循环水养殖半滑舌鳎成鱼摄食活动对主要水质因子的影响

在封闭循环水养殖条件下,半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)的平均养殖密度(15.07±0.22)kg/m3,观测半滑舌鳎的呼吸频率,检测养殖水体中溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸氮等24 h内摄食和代谢的变化规律。结果表明:(1)半滑舌鳎摄食前、后的呼吸频率平均值分别为27.3次/min和34.7次/min,摄食后的呼吸频率显著高于摄食前;(2)投喂前、后2.5 h内,水中溶氧一直处于下降趋势,在摄食2.5 h后,水中溶氧处于稳定的上升趋势;(3)投喂后,氨氮、亚硝酸氮浓度显著增高,2.5 h后达到峰值,随后缓慢降低,在下次投喂前0.5 h达到最低值。说明半滑舌鳎摄食活动对循环水养殖水质的影响呈现规律性,也说明循环水养殖模式可以满足半滑舌鳎对水质的基本要求。     

半滑舌鳎成鱼开放流水与循环水养殖模式下生长及肌肉营养成分差异研究

为半滑舌鳎的集约化养成提供基础数据,设定开放流水和循环水两种养殖模式,以处于快速生长期的大规格鱼种(0.640 ±0.063) kg为研究对象,检测半滑舌鳎的生长及肉质相关指标,实验共进行7个月,结果显示:①半滑舌鳎在两种养殖模式下的成活率分别为79.89％和90.38％,月增重率分别是0.154 7和0.1109 kg,肥满度分别是0.920和0.838,生长激素分泌量分别是2.812和2.706 μg/L.循环水养殖模式组在成活率、增重率、肥满度和生长激素分泌量上分别高于开放流水养殖模式组13.13％、39.5％、9.8％和3.92％.②两种养殖模式,开放流水养殖模式组在粗蛋白、氨基酸、PUFA上更占优势,但在粗脂肪、MUFA上循环水养殖模式明显占优势,分别高于开放流水养殖模式组41.732％和16.912％.实验表明,循环水养殖模式优越的水质环境更适合半滑舌鳎的育肥.本实验说明,半滑舌鳎在循环水养殖模式下具有很好的适应性,其生长处于较好的状态,营养品质上也能够得到保证.同时,也说明循环水养殖模式可以极大地发掘半滑舌鳎的养殖潜力,是一种适合半滑舌鳎集约化养殖的具有优势的养殖模式.     

半滑舌鳎的循环水养殖模式及经济效益分析

2009年3月至10月进行了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossuss semilaevis Guanther)生产性养殖试验,期间对一套循环水养殖系统的水处理效果及半滑舌鳎养殖模式进行了深入的研究。养殖水体经系统处理后,养殖池内水温18～21℃,pH 7.0～8.0,DO≥6.6 mg/L,养殖池进水氨氮0.017～0.178 mg/L,亚硝酸氮0.012～0.064mg/L。文中详细阐述了放苗前养殖车间消毒、苗种选择与运输、生物滤池的培养、苗种投放、养殖过程中系统的日常维护、饵料投喂、光照控制、水质因子控制等内容,并对养殖半滑舌鳎8个月的经济效益进行了分析。以期为国内工厂化循环水养殖半滑舌鳎提供技术支持和经济效益分析方面的参考。     

工厂化循环水养殖半滑舌鳎的几点体会

<正>2010―2011年,笔者曾在河北省昌黎县大滩一养殖场利用工厂化循环水养殖系统进行了半滑舌鳎养殖。所进鱼苗全长4~6厘米,平均体重3克/尾。经270天的循环水养殖,第一批鱼体重达到了900克,取得了比较理想的养殖效果。现就自己在工厂化循环水养殖半滑舌鳎过程中的一些体会简要介绍如下。一、循环水养殖系统组成及水处理与利用过程     

半滑舌鳎苗种生产技术的开发研究

总结了2003～2004年作者对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossussemilaevis Günther)工厂化育苗技术的开发研究结果,论述了半滑舌鳎苗种生产过程的关键技术。通过改进亲鱼培育条件和强化培育、受精卵孵化条件的综合调控、加强饵料的合理搭配和投喂、水环境调控等技术措施,提高了苗种成活率,完善了半滑舌鳎苗种生产技术工艺,取得了良好的育苗效果。两年间在莱州、海阳、胶南3个试验基地分别培育出全长30～40mm的半滑舌鳎苗种84.8万尾、131万尾和61.5万尾,单位面积平均出苗量分别为1696尾/m2、1985尾/m2和2050尾/m2,苗种成活率分别达到20.2%、25.5%和30.9%。在国内首次实现了半滑舌鳎苗种规模化生产连续成功并突破百万尾大关。     

节能型半滑舌鳎循环水养殖车间优化设计

优化设计建设了半滑舌鳎循环水养殖车间,车间建筑面积2 880 m2,养殖水面1 340 m2.优化设计主要包括节能型养鱼车间、循环水处理工艺、补充水及外排废水处理工艺、养鱼池、生物滤池及渠道式紫外线消毒池设计.该养鱼车间比一般低拱车间节能30%以上.生物滤池为4段流水式结构.养鱼池能自动清污,倒U形管控制水位.渠道式紫外线消毒池消毒效率高,细菌去除率99%以上.通过养鱼工程优化设计及基地建设,提出了我国未来海水循环水养殖的三级推广模式.     

臭氧前后置工艺变化对循环水半滑舌鳎养殖系统水环境的影响

为了进一步优化封闭式循环水处理的系统工艺和运行参数,通过循环水养殖半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)的试验手段,将循环水处理系统工艺中的臭氧投加位置进行前置与后置的比较分析,探讨臭氧工艺变化对半滑舌鳎循环水养殖系统水环境的影响.结果显示,养鱼池进水口化学需氧量(COD)浓度都随着氧化还原电位(ORP)的增加而降低,臭氧后置比前置COD浓度下降更快,在ORP达到356 mV时,COD浓度降低29.38％；养鱼池进水口的氨氮、亚硝酸氮浓度后置低于前置；随着臭氧添加浓度的增加,系统对COD、氨氮、亚硝酸氮的去除率都显著增加(P＜0.05),且当达到356 mV时,后置时系统对COD、氨氮、亚硝酸氮的去除率达到最大分别为34.89％、50.63％、20.64％.结果表明臭氧最佳的投加位置在循环水处理工艺的后端,臭氧投加量控制在ORP指标350 mV时,对氨氮、亚硝酸氮的去除效果更具优势,并可清新水质,节省纯氧用量.     

野生及人工养殖半滑舌鳎肌肉营养成分分析研究

分析了野生及人工养殖条件下半滑舌鳎背部肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸及常量和微量元素的组成。结果表明,野生与养殖半滑舌鳎的蛋白质含量差异较小,分别为17.20%和17.17%;野生与养殖半滑舌鳎的脂肪含量相对较低,分别为0.15%和2.41%。两者均富含常量和微量元素,其中野生半滑舌鳎的硒和锌含量分别为7.92%和6.29%,较养殖半滑舌鳎高。在氨基酸含量方面,养殖半滑舌鳎呈味氨基酸天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸略低于野生半滑舌鳎。不饱和脂肪酸的总含量两者相似。但养殖半滑舌鳎C19∶1含量为20.41%,明显高于野生半滑舌鳎的含量(11.68%)。野生半滑舌鳎在C22∶6(DHA)的含量为14.28%,高于养殖半滑舌鳎的含量(10.39%)。     

半滑舌鳎孕酮受体膜组分1基因的克隆及组织和时空表达规律

运用同源克隆和RACE方法获得了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)孕酮受体膜组分1(PGRMC1)的c DNA全长序列,生物信息学分析显示,半滑舌鳎PGRMC1 c DNA序列全长1335 bp,开放阅读框长546 bp;其编码的蛋白是单次跨膜蛋白,在N端13~35位氨基酸残基处有一个跨膜区域。半滑舌鳎PGRMC1氨基酸序列与青鳉(Oryzias latipes)相似性最高,达到了82.9%;与青斑河鲀(Tetraodon nigroviridis)相似度为81.2%。系统进化分析表明,半滑舌鳎PGRMC1与鳉形目和鲀形目鱼类PGRMC1聚为一个分支。采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术研究发现,性成熟雌性半滑舌鳎PGRMC1 m RNA在各组织广泛表达,其中在卵巢组织中相对表达量最高(P0.05)。在不同卵巢发育时期,半滑舌鳎PGRMC1 m RNA在脑、垂体和卵巢中的周期表达变化特征显示:脑中PGRMC1 m RNA在卵巢Ⅲ期表达量升高明显,Ⅴ期表达水平最高(P0.05);垂体中PGRMC1 m RNA表达量在卵巢发育Ⅴ期达峰值(P0.05);在卵巢中,PGRMC1 m RNA表达水平从卵巢发育Ⅱ到Ⅴ期稳步上升,Ⅴ期时达到最高值(P0.05)。综上,半滑舌鳎PGRMC1基因主要参与卵巢的发育和成熟过程,并在繁殖期介导孕酮调控卵母细胞的最终成熟,研究结果为半滑舌鳎繁殖内分泌调控研究提供了基础资料。     

鲆鲽类循环水养殖系统中病原菌的分布及杀除工艺

以半滑舌鳎皮肤溃疡病的致病菌灿烂弧菌Vibrio splendidus和哈维氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi为指示菌，研究了循环水养殖系统各环节中细菌分布和消除工艺。结果表明，不健康的苗种携带病原菌进入养殖系统后，可分布在残饵、池壁污物、养殖工具及循环水各处理环节。而弧形筛过滤、曝气池气升、紫外线消毒是循环水养殖系统消除细菌的三大环节。用5×10-6 mol/L的KMnO4溶液浸泡工具2h，对细菌的杀灭率达到100%；用25×10-6 mol/L的KMnO4溶液擦拭养殖池壁污物1.5min后，细菌杀灭率高于90%；用100×10-6 mol/L浓度的H2O2溶液对养殖舌鳎病鱼进行药浴消毒处理10min，对体表细菌的杀灭率达到了94.49%。对鲆鲽鱼类循环水养殖系统中细菌的分布和消除效果进行了系统研究，研究结果可为建立循环水健康养殖工艺提供理论数据和参考。     

国内外工厂化循环水养殖研究进展

工厂化循环水养殖模式是一种新型的高效养殖模式, 以养殖用水净化后循环利用为核心特征, 节电、节水、节地, 符合当前国家提出的循环经济、节能减排、转变经济增长方式的战略需求。本文以循环水养殖模式应用实践为主线, 结合近几年养殖模式的科学研究和产业发展, 围绕养殖管理与应用, 分别对水循环系统对化学物质的承载力、水循环率、主要养殖种类、养殖效果和最适养殖密度等运营管理环节进行了总结和探讨, 为今后建立适用于中国国情的工厂化循环水养殖模式管理标准提供参考。

     

发展山东省海水健康养殖的构想和主要对策

山东作为海水养殖大省，产量约占全国的1／3。在传统捕捞业面临近海渔业资源枯竭、传统渔场面积减小的形势下，加大现代生物技术、新材料等在海水养殖业中的应用，挖掘海水养殖潜力，推动海水养殖业可持续发展，对于发展渔区经济，增加渔民收入更具有现实意义和历史意义。本文针对山东海水养殖的现状和问题，对健康养殖的发展构想及对策进行了初步探讨。     

A study of the growth and burrowing ability for the environmentally friendly cultured freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea

Issues concerning ecology, food safety and environmental protection are currently the focus of global attention, as are studies related to region‐specific agriculture that emphasize regional quality. Hualien County, located in eastern Taiwan, proposed the so‐called innocuous agriculture is that the industries can product non‐toxic products, including agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry and processed industries. Innocuous agriculture and organic agriculture share the same objective, producing non‐toxic and pollutant‐free agricultural products. The biodiversity associated with organic farming is greater than that associated with conventional farming, and these results have been confirmed by several studies, triggering the present research on the benefits of innocuous aquaculture over those of conventional aquaculture farming. The purpose of this study was to compare the growth, aquaculture outlet wastewater and burrowing ability of clams (Corbicula fluminea) cultured by an innocuous aquaculture method and two conventional aquaculture methods. The results indicated that the clams cultured by the innocuous aquaculture method grew faster and were healthier than those cultured by the two conventional methods. The innocuous method, which approaches the organic method, is environmentally friendly and produces more vigorous individuals than those of conventional methods.     

THE FUTURE OF U.S. SEAFOOD SUPPLY

The United States today imports most of the seafood it consumes. Half of these imports are from aquaculture. Domestic wild capture production is limited and U.S. aquaculture production has declined in recent years. Policy, socioeconomic, and regulatory obstacles stand in the way of expanded U.S. aquaculture production. In this article, we examine the implications of two future paths for seafood supply: an increasing reliance on imports, and a shift toward increased domestic aquaculture production. We examine global trends, likely future developments in U.S. seafood demand and supply, and implications of the path of U.S. aquaculture development for U.S. seafood supply and prices, employment, ecological footprint, and seafood supply security and safety. We conclude with recommendations for a path forward that serves the interests of the nation and the global community in the search for economically sound and sustainable ways to feed a growing population.     

南美白对虾篷布池分级养殖技术与模式试验

为探索南美白对虾稳产高效养殖模式,通过对2口面积共计1 hm~2的连栋大棚养殖池塘进行改造,在大棚内设置净面积约35 m~2的篷布池135口,辅以供水、增氧、排水以及尾水处理等设施,引进SPF一代南美白对虾苗种,采用集中标粗后再分级养成的模式进行试验。2020年放养两茬虾苗,单位面积产量达到13.85 kg/m~2,产值595.9元/m~2,利润222.16元/m~2。折合每公顷产量138 500 kg,产值595.90万元,利润222.20万元。试验结果表明,大棚篷布池养殖投资较低,建设周期短,养殖环境可控,是1种适合于推广的南美白对虾高效养殖模式。     

Shrimp farming in Latin America: Current status,opportunities, challenges and strategies for sustainable development

Abstract

Shrimp farming in Latin America and the Caribbean (hereinafter, LA&C) is a complex, diverse and dynamic activity, occurring in 22 out of 36 countries, producing 231,000 tons, valued at US$ 1.2 billion in 2002¹. Farmed shrimp represents 52% of all shrimp volumes produced regionally, and almost 18% of all shrimp and prawn (S&P, hereinafter) cultivated worldwide. Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) constitutes 91% of all shrimp farmed in LA&C and five nations, led by Brazil ‐formerly by Ecuador‐, comprise 82% of farmed production. Over 90% of LA&C shrimp production is exported (230,000 tons of end products from both aquaculture and wild origin valued at US$ 1.36 billion), generating a trade surplus of US$ 1.28 billion (2002).

Farmed shrimp could easily surpass 513,000 tons by 2030, more than doubling current regional figures (2.9% annual growth rate, compounded). However, competition with Asian countries, anti‐dumping accusations and other factors might limit the expansion process, which is increasingly determined by strategically important matters rather than by physical production constraints. Here, a ‘production‐driven’ process of past decades is being replaced by a ‘demand‐led’ situation, where market and marketing issues will increasingly influence the outcome of shrimp farming.

Growing market competition will continue to press prices down and industry will be forced into a permanent process to improve competitiveness. Here, development strategies include actions by governments and producer associations, promotional and marketing campaigns and the application of good management practices across the production and distribution chains.     

海带收获转运装置设计

为实现海带收获转运机械化,减轻海带收获人员的作业强度,通过改进现有海带养殖筏架模式,将海带苗绳首尾依次连接成串,便于海带机械化收获转运,在此基础上设计并试制回转伸缩齿爪式收获转运试验装置。采用单元数值算法对海带收获过程中成串海带苗绳张力及拖拽力进行计算与分析,对照分析不同苗绳拖拽角度对转运装置运行状态的影响。计算分析和台架试验结果显示:海带收获转运装置拖拽附着养成海带苗绳结合点张力为1290 N,当拖拽海带苗绳起吊角≤15°时,伸缩齿爪无法挑起苗绳,易发生脱绳现象;当拖拽海带苗绳起吊角>15°时,伸缩齿爪可依次挑起海带苗绳,海带能够顺利经过转运装置,达到海带收获转运的目的;回转伸缩齿爪式收获转运装置台架试验运行情况良好,齿爪顺序伸缩机构可有效解决收获转运过程中海带缠绕齿爪的关键问题。液压系统设计采用叠加式液控单向阀,可解决油管泄漏吊臂快速下降的问题,提高系统的安全性。试验研究表明,回转伸缩齿爪式收获转运技术是可行的,可为海上试验打下扎实的基础。     

我国鲟鱼养殖设施的现状与发展对策

我国鲟鱼养殖始于20世纪90年代,其人工养殖的历史较短,并且设施化养殖基础薄弱,养殖模式研究尚处于起步阶段。鲟鱼的养殖方式仍以粗放型养殖模式为主,易受地域、天气等因素的影响,限制了该产业的可持续发展。文中简述了我国鲟鱼设施化养殖的种类,对比了鲟鱼流水养殖、网箱养殖和工厂化循环水养殖的优缺点,详细分析了鲟鱼设施化养殖的工艺流程及养殖过程中使用的设施设备,阐述了设施化养殖的技术要点,指出了目前鲟鱼设施化养殖过程中存在问题,总结了鲟鱼设施化养殖的对策,明确了今后鲟鱼产业的发展方向。     

象山港三种不同养殖方式对浮游动物群落的影响

为探究不同营养类型养殖方式对半封闭海湾浮游生态系统的影响,于2015年在象山港的鱼类网箱养殖、牡蛎筏式养殖和海带筏式养殖3种养殖区内外分别进行大、中型和中、小型浮游动物群落及相关环境因子的四季研究。结果显示,牡蛎养殖区内大、中型浮游动物群落结构变化明显,夏、秋季优势种太平洋纺锤水蚤的优势度下降,冬季优势种腹针胸刺水蚤的优势度上升;网箱养殖区内浮游动物群落变化不明显,变化主要为大、中型浮游动物优势种,春、冬季腹针胸刺水蚤的优势度下降,秋季优势种种类组成变化明显;海带养殖区内浮游动物群落和优势种变化均不明显。此外,3种养殖方式对浮游动物的生物量、丰度和α多样性均未产生明显影响。结合象山港的水文特征和养殖区内外的环境因子,研究表明,牡蛎养殖区浮游动物群落变化是牡蛎滤食行为和铁港水交换能力差的综合结果,而浮游动物优势种变化可能与水体总磷含量较高有关;因目前网箱养殖规模小且西沪港水动力条件较好,网箱区内局部环境和浮游动物的变化较小;海带养殖因面积小且仅春、冬季养殖,不足以对水质和浮游动物产生影响。此外,本研究显示不同环境中,大、中型浮游动物群落结构的变异较中、小型浮游动物明显,这可能与中、小型浮游动物群落的稳定性较高有关。     

Biological and technical evaluation of the potential of marine and anadromous fish species for cold-water mariculture

Concern about the overexploitation of wild aquatic resources, the slow recovery of the groundfish fisheries and the need to encourage the diversification of the mariculture industry of the province of Quebec (Canada) all provided strong incentive to explore the potential of a wide selection of marine and anadromous fish species for cold‐water mariculture. Starting from a list of over 45 indigenous fish species of potential commercial interest, a biotechnical review was initiated. Technical sheets for each species were produced and aquaculture‐based selection criteria covering three aquaculture approaches of development (complete life cycle, on‐growing and stock enhancement) were examined. Species were ranked according to their degree of suitability for the given biological parameters. The final classification analysis within the complete life cycle production strategy positioned the Atlantic wolffish as the top candidate species (91%) followed by the spotted wolffish and Arctic charr (87%). Growth rate, optimal growth temperature, duration of the weaning period, minimal lethal temperature, larval size and feed requirements were the determining criteria. The on‐growing scenario final results ranked Arctic charr first (84%) followed by Atlantic cod (79%) and Atlantic halibut (74%) mostly owing to their growth rate at low temperature and optimal growth temperature criteria. Stock enhancement programmes should concentrate their efforts on the striped bass (56%), the haddock (54%) and the Atlantic sturgeon (34%) based on their growth rate, fishery status, landing price and the availability of impact studies.