七、渔业生态环境

940356 硫丹在方鳍鱼体中的生物累积和排出=Bioaccumulation and elimination of endosul-fan in the fish yellow tetra(Hyphessobrycon bifasci-atws)[刊.英]/Jonsson C M//Bull.Environ.Con- tam.Toxic..—1993.50(4).—572～577硫丹农药是一种广泛应于可可、咖啡、棉花和大豆等农作物的杀虫剂,尽管作者已知硫丹对鱼类有较高的毒性,但硫丹在鱼体中     

畜用生长素促进白鰱生长的初步試驗

早在19世纪,不少学者已研究了关于动植物有机体中微量元素的含量,同时,微量元素对水生生物的影响也早已为中外学者所重视。在生物体呼吸色素、维生素、激素、酶及其它参与调节生活过程的有机物质成分中,都有许多种微量元素。它在生命活动过程中有着特殊的作用,它影响着生物体的新     

水产养殖中的环境管理

任何生物体都与环境有着不可分割的关系。它们从环境中摄取养分，环境为他们提供生活场所及必须的阳光、空气、各种有机物、无机物。环境优良时，生物生长良好。如果环境恶化，就会给生物体造成伤害、疫病、甚至死亡。在各类生物中，水生生物与环境的关系更为紧密。水生生物的环境主要是指水体及其周边的其它因素，因为他们的整个生命过程都在水中进行，时时刻刻与环境进行着物质与能量的交换。而且，水环境相对固定，生物不能进行适度的迁徙，我们对其中生物的观察和了解也没有对陆生动物那样直观。对于水生生物，环境尤为重要。俗话说“管好一池水，才能养好一池鱼”，要想通过养殖水生生物获得经济效益，首先水质管理应做好。我们通过多年的实践，觉得应从以下几个方面做起：     

拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂对鱼类毒性作用的研究进展

拟除虫菊酯是一种高效的杀虫剂.因其对哺乳动物和鸟类毒性较低,被广泛地应用于农业生产及日常生活中害虫的防治.但是它们对鱼类等水生生物却有很强的毒性作用.本文介绍了拟除虫菊酯对鱼类的毒性作用及影响拟除虫菊酯对鱼类毒性作用的一些因素.     

中国水生生物资源养护行动纲要(一)

我国海域辽阔,江河湖泊众多,为水生生物提供了良好的繁衍空间和生存条件.受独特的气候、地理及历史等因素的影响,我国水生生物具有特有程度高、孑遗物种数量大、生态系统类型齐全等特点.我国现有水生生物2万多种,在世界生物多样性中占有重要地位.以水生生物为主体的水生生态系统,在维系自然界物质循环、净化环境、缓解温室效应等方面发挥着重要作用.丰富的水生生物是人类重要的食物蛋白来源和渔业发展的物质基础.养护和合理利用水生生物资源对促进渔业可持续发展、维护国家生态安全具有重要意义.为全面贯彻落实科学发展观,切实加强国家生态建设,依法保护和合理利用水生生物资源,实施可持续发展战略,根据新阶段、新时期和市场经济条件下水生生物资源养护管理工作的要求,制定本纲要.     

浅海养殖环境生物修复技术研究现状及发展趋势

通过对我国目前海水养殖产生的主要环境问题及其生物修复技术的分析,阐述了应用单一的水生生物体对养殖水环境进行生物修复的不足,提出生态工程养殖将成为今后改善海水养殖环境、提高水产品质量的一个重要模式。     

硫丹对草鱼鱼种的急性毒性效应

以草鱼为受试生物,研究了硫丹对鱼类的急性毒性效应影响。研究结果表明,水中硫丹对草鱼鱼种的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为3.82、2.52、1.86、1.42μg/L;安全质量浓度为0.33μg/L;试验鱼的死亡率随硫丹暴露质量浓度的升高而增大,表现出明显的剂量-效应关系。根据化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准,硫丹对草鱼为剧毒。     

嘧啶氧磷对水生生物毒性影响的研究

<正> 嘧啶氧磷是沈阳化工研究院研制的一种新型有机磷杀虫剂,其纯品外观为无色透明粘稠状液体,在水中溶解度很小,易溶于乙醇、乙醚、苯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等有机溶剂,并能溶于盐酸中。通过广泛的药效试验,表明它具有良好的触杀、胃毒和一定内吸渗透作用,对作物害虫及地下害虫等都有良好的杀虫效果,是一种杀虫谱较广的高效有机磷新品种。嘧啶氧磷对水域环境的污染的负荷值以及对水生生物的毒性影响,还缺少资料。因此,本试验观察了不同的水生生物对嘧啶氧磷的受毒反应,以便说明嘧啶氧磷对水生生物的毒性影响,为综合评价该农药的实际毒性,确定安全使用剂量,对水域污染的负荷量,制定渔业用水标准提供依据。     

多环芳烃对水生动物毒性效应的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是广泛存在于水体环境中的一类持久性有机污染物,因其具有致癌、致畸和致突变性而备受关注。本文简述了PAHs的定义、分类、来源及其污染现状,并综述了PAHs在水生生物体内蓄积、代谢规律及其对水生生物的毒性效应:在急性毒性层面综述了PAHs对不同水生动物的毒性程度及急性致死效应;在亚急性及慢性毒性层面分别从分子水平、生理生化酶水平、细胞组织水平,综述了:PAHs暴露对水生生物的分子毒性,导致DNA单链断裂、PAHs-DNA加合物的形成;PAHs暴露对水生生物抗氧化酶系统(SOD、CAT、GPx、GSH/GSSG)、外源性有机污染物代谢酶(EROD、GST)活力的影响;PAHs暴露引起的氧化应激、脂质过氧化、组织病理学变化等氧化损伤。本综述目的是便于今后更深入地研究PAHs对水生动物的毒性效应和毒性作用机制,进而更好的控制PAHs污染,保护水生生物和水生生态环境。     

硫丹对草鱼溶菌酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响

在测得硫丹对草鱼96h半致死质量浓度的基础上,研究对其血清、肝脏、肌肉溶菌酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,经硫丹浸浴后,各试验组草鱼血清、肝脏溶菌酶活性均不同程度升高,在48h和72h后达到显著和极显著水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);但浸浴120h后,各试验组溶菌酶活性与96h时相比不再升高或略有下降。硫丹浸浴24h后显著影响草鱼肝脏及肌肉过氧化氢酶活性,随着暴露时间的延长先诱导后缓慢降低,120h后过氧化氢酶活性显著低于对照组水平,预示硫丹可能对草鱼机体造成了氧化损伤。硫丹能对草鱼溶菌酶及过氧化氢酶活性产生影响,其变化可作为生物标志物,评价化学污染物对水生动物的生物学效应。     

水生生物环境丰容技术及其应用研究进展

水生生物作为人类生活的重要组成部分，其在养殖、运输以及展示等过程中福利水平低下现象层出不穷，寻求合适的方法来解决水生生物福利低下的问题，成为保障并提升水生生物福利的一大重要工作。环境丰容作为一项能够通过对圈养动物生存环境进行优化，提升圈养动物福利水平，使得圈养动物获得生理和心理健康，展示其自然行为的技术，成为保障和提升水生生物福利的一个重要手段。目前，与国外相比，国内对水生生物环境丰容技术的研究还处于起步阶段，如何利用环境丰容技术改善水生生物的生存环境，保障并提升水生生物福利水平日益成为研究热点。为此，本文综述了环境丰容的定义、发展历程、环境丰容与动物福利的关系以及在水生生物中的4种主要环境丰容技术。同时，就水生生物环境丰容技术存在的问题进行讨论并提出建议，以期为水生生物环境丰容提供更多方案参考和理论支撑。     

基于底栖动物的东江上游生态健康状况评价

大型底栖动物是评价水生态健康状况最常用的生物类群。为系统评价东江流域上游生态健康水平,以底栖动物为指示生物,2013年11月对东江上游的重要支流—鱼潭江、浰江、车田水、小庙水、彭寨水、沙洲水、罗浮水和黄麻布水进行采样调查,通过计算底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、Margalef丰富度指数(D)和BMWP(Biological Monitoring Working Party)指数,评估了8条支流的生态健康状况。结果显示,东江流域上游共采集到底栖动物109属种,隶属5门、9纲、55科,其中水生昆虫为主要类群,占总物种数的72.4%,EPT类群采集到18属种。研究区域的生物多样性指数较高,物种组成丰富,就不同水体而言,浰江的种类最丰富,小庙水种类数最少,各个支流均以水生昆虫类群占优势。底栖动物平均密度为2362个/m²,平均生物量为39.1 g/m²。河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为第一优势种,出现率90%,第二和第三优势种分别为涡虫纲一种(Turbellaria sp.)和四节蜉属一种(Baetis sp.)。BMWP指数作为应用广泛的生物评价指数,对河流生态健康的指示作用最强,可达到快速准确的效果。研究表明,东江上游8条支流的生态健康状况总体较好,其中5条河流为极清洁。     

陕西省丹江武关河省级自然保护区水生生物生态分布及其多样性

于2008年4月至2009年5月之间,对武关河自然保护区附近流域的水生生物种群进行了调查,分析该区域的自然概况和水生生物的种群、分布及多样性情况。从位置、地质地貌、气候、河流、土壤等方面,发现该处自然条件优越,为生物种群生存提供天然场所。据初步统计,该区域水生生物有浮游植物7门39属,浮游动物共15种,大型甲壳动物和软体动物6种,水生昆虫9种,鱼类35种,两栖动物4种,哺乳动物1种。并总结了全年水质变化情况和水生态系统的内部关系,为今后的进一步调查做一参考。     

Habitat disruption and the identification and management of functional trait changes

Aquatic ecosystems are facing escalating threats from urbanization, habitat loss and projected impacts of climate change, which both individually and in combination have the potential to fundamentally alter ecosystem functioning. While it is well established that habitat disturbances can affect the composition and diversity of aquatic communities, only recently have studies considered whether such impacts result in changes in species’ functional traits. We consider how functional traits of freshwater and marine fishes respond to environmental change, and how shifts in the expression of these traits can impact community dynamics and key ecological processes, including trophic interactions and nutrient transfer. We find that a multitude of functional traits, including behavioural and sensory traits, is sensitive to habitat disturbances. We demonstrate how these trait changes can be used to reveal hidden “ecological diversity” as well as serving as early indicators of environmental perturbation. We conclude that management strategies that consider the fundamental biological responses of fishes to habitat disturbance will be particularly effective in determining causal relationships within the ecological network. While detailed information on trait function is often lacking, even some general understanding of trait function and importance will facilitate targeted and efficient ecosystem management. We urge fisheries biologists and aquatic ecosystem managers to consider the role of functional traits in facilitating effective habitat restoration and management.     

Safety issues and sustainable development of European aquaculture: new tools for environmentally sound aquaculture

Sustainable and long-term growth of the aquaculture industry should involve both ecologically sound practices and appropriate resource management. The increasing economic dimension of Mediterranean aquaculture is opening new economic niches and may be a valid support to reduce the pressure of traditional fisheries. Aquaculture practices can also lead to modifications of coastal habitats through the impact of wastes of land-based and open-sea mariculture facilities. In addition to these aspects which place a direct pressure on aquatic ecosystems and wild fishery resources, a wide range of environmental contaminants, such as chemicals used in farming operations, can accumulate in farmed organisms and put fish health and quality at risk. Thus, as aquaculture makes its transition to a major food-producing sector, proper assessment and control of environmental impacts and food safety awareness are becoming increasingly important. The development of simple tools able to monitor the extent of environmental and biological impacts associated with farming operations at various levels of biological complexity from the ecosystem to the organism level is required. Although a number of techniques for assessing the environmental and biological impact of pollutants in natural ecosystems are available, the development of practical and validated tools is sorely needed in aquaculture.     

Trait–environment relationships in Amazon stream fish assemblages

Studies of trait–environment relationships provide important tools for the prediction of the response of biological communities to environmental alterations. The Amazon basin presents enormous potential for the development of research on this type of relationship, given the diversity of both its fish fauna and the aquatic ecosystems this fauna inhabits. The present study investigated the association between local environmental variables and the functional traits of fish in 54 streams of six major Amazonian basins. We identified the relationship between the characteristics of the streams (channel morphology, channel habitat units, riparian vegetation cover, large woody fragments and instream cover for aquatic organisms) and fish traits related to locomotion, habitat use and feeding behaviour. The fish fauna of the broader, deeper and more slowly flowing streams was dominated by nektobenthic species that exploit autochthonous resources such as fish and invertebrates. In narrow, fast‐flowing streams, by contrast, there was a predominance of benthic fishes with varying feeding habits, including periphytivorous and invertivorous species. Narrow, shady streams were inhabited by nektonic species adapted for the exploitation of resources from the marginal vegetation. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the association between the functional structure of fish assemblages and local environmental variables in Amazonian streams. We hope that these findings will stimulate further research into the natural variation in stream fish assemblages that will ensure the development of more effective management strategies that better protect these important aquatic ecosystems.     

渔业环境三氯杀螨醇的污染与危害

中国是世界上最大的水产品生产国和重要的输出国，国家政策的支持以及生产技术的提高有力拓展了水产行业的发展前景。然而，随着对外贸易的扩展和人们对食品安全的重视，许多国家对水产品中药物残留规定了严格的限量，同时也更加关注渔业环境质量的改善和提高。对于相关的基础研究，几十年来一直是国内外研究的热点。作为滴滴涕替代产品的三氯杀螨醇，自问世以来就受到了许多学者极大的关注。三氯杀螨醇对啮齿动物的毒性较低，杀螨效果好，促进了农作物的丰收。然而，其对水生生物的毒性很强，环境残留和多种危害日渐显现。文章评述了三氯杀螨醇的水环境行为、生物效应及其对水产品安全的影响，并指出今后应加强研究的方向和重点。     

水产生物基因组研究进展与趋势

本文综述了水产生物基因组研究相关技术的发展历程和关键技术的应用。以二代测序技术的出现为分界点,首先回顾了早期水产养殖生物在遗传学和分子生物学方面的研究结果,以及为开展全基因组测序所做的相关基础研究,然后重点介绍了二代测序技术应用于水产生物全基因组测序和经济性状遗传基础解析的研究进展,最后展望了水产生物基因组研究发展趋势。水产生物经济性状遗传机制高度复杂,从全基因组角度阐明其遗传机制仍有很多难题,但基因决定性状是生物学法则之一,探索这一过程的奥秘引人入胜。     

A geomorphological framework for river characterization and habitat assessment

1. Methods to assess the physical habitat available to aquatic organisms provide important tools for many aspects of river management, including river health monitoring, determination of river restoration/rehabilitation strategies, setting and evaluating environmental flows and as surrogates for biodiversity assessment. 2. Procedures used to assess physical habitat need to be ecologically and geomorphologically meaningful, as well as practicable. A conceptual methodological procedure is presented that evaluates and links instream habitat and geomorphology. 3. The heterogeneity of habitat potential is determined within geomorphic units (such as pools, runs, riffles) by assessing flow hydraulics and substrate character. These two variables are integrated as hydraulic units — patches of uniform flow and substrate. 4. This methodology forms a logical extension of the River Styles framework that characterizes river form and behaviour at four inter‐related scales: catchments, landscape units, River Styles (reaches) and geomorphic units. As geomorphic units constitute the basis to assess aquatic habitat availability, and they form the building blocks of river and floodplain systems, intact reaches of a particular River Style should have similar assemblages of instream and floodplain habitat. 5. An application of the hydraulic unit procedure is demonstrated in gorge, partly‐confined and alluvial River Styles from the Manning catchment in northern New South Wales, Australia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.