated in the mid-light samples when compared to the mid-dark samples but the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). Competition study with various indoles showed the following order of potency: 2-iodomelatonin > melatonin > 6-chloromelatonin ≫ N-acetylserotonin ⋙ serotonin. Guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP_γS) strongly inhibited the binding (IC₅₀ = 0.66 μmole 1⁻¹) in the rainbow trout heart, suggesting that these binding sites belong to the superfamily of G-protein linked receptors. Our results suggest the presence of melatonin receptors in the fish heart. In addition, there was no marked intraspecies differences in K_d, B_max and specificity that could be correlated with the phylogeny or life history of the salmonid species.