我国水产品如何开拓出口市场

1我国水产品生产和出口现状1.1从捕捞为主到养殖为主 历史上,我国渔业是以捕捞为主,直至上世纪70年代末,捕捞产量仍占70％以上。90年代初情况发生了变化,养殖产量开始超过捕捞产量。到2001年底,我国水产养殖产量达到2 726万t,占水产品总产量的比重上升到 62％,养殖水产品出口15亿美元,占出口总额的近40％,全国从事水产养殖的劳动力达1000万人。现在,全世界的养殖水产品有70％产自中国。水产养殖业拓展了我国渔业的发展空间,促进了农村、渔区产业结构调整,成为广大渔民、农民就业和增加收入的一个重要领域。水产养殖证制度的建立,既是以联产承包为主要内容的我国水产养殖经营方式的制度化和法律化,也是对渔民、农民开发全民所有制滩涂水面,发展水产养殖业     

循环水养殖系统中悬浮颗粒物去除工艺研究概况

<正>随着国民经济快速发展,人们对水产品的要求越来越高,不仅体现在对水产品数量的需求,而且对其质量安全有着高度的关注。为弥补捕捞量不足、满足水产品供应,水产养殖快速发展已经成为必然。因此,发展环境友好型、资源节约型的工厂化循环水养殖模式是当今水产养殖行业可持续发展的重要战略任务。循环水养殖系统是综合机械处理、生物处理等技术手段对养殖废水进行处理后循环再利用的系统[1]。与传统养殖模式相比,循环水养殖系统在节     

水产品质量安全管理的现状及措施

我国是世界第一水产养殖国,2003年全国水产养殖面积690公顷,养殖产量4706.11万吨,养殖产量占水产品总产量的64％,是世界养殖产量的70％。从发展方面看,水产养殖仍将是我国渔业发展的主要领域。虽然我国水产养殖生产发展取得了巨大成就,但也面临许多严重问     

健康生态养殖：标本兼治的绿色革命

当前，我国的水产养殖业面临着能否健康发展和如何健康发展的严峻课题，其核心在于怎样尽快解决好量多质次的矛盾，如何做到水产养殖面积、产量的不断扩大与水产品质量提高的统一。实行健康生态养殖，进行水产养殖的绿色革命，是解决上述矛盾，保证水产养殖业健康发展的最佳途径。１养殖业面临严重危机自改革开放以来，我国的水产养殖业有了突飞猛进的发展。目前，我国水产品总产量已占世界水产品总量的１／３，是名副其实的水产品生产超级大国。但是，我国水产品出口额仅占世界水产品出口贸易总额的６．３％，与水产品超级大国的地位极不相…     

2006年淡水养殖病害发生状况及2007年趋势预测与防控对策（上）

水产养殖是一项基于自然资源的古老人类活动，近30年来迅速发展成为一个初具规模的全球性产业。改革开放以来，我国水产养殖业高速发展，2004年我国水产养殖总产量达到3209万吨，占世界水产养殖产量的70％以上，占全国水产品总产量的65％；2005年，我国水产养殖产量达到3393万吨，占全国渔业总产量的66．5％，约占世界养殖总产量的70％。但随着养殖规模不断扩大，     

淡水水产品健康养殖的控制措施

我国是目前世界上水产养殖的第一大国，其养殖品种和产量都是居首位的，水产养殖业的发展速度也是空前的。随着社会发展，人民群众生活水平的提高，人们已从有水产品吃转向了吃安全、卫生、营养、保健的水产品，所以无公害水产品将成为21世纪人类的主导食品。     

江苏池塘循环水养殖发展现状与存在的问题

我国是传统的渔业大国，在全国水产品总量中，养殖产量占70％左右，其中内陆水域的淡水养殖占全国水产养殖产量的60％，池塘养殖是我国淡水渔业最主要的生产方式。中国的池塘养殖从建国初期的农村副业到今天的产业化规模，以其举世瞩目的成就和实力，     

疫苗在水产养殖病害防治中的作用及应用前景（连载二）

三、我国水产疫苗在水产养殖病害防治中的应用前景 我国随着加入WTO渔业新形势的变化和人们对食品质量的需求，农业部先后出台了无公害水产品养殖规范、禁用渔药清单等系列与水产品安全相关的行动计划。疫苗可使鱼类高特异抵御病原的攻击，这对占我国水产养殖病害总损失达80％以上、并由细菌、     

我国南方地区各特优水产品养殖现状及其发展前景和对策

我国南方地区各特优水产品养殖现状及其发展前景和对策钟观运，王日海（珠江水产研究所广州白鹤洞５１０３８０）我国南方地区是我国渔业重点区域，特别是名特优水产品养殖的重点区域。近年来该地区十三个省区市渔业总产量、淡水和海水渔业产量分别占全国７０％、７８％和...     

绿色水产养殖技术在县区推广的价值

近年来，我国渔业水域污染日益严重，生态环境日趋恶化，在水产品产量日渐提高的同时，水产品的质量却在下降。因此，开发绿色水产品，进行绿色水产养殖，推广绿色水产养殖技术，成为了水产工作者的当务之急。1绿色水产养殖技术的范畴绿色水产养殖技术即指在良好渔业生态环境下进行无污染、安全、优质的营养水产品生产的养殖技术。生产的绿色水产品，应该是不含有害化学残留物质，符合绿色食品质量和卫生标准，对人类健康有益无害的营养水产品。同时，在水产品生产过程中必须运用先进的养殖技术，控制养殖过程中可接受到的污染，它包括生态…     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).