韩江下游赤眼鳟幼鱼鱼体的化学组成及能量密度的研究

2010年6月在潮州江段采集赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)幼鱼36尾,按体长范围(68～175 mm)分为5个组,测定鱼体化学组成,估算其能量密度.结果显示:赤眼鳟含水量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、灰分含量占鲜重的百分比范围为72.79%～75.54%、12.99%～17.06%、8.18%～1...     

饲料蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物水平对草鱼生长和组织营养成分组成的影响

采用蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物含量不同的７种颗粒饲料，饲养初始体重约１６ｇ的草鱼，经６０天后取样分析，发现草鱼相对生长率随饲料蛋白质添加量的升高而显著上升；高蛋白质饲料一定程度上升高全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白含量，并显著增加肝胰脏脂质，主要是中性脂质的积累。这表明，饲料蛋白质添加量是影响草鱼肝脏脂质积累的主要因素。     

赤眼鳟鱼种配合饲料适宜钙磷水平及其比例的研究

选取平均体重为4.05 g的赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)鱼种1080尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复置1个1.6 m×1.2 m×1.4 m的养殖池饲养。采用3×3析因试验,研究赤眼鳟鱼种对配合饲料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比。钙和磷各分别设3个水平:0.6%、1.2%和1.8%,共配制9种试验饲料喂养45 d。结果表明:饲料中钙、磷的交互作用对赤眼鳟的特定生长率有显著影响(P<0.05),但钙、磷的交互作用对饲料系数和成活率的影响不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中钙水平对赤眼鳟的特定生长率和饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05),但磷水平对赤眼鳟的特定生长率和饲料系数有显著影响(P<0.05)。赤眼鳟对钙、磷的需要量分别为0.6%～1.8%、1.2%～1.8%,而适合赤眼鳟生长的钙磷比为1∶1～1∶3。试验各组赤眼鳟肌肉的钙、磷含量及钙磷比以及脊椎骨的钙磷比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。但饲料中钙水平对赤眼鳟脊椎骨中钙、磷含量影响显著(P<0.05),骨中钙、磷含量均随饲料中钙水平增加而增加。     

饲料蛋白质和能量水平对红姑鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响

采用 3× 3因子试验确定不同蛋白质和脂肪水平实用饲料对红姑鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响。初始平均体重为 2 .73g的试验鱼放养在 2 7个 2 .5m× 1.5m× 1.3m的网箱中 ,每箱放养 6 0尾。用饲料蛋白质水平为38% ,42 %和 46 % ,脂肪水平为 5 % ,8%和 12 %的试验饲料饲养鱼 8周。结果表明特定生长率和饲料系数以高蛋白质组 (HP ,46 % )显著高于中蛋白组 (MP ,42 % )和低蛋白组 (LP ,38% ) (P <0 .0 5 ) ;饲料脂肪水平对鱼的生长和饲料系数没有显著影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;随饲料DP/DE降低 ,脏体比和肝体比增加 ;随饲料可消化能增加 ,全鱼和肝脏的脂肪含量增加 ,但对机体的蛋白含量、氨基酸构成和灰分含量没有多大的影响。从本试验可初步认为红姑鱼幼鱼最适饲料蛋白质水平为 46 % ,可消化蛋能比 (DP/DE)为 119mg·kcal-1。     

鳡鱼(♂)和赤眼鳟(♀)杂交F1胚胎发育研究

以鳡鱼(Elopichthys bambusa)为父本,赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)为母本进行属间人工远缘杂交,对杂交F1胚胎发育情况进行了观察和记录,描述了各发育阶段的形态特征.鳡鱼(♂)和赤眼鳟(♀)杂交F1受精卵的平均受精率为(72.13±13.42)％,平均孵化率为(27.40±3...     

饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对中华鳖生长性能、肌肉质构指标及肝脏相关基因表达的影响

为研究饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)的生长性能、肌肉质构指标及肝脏相关基因表达的影响,实验采用双因素3×2因子试验设计,制成蛋白质水平分别为40%、45%和50%,脂肪水平分别为6%和9%的6组试验饲料,饲喂均重为(293.11±7.84)g的中华鳖,8周后测定相关指标。结果显示:饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对中华鳖存活率无显著影响,但对增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和肝体比均有显著影响。随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高,增重率和特定生长率均显著升高,45%和50%蛋白组增重率和特定生长率显著高于40%组,45%组饲料系数显著低于40%组,50%组的肝体比显著高于40%组。饲料脂肪含量对中华鳖生长性能无显著影响,9%脂肪组的肝体比显著高于6%组。饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对肌肉水分和粗灰分含量无显著影响,肌肉蛋白质含量随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加先显著升高,然后在45%时达到稳定水平。肌肉脂肪含量随着饲料脂肪水平增加显著升高。饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对中华鳖四肢肌肉的回复性、弹性和凝聚性无显著影响,硬度、黏性和咀嚼性随着饲料蛋白质水平升高而显著升高,随着脂肪水平升高而显著下降。肝脏igf-I基因mRNA表达水平随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高而显著升高,9%脂肪组的肝脏igf-I和lpl基因mRNA表达水平显著高于6%组。综合中华鳖生长性能及营养品质的试验结果,温室养殖条件下,中华鳖饲料适宜的蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为45%和6%。     

赤眼鳟耗氧率、排氨率和窒息点的初步研究

采取封闭流水式的实验方法,研究了对不同温度(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃)对体质量小规格(6.98±1.19)g和大规格(22.45±1.79)g的赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率以及窒息点的影响。结果表明,温度(X)对小规格和大规格赤眼鳟的耗氧率(Yo)和排氨率(YN)有显著性影响,其两两间的相关关系可分别用方程式:小规格赤眼鳟Y_o=0.012x-0.135(R~2=0.969),大规格赤眼鳟Y_o=0.007x-0.058(R~2=0.991);小规格赤眼鳟Y_N=0.001x-0.010(R~2=0.981),大规格赤眼鳟Y_N=0.001e~(0.085 x)(R~2=0.943)来表示。在16~28℃范围内赤眼鳟幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率随着温度的升高而呈显著上升。在16℃时赤眼鳟的排氨率要显著性的低于20~28℃,而在20~28℃之间赤眼鳟幼鱼的排氨率差异性不显著。耗氧率昼夜变化表明大、小规格赤眼鳟白天平均耗氧率高于夜间。16℃条件下,小规格和大规格赤眼鳟的窒息点最低分别为0.860和0.960mg/L,显著性低于20~28℃。     

饲料蛋白质和能量水平对草鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响

采用3×3因子试验确定不同蛋白质和脂肪水平饲料对草鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响。初始平均体质量为0.75g的试验鱼放养在27个规格为85cm×35cm×95cm的网箱中,每箱放养50尾。日粮中的蛋白源、脂肪源和可消化碳水化合物源,分别采用鱼粉、豆油和糊精配制,日粮设3个粗蛋白水平,每个蛋白水平有3个能量水平饲养草鱼84d。结果表明MPLL组(粗蛋白为30%,粗脂肪为4%)的特殊生长率和蛋白质效率最高,饲料系数最低,但与LPML组(粗蛋白为25%,粗脂肪为6%)差异不显著;总的来看,脂肪含量在4%和6%时特定生长率和饲料系数以中蛋白质组(MP,30%)最高,脂肪含量在8%时特定生长率和饲料系数以低蛋白质组(LP,25%)最高,表明饲料脂肪水平对鱼的生长和饲料系数有显著影响。随着饲料可消化能的增加,鱼体的脂肪含量增加,而蛋白和灰分含量没有多大变化。综合饲料成本等因素,本试验初步确定草鱼幼鱼生长所需的最适蛋白水平为25%,DP/DE约为23.47mg·kJ-1。     

饲料蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物水平对草鱼生长和组织营养成分组成的影响

采用蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物含量不同的７种颗粒饲料，饲养初始体重约１６ｇ的草鱼，经６０天后取样分析，发现草鱼相对生长率随饲料蛋白质添加量的升高而显著上升；高蛋白质饲料一定程度上升高全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白含量，并显著增加肝胰脏脂质，主要是中性脂质的积累。全鱼、肌肉和肠－肠系膜脂肪含量随饲料脂肪添加量增加而显著升高。这表明，饲料蛋白质添加量是影响草鱼肝脏脂质积累的主要因素     

饲料脂肪水平对点篮子鱼生长和体成分的影响

通过添加鱼油和豆油(1∶1)等比例混合油,配制6组脂肪水平分别为4.16%、7.42%、10.68%、14.20%、16.56%、19.62%的等氮饲料,标号依次为L1、L2、L3、L4、L5、L6。以初始体重28.09±0.60g的点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)为实验对象,经过八周的饲养,研究饲料脂肪水平对点篮子鱼生长及体成分的影响。结果表明:增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR),L3和L4组显著高于其它四组(P<0.05),且两指标均随饲料中脂肪含量的增加表现出先升后降的趋势。全鱼、肌肉及肝脏粗脂肪含量随饲料脂肪水平的升高而升高。全鱼粗蛋白含量L1与L6组最低,显著低于其它四组(P<0.05);肌肉蛋白、水分及灰分与饲料脂肪水平没有显著相关性(P>0.05)。肝脏水分含量随着饲料脂肪水平的升高而降低。综合点篮子鱼生长及鱼体成分分析,点篮子鱼饲料中脂肪适宜添加量为10.68%～14.20%,以增重率为指标,通过二次回归分析得出,点篮子鱼饲料中脂肪的最适添加量为13.94%。     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed conversion and body composition in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings

Twelve experimental diets (D‐1 to D‐12) in a 4 × 3 factorial design (four protein levels: 250, 350, 400 and 450 g kg^?1 and three lipid levels: 50, 100 and 150 g kg^?1) were formulated. Carbohydrate level was constant at 250 g kg^?1. Rohu fingerlings (average wt. 4.3 ± 0.02 g) were fed the experimental diets for 60 days in three replicates at 2% BW  day^?1. Weight gain (%), specific growth rate (% day^?1) and feed gain ratio (FGR) indicated that diets containing 450 g kg^?1 protein and 100 or 150 g kg^?1 lipid (diets D‐11 and D‐12) resulted in best performance, although results were not significantly different from those of diet D‐9 (400 g kg^?1 protein and 150 g kg^?1 lipid). Protein efficiency ratio was highest with diets D‐6 (350 g kg^?1 protein and 150 g kg^?1 lipid) and D‐9 (400 g kg^?1 protein and 150 g kg^?1 lipid) (P > 0.05) and declined with higher and lower protein diets at all levels of lipid tested. Elevated lipid level (50, 100 or 150 g kg^?1) did not produce better FGR in diets containing 400 and 450 g kg^?1 dietary protein (P > 0.05). The combined effects of protein and lipid were evident up to 400 g kg^?1 protein. Growth and FGR showed consistent improvement with increased lipid levels from 50 to 150 g kg^?1 at each protein level tested except with diets containing 450 g kg^?1 protein. Apparent nutrient digestibility (for protein, lipid and energy) did not show significant variation among different dietary groups (P > 0.05). Whole body protein and lipid contents increased significantly (P > 0.05) with dietary protein level. The results of this study indicate that rohu fingerlings are adapted to utilize high protein in diets with varying efficiency. The fish could utilize lipid to spare protein but there is no significant advantage from this beyond the dietary protein level of 350–400 g kg^?1 in terms of growth and body composition.     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of black sea bass Centropristis striata (Linnaeus 1758) during grow-out in a pilot-scale marine recirculating system

The influence of four formulated practical diets, with different protein and lipid levels, on the growth and body composition of black sea bass ( Centropristis striata L.) pre-adults was evaluated in a pilot-scale marine recirculating system. Four test diets were prepared with a combination of two protein levels (44% and 54%) and two lipid levels (10% and 15%). The diets were as follows: low protein and low lipid (LP:LL; 44:10), low protein and high lipid (LP:HL; 44:15), high protein and low lipid (HP:LL; 54:10) and high protein and high lipid (HP:HL; 54:15). Fish (mean weight=75.5 g) were fed the respective diets for 90 days. For fish fed LP:HL, body weight gain was significantly ( P <0.05) higher than fish fed LP:LL. Increasing the protein level from 44% to 54% did not produce a significant effect on weight gain at high lipid level. A significant ( P <0.01) interactive effect between dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth and feed utilization was observed. Total lipid content in the whole body, muscle and liver was significantly affected by the dietary lipid levels. The results suggested that a combination of 44% dietary protein and 15% lipid was optimal for the growth of black sea bass.     

肉碱对草鱼生长性能、体成分和脂肪代谢酶活性的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加100、200、300和400mg/kg DL-肉碱,饲喂平均体重134.3±12.1g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)8W,以增重率、饲料系数(FCR),肌肉和肝胰脏中蛋白脂肪含量,肠道脂肪消化酶,肝胰脏脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、肝脂酶(HL)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)等指标为判据,研究肉碱对草鱼生长性能、体成分和脂肪代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明,添加200mg/kg肉碱提高鱼体增重率5.70%(P < 0.05),降低FCR5.26%(P < 0.05);添加200～400mg/kg肉碱显著降低了肌肉和肝胰脏中的脂肪含量(P < 0.05);当肉碱添加量为300mg/kg时,肌肉蛋白含量最高;肉碱对肌肉水分和灰分、肝胰脏的蛋白含量无影响(P > 0.05);添加200、400mg/kg肉碱显著降低了血清胆固醇含量(P < 0.05);在脂肪代谢酶活性方面,200mg/kg肉碱组肠道脂肪消化酶和HL活性较对照组提高28.0%、38.6%(P < 0.05);添加400mg/kg肉碱提高肠道脂肪消化酶、HL及总脂酶活性41.41%、36.26%、10.66%(P < 0.05),降低FAS活性47.3%(P < 0.05)。综上所述,适量肉碱能改善草鱼生长性能、降低肌肉和肝胰脏脂肪含量及促进脂肪降解。建议草鱼饲料中肉碱添加量为200mg/kg。     

赤眼鳟精子入卵的扫描电镜观察

选取性成熟的赤眼鳟（Squaliobarbus curriculus）亲鱼，体质量800～2300g，经人工催产后，在27℃条件下进行干法人工授精。取成熟卵及相遇后不同时间段的精卵用扫描电镜对赤眼鳟成熟精、卵及精子入卵早期过程进行观察。结果显示，赤眼鳟成熟精子为鞭毛型形态，全长19．6～22．4μm。头部直径约1.65μm，鞭毛长17．8～20．6μm头径与鞭毛长度之比为（1：9．89）～（1：11．4）。赤眼鳟成熟卵呈圆形，具单一受精孔。卵膜厚度约为2.78μm，卵膜表面平滑光洁；无明显的沟或嵴，卵膜表面可见均匀分布有很多孔小管，直径约0.14μm。在动物极具一漏斗状凹陷卵膜孔，直径12．46～14．10μm，其底部为圆环状的受精孔，受精孔的周边平滑，向四周呈辐射状隆起，外孔径约5．21μm，内孔径约2．71μm。在27℃时，赤眼鳟精子18s内可完成入卵过程；约60s后受精孔外的精子全部解体。通过对精子、卵及精孔管的测量和扫描电镜观察，确定赤眼鳟受精方式为单精受精。     

Effects of varying dietary protein to lipid ratios on growth performance and body composition of juvenile pike perch (Sander lucioperca)

The present study investigated the effect of varying dietary protein‐to‐lipid ratios (P/L) on growth performance and body composition of pike perch (Sander lucioperca) fingerlings with an initial body weight of 1.35–1.40 g. Triplicate groups were reared during 56 days in recirculation systems and fed six experimental diets containing three dietary levels of lipid (90, 130, 170 g kg^?1 of dry matter, d.m.) combined with two levels of dietary protein (470, 540 g kg^?1 d.m.). During the experimental period the fixed feeding rates decreased from 10% to 5% of the total fish biomass per day. In contrast to previous results obtained with this species, the present study clearly demonstrated the occurrence of protein sparing effect. The best results for feed conversation ratio and specific growth rates were obtained in the treatments containing highest lipid level: diet 3 (P/L 47/17) and diet 6 (P/L 53/17). The d.m. and crude lipid contents of pike perch whole body increased in direct proportion of the dietary lipid levels. No difference was observed on crude protein and ash content among the treatments. Increasing hepatosomatic index at highest dietary lipid level suggested a limited lipid utilization of percids.     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth,body composition and flesh quality of juvenile topmouth culter,Culter alburnus Basilewsky

Nine experimental diets at three protein (35%, 40% and 45% crude protein) and lipid (5%, 8% and 11% crude lipid) levels with variable digestible protein to digestible energy (DP/DE) ratios ranged from 21.9 to 27.8 g protein MJ^?1 were fed to topmouth culter (Culter alburnus Basilewsky) fingerlings (initial weight 6.5 ± 0.9 g) in triplicated groups (30 fish per replicated) for a period of 10 week to assess the optimum dietary DP/DE ratio and the protein sparing effect by utilizing dietary lipid. 27 cages of 1.5 m³ capacity placed in a lake located in Wuhan were used for rearing the fish. At the end of the experiment, maximum weight gain and thermal‐unit growth coefficient was found in fish fed diet D4 with 45% protein, 8% lipid and P/E ratio of 26.2 g protein MJ^?1, but without a significant difference compared to fish fed diet D5 with 40% protein, 8% lipid and DP/DE ratio of 25.3 g protein MJ^?1. The best flesh quality evaluated by muscle collagen content was found in fish fed D5. High fat accumulation with increasing dietary lipid levels was observed in whole body but not in muscle tissue. Hence, it may be concluded that the optimum formulation for maximum growth and quality of topmouth culter is a diet containing 40% protein and 8% lipid with a resultant DP/DE ratio of 25.3 g protein MJ^?1. In addition, the protein sparing effect by inclusion lipid was observed but limited.     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth,feed utilization and body composition in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis fingerlings

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for growth, feed utilization and body composition of Pseudobagrus ussuriensis fingerlings (initial weight: 3.40 ± 0.01 g). Twelve diets containing four protein levels (350, 400, 450 and 500 g kg^?1 crude protein) and three lipid levels (50, 100 and 150 g kg^?1 crude lipid) were formulated. Fish were randomly allotted to 36 aquaria (1.0 × 0.5 × 0.8 m) with 25 fish to each glass aquarium. Fish were fed twice daily (08:00 and 16:00) to apparent satiation. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) decreased with increasing dietary lipid level from 50 to 150 g kg^?1 at the same dietary protein level. Fish fed the diets containing 150 g kg^?1 lipid exhibited higher feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05), lower protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) relative to fish fed the diet containing 50 and 100 g kg^?1 lipid. Weight gain and SGR significantly increased with increasing dietary protein from 350 to 450 g kg^?1 at the same dietary lipid level, and even a little decline in growth with the further increase in dietary protein to 500 g kg^?1. Daily feed intake, NRE and PER were significantly affected by both dietary protein and lipid levels (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease with increasing dietary protein and lipid levels. Whole‐body protein content increased as protein levels increased and lipid levels decreased. Whole‐body lipid and muscle lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid level, and decreased with increasing dietary protein at each lipid level. There was no significant difference in condition factor and viscerosomatic index among fish fed the diets. Hepatosomatic index was affected by dietary lipid level (P < 0.05), and increased with increasing dietary lipid level at the same protein level. These results suggest that the diet containing 450 g kg^?1 protein and 50 g kg^?1 lipid with a P/E ratio of 29.1 mg protein kJ^?1 is optimal for growth and feed utilization of P. ussuriensis fingerlings under the experimental conditions used in the study.