虾鳖混养与单养模式下池塘水质变化对比研究

2012年对南美白对虾立体高效混养模式与南美白对虾单养模式的池塘水质进行了检测,检测结果显示:两种养殖模式下水体溶解氧、pH、硝态氮、活性磷、总磷和高锰酸盐指数的变化趋势基本一致,不过混养条件下的水质指标波动相对单养较大。总氮、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的变化趋势在养殖中后期存在差异,混养池塘这三个指标上升明显,增加了养殖的潜在风险,今后混养管理中需加强对氮元素的控制。     

生物絮团对锦鲤生长及养殖水体水质的影响

为了研究生物絮团对观赏鱼类生长影响及对养殖水质净化效果,通过设置对照组和生物絮团组(碳氮比为20:1)进行了锦鲤养殖效果对比试验。30d的试验结果显示,生物絮团组锦鲤的特定生长率相比对照组显著提高(P0.05),饲料系数相比对照组显著降低(P0.05),成活率两者之间无显著差异(P0.05)。在池塘水质净化方面,生物絮团组的亚硝酸盐氮浓度和氨氮含量变化趋势一致,呈现先升高后逐渐下降的趋势,生物絮团系统达到稳定后,生物絮团组的二态氮含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,生物絮团技术应用在锦鲤养殖中能有效净化池塘水质,同时可促进锦鲤生长。生物絮团通过实现饲料中蛋白质的二次有效利用,提高了饲料利用效率,降低了养殖成本、减少了水体污染。     

刺参-中国对虾复合养殖系统重金属分布特征

比较了刺参-中国对虾混养和刺参单养两种养殖模式下养殖池塘中底泥表层沉积物和水体悬浮颗粒物以及养殖刺参体组织中Mn、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、As等重金属的含量,并调查分析了两种养殖池塘水体中总悬浮颗粒物和颗粒有机物的变化,研究刺参-中国对虾混养模式对刺参生长环境及刺参体内重金属含量的影响。研究结果表明,刺参体组织中重金属Cu、As和Mn的含量在单养池塘和混养池塘变化趋势一致,且刺参体内Cu和As在混养池塘的含量要低于单养池塘。相比于单养模式,养殖池塘内悬浮颗粒物(TPM)和悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)的含量在混养模式下显著减少,这一结果表明刺参-中国对虾混养模式可显著改善刺参养殖水体的水环境状况。此外,在两种养殖模式下,悬浮颗粒物中不同重金属元素的含量均不相同且呈现出不同的变化趋势,悬浮颗粒物内Cr、Mn、Hg的含量在刺参-中国对虾混养模式下呈显著下降趋势,且含量低于单养池塘。表层沉积物中有机质含量具有一定的波动性,表现出先下降后升高的趋势,且混养池塘有机质含量比同期的单养池塘更高。表层沉积物的重金属含量与强热失量(LOI)的相关性分析结果表明,两种混养模式下,表层沉积物的Cd、Zn、Pb、Mn等重金属水平均与LOI呈正相关关系。     

崇明小龙虾养殖模式比较试验

比较了小龙虾的单养、小龙虾清水蟹混养两种养殖模式。得出小龙虾单养的最优放养密度为55kg/亩,混养模式养殖产量和利润均高于单养模式。     

革胡子鲶（Clarias sp．）池塘养殖技术报告

本次试验进行了革胡子鲶单养、革胡子鲶与鲢、鲤、草鱼混养、革胡子鲶庭院养殖等３种养殖模式的技术研究及经济效益分析等。     

生物絮团系统(BFT)中PHBV为碳源对斑点叉尾鮰生长、水质及硝化反应的影响

为了研究生物絮团系统(BFT)中以3-羟基丁酸-co-3-羟基戊酸共聚物(PHBV)为碳源对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)生长、养殖水质及对硝化过程反应速率及硝化酶的影响,设置不添加PHBV组(CL组)和挂袋300 g PHBV颗粒组(PHBV组)进行29 d的养殖实验,每4 d检测水质、絮团指标。实验结束检测鱼体生长指标,取实验末养殖水进行10 mg/L NH~+_4降解连续监测,取特征点总氨氮(TAN)最高(A),亚硝酸盐(NO~-_2-N)最高(B_1/B_2)及硝酸盐(NO~-_3-N)最高(C)时的絮团样检测氨单加氧酶(AMO)、羟氨氧化还原酶(HAO)及亚硝酸氧化还原酶(NOR)含量。结果显示:两组的成活率、增重率、特定增长率以及饲料系数均无显著差异,PHBV对斑点叉尾鮰鱼苗生长促进不显著。整个养殖过程中两组TAN、NO~-_2-N均处于安全范围,硝酸盐、磷酸盐、总氮、总磷及总固体悬浮物与絮团体积均呈现不断积累的趋势,且两组将10 mg/L NH~+_4转化为NO~-_3-N均需约28 h,表明两组生物絮团性能良好。硝化酶结果显示,PHBV组的AMO、HAO及NOR含量均显著大于CL组,但其硝化速率并未显著提高。两组游离菌的AMO、HAO、NOR含量均显著低于固着菌,且CL组游离菌中AMO、HAO及NOR含量与PHBV组差异不显著。     

河蟹、青虾、塘鳢混养和单养池塘水质变化比较

以河蟹单品种养殖池塘为对照,通过河蟹、青虾和塘鳢混养模式,检测养殖水体水温(WT)、pH值、透明度(SD)、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODMn)和氨氮(NH4+-N)的变化,比较单养各混养模式的水体动态变化及产出效果。结果表明:混养池水温(WT)变化范围为19.1~31.5℃,pH值6.8~7.7,SD 35.0~60.0 cm,DO 5.1~7.6 mg/L,TN 1.53~1.79mg/L,TP 0.135~0.235 mg/L,CODMn7.86~8.59 mg/L,NH4+-N 0.35~0.48 mg/L,符合渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)和国家三类水指标(GB3838-2002)。方差分析结果显示,除水温和pH值外,混养模式与单养模式水质差异性显著。混养池平均纯收益为89 735元/hm2和91 860元/hm2,单养池平均纯收益为65 250元/hm2。混养比单养池多26 610元/hm2。     

生物絮团对凡纳滨对虾养殖过程中氨氮和亚硝酸氮含量的影响

本实验以非生物絮团养殖模式作为对照,研究了生物絮团凡纳滨对虾养殖模式中,水质因子氨氮和亚硝酸氮的变化规律。结果表明:试验组的生物絮团沉积量至第35天达到峰值(15.93±0.31)m L/L,而后保持相对稳定状态,对照组的生物絮团量一直处于极低水平(1.5 m L/L),两组之间差异显著(P0.05);对照组氨氮含量至第35天达到峰值(1.05±0.19)mg/L,试验组氨氮含量增加缓慢,至第60天时仅为(0.37±0.04)mg/L,显著低于对照组(P0.05);在实验的前15天,实验组和对照组的亚硝酸氮含量无显著差异(P0.05),随后试验组亚硝酸氮含量增速减慢并趋于稳定,而对照组则直线上升,对照组亚硝酸氮含量显著高于试验组(P0.05)。     

不同养殖模式及光照对凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

利用室内水泥池4种不同养殖模式(虾单养或混养不同鱼类)和2种光照(自然光和弱光)对凡纳滨对虾生长、产量和水质的影响开展了研究。试验共设6个试验组,2个对照组,每个组别共设3个重复:自然光虾单养组、弱光组对虾单养、自然光虾鳅混养、弱光虾鳅混养、自然光虾鲢混养、弱光组虾鲢混养、自然光虾鳅鲢混养、弱光虾鳅鲢混养,养殖70d。测定试验前后试验池虾规格、总质量、存活率及饵料系数和鱼的规格、总质量。每隔15~20d测定水质指标。试验结果表明,单养组的虾自然光条件下规格显著大于其他组(P0.05),而弱光单养组的虾规格显著小于其他组(P0.05),其他组别差异不显著(P0.05)。饵料系数方面,单养组显著大于混养组(P0.05),存活率混养组显著高于单养组(P0.05),自然光组饵料系数和存活率显著高于弱光组(P0.05)。水质方面,养殖期间各组的硝态氮、亚硝态氮、氨氮呈稳步上升趋势,但亚硝态氮质量浓度,虾单养组和虾鳅混养组均显著高于虾鲢混养组和虾鳅鲢混养组(P0.05),自然光组显著低于弱光组(P0.05),氨氮,虾单养组显著高于其他组(P0.05),自然光组低于弱光组(P0.05)。试验结果显示,适当的光照是凡纳滨对虾生长的重要因素,泥鳅能大幅提高池塘经济效益节约成本,而鲢鳙鱼可有效地改善水质,当泥鳅以及鲢鳙鱼共同混养在虾池时,保证对虾池水质良好的同时,可提高对虾养殖的产量。     

生物絮团对中华锯齿米虾生长及水质的影响

实验以枯草芽孢杆菌和光合细菌为研究对象,研究了生物絮团对中华锯齿米虾养殖水体酸碱度、氨氮、亚硝酸氮、COD等水质指标的调节及其在促进米虾生长方面的作用。结果显示,添加了生物絮团的实验组,比对照组养殖水体的亚硝酸氮含量降低54%,COD水平降低39%,氨氮含量降低35%,pH值稳定保持在适宜的水平,中华锯齿米虾的存活率和增重率也有显著提高。结果表明,生物絮团的使用,能够有效调节水质,促进中华锯齿米虾的生长。     

Optimal Product Mix for Integrated Livestock-Fish Culture Systems on Limited Resource Farms

A mixed integer linear programming model was developed to select constrained optimum combinations of aquacultural production alternatives for limited-resource farmers. The model maximized production of fish and livestock for home consumption and cash income.
Poor farmers without access to credit sources make best use of pond resources by stocking fish and utilizing inorganic fertilizer. Integrated systems require greater levels of capital to cover livestock feed costs. Ponds that cannot be drained are best utilized by stocking a polyculture system of bighead carp ( Aristichthys nobilis ), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and fathead minnows ( Pimephales pro-melas ) while drainable ponds are more efficiently utilized in tilapia production.     

松浦镜鲤与长丰鲢食用鱼混养试验

2012年5-10月,在面积为0.19hm2的试验池1中放养体质量160g的松浦镜鲤（Cyprinus carpio Songpu）117,700尾·hm^-2,混养体质量160g的长丰鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）春片、乌子头和鳙（Aristichthys no-bilis）夏花鱼种。在面积为0.19hm2的试验池2中放养体质量149.5g的松浦镜鲤3,450尾·hm^-2,只混养鲢和鳙夏花,采用常规饲养方法。2012年10月2日,试验池1平均每hm2产鱼21,025.5kg,其中松浦镜鲤平均全长34.3cm,体质量1425g,产量18,294.0kg;长丰鲢春片平均体质量674g,平均产量1,816.5kg,长丰鲢夏花平均全长18.6cm,体质量112.4g,平均产量592.5kg;鳙夏花平均全长达12.1cm,体质量39.9g,平均产量322.5kg。试验池2平均每hm2产鱼3,069.0kg,其中松浦镜鲤平均全长35.0cm,体质量1225g,平均产量2,766.0kg;鲢夏花平均全长达11.3cm,体质量24.9g,平均产量130.5kg;鳙夏花平均全长达11.1cm,体质量35.1g,平均产量172.5kg。试验表明,高密度养殖的松浦镜鲤产量显著高于密度低时,长丰鲢夏花的出池体质量是普通鲢的4.5倍,特殊生长率（6.27%·d^-1）是普通鲢（3.5%·d^-1）的1.79倍。文中还讨论了松浦镜鲤养殖池的水质和技术特点。     

罗氏沼虾与三角帆蚌、鲢和鳙混养模式优化

研究了罗氏沼虾、三角帆蚌、鲢和鳙不同混养系统的养殖产量、饲料系数、增长率、总氮(TN)/总磷(TP)利用率和综合养殖效果,以期获得最优养殖模式。采用基于陆基围隔的比较实验方法,设6个实验组,分别为罗氏沼虾单养(G),罗氏沼虾与三角帆蚌二元混养(GH2)、罗氏沼虾、鲢和鳙三元混养(GSB),罗氏沼虾、鲢、鳙和三角帆蚌按照不同密度放养的四元混养(GSBH1、GSBH2和GSBH3),各实验组设置4个重复。结果表明:GSBH2组罗氏沼虾产量最高[(14.71±0.33)kg/32 m2],显著高于G组[(12.44±0.60)kg/32 m2,P0.01];GSBH1组饲料系数最低(1.43±0.04);GSBH1组增重率最高(4.66%±0.12%),G组最低(3.80%±0.23%);TN平均相对利用率在(0.92±0.09)~(1.60±0.23)之间,GSB组最高,G组最低;TP平均相对利用率为(0.23±0.03)~(1.46±0.32),GSBH3组最高,G组最低;综合养殖效果指数在(0.91±0.02)~(1.25±0.05)之间,GSB组最高,GSBH1组次之,G组最低,且三元、四元混养组显著大于G组和GH2组(P0.05)。研究表明,混养组能显著提高罗氏沼虾养殖的经济效益和生态效益。     

Comparison of Tilapia Monoculture and Carp Polyculture in Fertilized Earthen Ponds

A comparison of a monoculture of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and a polyculture of carps (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix; rohu Labeo rohita; and mrigal Cirrhinus mriga la; ratio 4:3:3) was carried out in 200-m² earthen ponds fertilized with cattle manure and supplemented with inorganic fertilizer at 3-kg nitrogen and 1.5-kg phosphorus/ha per day. A control treatment of a tilapia monoculture without fertilizer inputs was included to assess the effect of pond basal fertility. Net yields of 23.5 kg/pond per 112 d (3.8 t/ha per 1 yr) in the tilapia monoculture and 19.2 kg/pond per 112 d (3.1 t/ha per yr) in the carp polyculture were not significantly different; net yields from unfertilized tilapia monoculture ponds were negative. In the carp polyculture, silver carp was the dominant species at harvest contributing 73% of the total net fish production compared to 9% and 19% by rohu and mrigal, respectively. Water quality data suggested that tilapia yields could have been further improved by increasing fertilization rate but that critical dissolved oxygen concentration constrained this option for carp polyculture.     

生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用研究

传统的水产养殖模式所带来的环境污染、资源浪费和病害频发等问题已成为制约我国水产养殖业可持续发展的主要因素。生物絮团技术(BFT)具有净化水质、提高饵料利用率及病害防控等优点,被认为是有望解决上述问题的新型健康生态养殖技术,已在国内外得到一定规模的应用,并获得了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。本文重点介绍了生物絮团的形成与培养、生物絮团的主要影响因素及其在水产养殖中的应用效果。研究认为,BFT能够改良水质、节约养殖用水、降低饲料成本、提高养殖对象存活率、增加养殖产量和效益;将BFT与生物膜技术相结合,能够更有效地维持养殖水体中适宜的生物絮团含量,避免生物絮团的过量沉积,并能提高水质改良及增产增收的应用效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

主养草鱼池塘三种混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较

为进一步提高我国广大池塘养鱼的产品质量、经济效益和改善其生态环境。本试验在武汉新洲973项目实验基地9个陆基鱼池中进行了三种不同混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较研究,每种模式设3个重复。模式Ⅰ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙和高背鲫;模式Ⅱ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙、匙吻鲟和高背鲫;模式Ⅲ中放养草鱼、鲢和高背鲫。 结果表明：通过122d的养殖试验,模式Ⅱ中草鱼的生长不仅显著高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ（P<0.05）,而且其经济效益模式Ⅱ同样高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ。     

Effects of modified pond management on limnological parameters in small‐scale aquaculture ponds in mountainous Northern Vietnam

In mountainous Northern Vietnam, traditional pond aquaculture is part of the integrated farming activity contributing to food safety and to income generation for small‐scale farmers of ethnic minorities. Traditional pond management consists of a polyculture of macro‐herbivorous grass carp with 3–5 other fish species that are cultured in small ponds with constant water flow through. The main limitations to production are species‐specific mass mortalities of grass carp, a poor feed base especially for all species but grass carp, and poor water quality. In this study, we compared the traditional pond management to a semi‐intensive pond management that was based on the traditional management system but included changes designed by researchers to increase fish production. The modifications consisted of water inflow control, supplemental fertilization and feeding, and a polyculture dominated by common carp. The changes in management significantly reduced the turbidity and increased oxygen supply, as well as the natural food base within the pond. These changes in pond management provide farmers with the possibility to improve their pond aquaculture scheme and overcome previous limitations.     

Economic efficiency and optimum stocking densities in fish polyculture: an application of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to Chinese fish farms

Polyculture is commonly practiced in pond aquaculture where several fish species are reared together, creating a multi-output production structure. This study applied a nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique for multiple outputs to: (1) measure economic or ‘revenue' efficiency and its technical and allocative components for a sample of Chinese polyculture fish farms; and (2) derive the optimum stocking densities for different fish species. The mean economic efficiency was estimated to be 0.74. Technical inefficiencies accounted for most of the production inefficiencies in Chinese fish farms. On average, farmers should increase grass carp and decrease black carp stocking rates. Smaller farms and those from the developed regions were found to be relatively more technically and economically efficient.     

Bacterial composition,abundance and diversity in fish polyculture and mussel–fish integrated cultured ponds in China

Bacterial community and abiotic environmental parameters in twelve freshwater aquaculture ponds were analysed. According to the major component of stocked animals, the ponds were grouped into four types: black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii ponds. Each type of pond was stocked with three species of Chinese carps (silver carp, bighead carp and gibel carp) to form a unique mode of fish polyculture or mussel–fish integrated culture. The bacterial composition was identified using 16S rDNA sequencing. Totally, 3701 and 11 150 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from the water and sediment samples respectively. The number of OTUs, abundance‐based coverage estimator, Chao1 index and Shannon diversity index were lower in the water column than in the sediment, suggesting that diversity and stability of bacterial community were higher in the sediment. In the water column, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated at the phylum level, and 26 dominant genera were identified. In the sediment, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae dominated at the phylum level, and 25 dominant genera were identified. Bacterial compositions between the ponds with different aquaculture modes were similar at the phylum levels, but varied at the genus levels. The bacterial composition in the ponds was correlated with hardness, ammonia and total nitrogen in the water column. This study indicates that the type of aquaculture mode is a factor regulating the microbial community, which provides an insight towards microbial management through probiotic manipulation in pond culture.     

不同C/N对草鱼池生物絮团的形成及水质的影响研究

为了研究草鱼池生物絮团形成所需的适合C/N,实验分析不同C/N水平对水泥池中生物絮团的形成、水质及草鱼生长的影响。对照组投喂基础饲料(C/N为10.8∶1),实验组在基础饲料上添加葡萄糖,控制C/N分别为15∶1、20∶1和25∶1。结果显示,当C/N≥15时,形成的生物絮团可以有效的调节水质,降低水体中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮水平;各组的生物絮团体积指数(FVI)随养殖时间逐步增加,在第14天趋于稳定;随着C/N增高,尽管实验组水体中形成的生物絮团粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但是草鱼生长却呈下降趋势。综合而言,生物絮团技术应用于草鱼养殖适宜的C/N为15,该比值能促进生物絮团的形成,并能有效降低水中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮水平。