电子鼻检测冷冻罗非鱼肉的研究

利用PEN3型电子鼻对不同冷冻贮藏时间的尼罗罗非鱼（Tilapia nilotica）鱼肉进行分析,考察了冷冻贮藏时间对罗非鱼肉挥发性物质的影响,并对所获得试验数据进行了主成分分析（PCA方法）和线形判别分析（LDA方法）。结果显示,电子鼻传感器可以用于区别不同冷冻时间的罗非鱼肉,PCA方法和LDA方法均能较好地辨别出不同贮藏时间的冷冻罗非鱼肉。PCA方法中第一主成分区与第二主成分区的贡献率之和为91．69％,2个主成分已经基本代表了冷冻罗非鱼肉的主要特征信息;LDA方法则呈现出较好的集中性和单向趋向性,两判别式的总贡献率为92．39％。采用LOADINGS分析方法得出传感器W5S、W1S、W2S和W1W在该试验的检测过程中贡献率大,可以根据具体的试验条件对电子鼻传感器的阵列组合进行优化。     

电子鼻在对虾新鲜度评价中的应用

以凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vanmamei为实验对象,研究电子鼻对不同保藏时间的凡纳滨对虾虾头和虾肉的气味响应,并与感官指标、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和菌落总数进行对比分析,建立一种基于电子鼻技术的对虾新鲜度评价方法.结果表明,随着保藏时间的延长,对虾的鲜度和气味发生变化；电子鼻能将不同保藏时间的对虾区分开来,而且与感官评定、TVB-N和菌落总数检测结果一致.负荷加载分析(Loadings)显示,不同传感器对主成分的贡献率不同；采用线性判别分析(LDA)所得的总贡献率高于主成分分析(PCA)所得的总贡献率.电子鼻对虾头和虾肉的气味均有较好的响应,因此虾头和虾肉都可以用于电子鼻评价对虾的新鲜度.     

鱼露特征挥发性化合物的研究进展

研究了鱼露浓郁独特的风味及现代快速发酵工艺所存在的风味品质问题,并综述了近20年来的鱼露特征挥发性化合物的研究,结果表明探究鱼露特征挥发性化合物的形成是可行的。结果显示,气味指纹技术与气相色谱—人工嗅辨仪—质谱(GC-O-MS)联用可以探讨鱼露特征风味的形成;鱼露的气味是融合了奶酪味、氨味、腌渍味、酸味、鱼腥臭味和肉香味的复杂刺激性气味,含硫与含氮化合物是特征挥发性化合物;鱼的种类、嗜盐微生物、酶解途径对特征挥发性化合物形成都有很大影响。研究表明,鱼露的挥发性风味是非常复杂的体系,挥发性化合物的形成不是简单因素作用或个别化合物转化导致的。鱼露挥发性化合物研究可以解决鱼露风味品质提升的难题。     

应用电子鼻技术检测南美白对虾副溶血性弧菌试验

为了将电子鼻技术应用于水产品中副溶血性弧茵等食源性致病菌的快速无损检测,试验利用电子鼻对从南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)中分离的一株副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)进行检测.试验采用具有18个金属氧化物传感器的电子鼻对副溶血性弧茵经纯培养所得的挥发性代谢产物进行检测,同时用空白3.5%氯化钠TSB培养液作为对照.电子鼻所得的数据用主成分分析(PCA)、判别因子分析(DFA)、单类成分判别分析(SMICA)等多元统计方法进行分析.结果显示,副溶血性弧菌经纯培养后产生了明显不同于空白培养液气味的挥发性代谢产物.电子鼻可以应用于纯培养微生物的检测.     

我国市售虾酱产品品质分析与评价

为了解我国市售虾酱产品的品质现状，探究不同品种虾酱之间的品质差异，采集了32种市售虾酱，进行了感官评价和水分、盐分、蛋白质、氨基酸态氮等理化指标的检测，对品质相关数据进行了统计分析和主成分分析，并进一步采用电子鼻和气相–离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)对气味进行了分析。结果表明，市售虾酱色泽和质地差异相对较小，而气味差异较大。理化指标中，市售虾酱的氨基酸态氮含量变异系数为33.91%，离散程度最大。在主成分分析中，提取到3个主成分，累计方差贡献率达82.32%，表明能够涵盖虾酱品质的基本信息，水分、氨基酸态氮、气味是影响虾酱综合品质的关键指标。电子鼻聚类热图表明，在欧式距离4.03处可将32种虾酱聚为4类，原料是影响聚类的主要因素。对海银虾、蜢子虾和白虾3种原料的虾酱进行GC-IMS分析，共鉴定出63种挥发性成分，主要是醇类。研究结果可为虾酱产品品质评价与生产工艺改进提供参考。     

白鲢废弃物发酵鱼露的成份分析及评价

鱼露也称鱼酱油、虾油，它是以鱼、虾为原料酿制而成的一种调味品，其营养丰富，风味独特，深受我国沿海一带及日本、东南亚各国人民的喜爱。鱼露的原料一般是海水鱼，过去一直认为以淡水鱼为原料生产的鱼露风味较差，所以对淡水鱼生产鱼露的营养成份和风味物质的研究很少。但在鱼露生产原料短缺的情况下，充分利用我国丰富的淡水渔业资源，开发以高产、低值的淡水鱼为原料的优质鱼露、提高淡水鱼的利用价值是一项很有意义的工作。研究鱼露发酵的另一个重大意义在于综合利用水产品加工中的废弃物。在淡水鱼加工中有大量废弃物无法有效利用，…     

不同烤制时间对沙丁鱼片风味及品质的影响

为探讨烤制时间对沙丁鱼片风味及品质的影响,以沙丁鱼为研究对象,研究经不同烤制时间处理的沙丁鱼片的色泽、质构特性及挥发性成分的变化。采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取—气质联用技术分析沙丁鱼片在不同烤制时间过程中挥发性成分的变化。结果表明,随着烤制时间的延长,沙丁鱼肉的硬度、咀嚼度均有提高,弹性下降;电子鼻能够较好区分不同烤制时间得到的沙丁鱼片制品的风味。主成分分析显示各个样品间差异明显,电子鼻区分度良好;采用气—质联用技术分析表明,180°C条件下沙丁鱼块在不同烤制时间(0、1、2、3、4 min)下的挥发性成分发生明显变化,主要挥发性物质有醇、醛、酮、酸、酯、烃、芳香族和含氮化合物等。不同烤制时间下,样品中检出的挥发性化合物种类分别为43、47、47、54和46种;酸类、酯类、烃类及芳香族类等化合物的相对含量呈先上升后下降趋势;而醇类、醛类、酮类等化合物的相对含量呈先下降后上升趋势;烤制的同时产生了大量的吡嗪类、吡咯类、噻唑类等呈香化合物,这些杂环化合物对烤制沙丁鱼片的风味具有重要贡献。     

致死方式对养殖草鱼肉挥发性成分的影响

采用电子鼻技术和固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术研究了抽血和急杀致死草鱼肉挥发性成分的差异。通过电子鼻检测分析,抽血致死对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分有影响,对红肉部分无影响或影响不大;固相微萃取技术可以有效地吸附草鱼肉中的挥发性成分,经NIST质谱数据库检索和文献对照,抽血致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定出27、29和47种挥发性成分,急杀致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定42、41和43种挥发性成分,可见致死方式对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分影响较大,相对来说对红肉的影响较小;鱼血中确定46种挥发性成分,其中34种为芳香族化合物,相对含量达75.59%。因此,建议草鱼加工或食用前采用抽血致死方式。     

基于GC-MS联用技术分析传统鱼露发酵过程中挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸组分变化

为探明鱼露在不同发酵时间点挥发性物质的差异以及脂肪酸对传统鱼露的香气物质形成的影响,实验采用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析鱼露发酵过程中的挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸组成。结果显示,在5个不同发酵时间点的鱼露样品中共检测出7大类56种挥发性化合物,并用内标法对各挥发性化合物进行定量。以OVA值为依据,从56种挥发性化合物中筛选出12种对鱼露风味轮廓贡献显著的主体呈香化合物如3-甲硫基丙醛等。鱼露的主体特征风味可描述为蘑菇香味、土豆香味、麦芽香味、香草味、水果香味和鱼腥味。鱼露中的脂肪酸主要分布范围为C15~C26,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)相对含量高达67.23%。在鱼露发酵过程中,风味相关的亚油酸和亚麻酸变化较为显著,与主体挥发性风味化合物的变化呈现一定的相关性,证明不饱和脂肪酸是鱼露发酵过程中产生特征风味的重要前体物质。     

壳聚糖负载纳米Fe_2O_3树脂脱除鱼露中的亚硝酸盐

鱼露是传统水产发酵调味品,味道鲜美,但是其中过量的亚硝酸盐影响鱼露的食用安全。实验选用以生物基材料壳聚糖制备的壳聚糖负载纳米Fe_2O_3树脂(NFCR)为吸附剂,研究了该材料吸附鱼露中亚硝酸盐的可能性及对鱼露品质的影响。研究表明,壳聚糖负载纳米Fe_2O_3树脂在pH为4~6、温度为25℃、反应时间为8 h和物料比为1:200时,对鱼露中NO_2~-的吸附效果最佳。树脂静态脱除鱼露中的NO_2~-时,提高澄清度,但色泽稍有降低,对鱼露的理化性质以及常量元素、氨基酸的含量无明显影响;对常量元素如Ca、Na、K、Mg和P等几乎无影响,对微量元素如Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu等有一定量的减少,鱼露中一些有害的金属元素如Pb、Cd、Al和Ni等均有明显的降低趋势。本研究探讨了应用壳聚糖负载纳米Fe_2O_3树脂处理鱼露中亚硝酸盐的可能性,为应用树脂脱除液体类物料中有害成分提供参考。     

Chemical and Organoleptic Comparison of Fish Sauce Made from Cold Water Species and Typical Thai Fish Sauce

ABSTRACT

Organoleptic and chemical properties of fish sauce made experimentally from the four cold water fish species–Arctic capelin, Atlantic herring, Atlantic cod and blue whiting–were compared with three first grade commercial fish sauces made from tropical anchovies. Although the flavor of the fish sauces made from cold water species were judged as inferior to the flavor of the tropical fish sauces, the blue whiting and Atlantic herring sauces obtained fair ranking. Chemical analyses revealed that sugar had been added in all the three commercial sauces. Although sugar is added during blending just before bottling, flavor enhancing chemical reactions, between amino groups and reducing sugars, probably occur during storage of the final product. Accordingly, this procedure should be adapted also in preparation of fish sauce from cold water species.     

Quality aspect of fish sauce prepared from underutilized fatty Japanese anchovy and rabbit fish

ABSTRACT:   To explore the potential utility of underutilized fish in the fish sauce industry, fish sauces were prepared from both raw and heat-induced meat of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonica and rabbit fish Siganus fuscescens using wheat malt, and their quality aspects and sensory properties were assessed. Proximate composition of the fish meat represents protein as the major component (16.0–17.8%), other than moisture. Analyses of free amino acids, peptides including oligopeptides, and organic acids contents in fish sauces revealed suitability of both raw and heat-induced meat of the selected species in commercial fish sauce production. The variations in taste of raw meat fish sauces were species-specific, but the taste of fish sauces from heat-induced meat were similar.     

Production of Fish Sauce and Acceleration of Sauce Fermentation Using Proteolytic Enzymes

The effect of addition of trypsin and chymotrypsin (0.3%, w/w) at various proportions (100:0, 50:50, and -0:100) was investigated to accelerate fish sauce fermentation using herring as raw material. Results showed that supplementations with trypsin and chymotrypsin significantly increased protein hydrolysis (P<0.05). Fish sauce prepared form herring with enzyme supplementation contained significantly more total nitrogen, soluble protein, free amino acid content and total amino acid content compared to fish sauce with no added enzyme (P<0.05). Supplementation with tryspin and/or chrymotrypsin mixture *ratios 50:50 and 0:100) enzyme produced the most favorable results in term of protein hydrolysis, while there was no difference among enzyme treated sauce in term of free amino acid composition. With the exception of the amino acid profile, and microbiological composition compared to Nampla, a first grade commercially produced Thai fish sauce. Sensory analysis of products for color, flavor and aroma indicated that panelist preferred the lighter colored fish sauce prepared with enzyme supplementation compared to the darker colored commercially produced Nampla. However, There was no significant preference (p<0.05) for aroma and flavor of the enzyme supplemented sauce or Nampla. The results of this stuffy indicate that an acceptable fish sauce product can be produced form herring and the addition of enzymes has the potential to reduce the fermentation time to --2 months without compromising product quality.     

Changes in extractive components and microbial proliferation during fermentation of fish sauce from underutilized fish species and quality of final products

To make use of underutilized fish species and produce high-quality condiments substitutable for those of mammalian origin, fish sauces were produced on a small industrial scale from three fish species, the flyingfish Cypselurus agoo agoo, the small dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus, and the deepsea smelt Glossanodon semifasciatus, using salt and koji mold. During 180 days of fermentation, the pH decreased to approximately 4.5 and total nitrogen and free amino acids increased to approximately 2 g/100 mL and 6000 mg/100 mL, respectively. Halophilic and extreme halophilic bacterial counts dramatically increased from 10⁶ to 10⁸ colony forming units/mL between days 14 and 30 and decreased the reafter. In the final products, the pH and salt concentration decreased to between soy sauce and a Vietnamese fish sauce, Nuoc mam. The total amino acid and organic acid contents were almost the same as those of Nuoc mam and soy sauce. Sensory evaluation found these products to have lower smell, saltiness, and bitterness, and higher sweetness and umami taste than Nuoc mam. During fermentation, the histamine content increased in one or two of three fermentation tanks for each fish species. As a result, the histamine content of the final products was higher than that in Nuoc mam.     

Characterization and distribution of Staphylococcus sp. implicated for improvement of fish sauce odor

ABSTRACT:   The two Staphylococcus strains that had been isolated from fish sauce mush (moromi) made from frigate mackerel in Japan and proved to improve fish sauce odor, were examined for their taxonomic positions. The sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA and rpoB showed that the two strains, R4Nu and R5G, had an identical sequence with sequence identities of 99.5% and 99.0% to the above two genes from the closest species of S. nepalensis , respectively. A DNA hybridization test of the two strains showed more than 80% DNA similarity with S. nepalensis , thus confirming the above-mentioned species identification. Polymerase chain reaction primers specific to the strain isolated from fish sauce mush were designed from rpoB and examined for the distribution of this species to various fish sauces made in Asian countries as well as to fish sauce starter (malt) made from soy beans and barley in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. The amplified DNA fragment bearing the S. nepalensis gene was detected in the enriched culture of the malt, although no positive reaction was shown with fish sauce samples. These results suggest that S. nepalensis indebted to improve fish sauce odor was originated from the fish sauce starter malt.     

Preparation and characterization of fermented seaweed sauce manufactured from low-quality nori (dried and fresh fronds of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyropia yezoensis</Emphasis>)

The present study tested processes to manufacture fermented sauce from low-quality nori (dried and fresh fronds of Pyropia yezoensis). The nori sauce was prepared using three tanks with fresh or dried nori cultured in different conditions. In the present study enzymes were not added for the promotion of the degradation of nori, while in a previous study they were. The supernatants of culture mashes obtained from the three tanks were combined, and this low-quality nori sauce (LNS) was characterized and compared with sauces manufactured from high-quality nori, soy, and fish. The LNS showed low concentrations of total nitrogen compounds (0.20 g/100 ml) and free amino acids, and its taste showed a high sourness score as evaluated by a taste-sensing system. On the other hand, the LNS was rich in polysaccharides, which were observed to be readily degraded to lower molecular weight size sugars by heat treatment. The LNS showed little risk for heavy metal or allergen contamination. The obtained sauce product is expected to be commercially utilized as a component of low allergen-risk sauce products after blending with other seasonings without wheat or soy elements.     

Effects of soy sauce <Emphasis Type="Italic">koji</Emphasis> and lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation of fish sauce from freshwater silver carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</Emphasis>

The effects of soy sauce koji and the lactic acid bacterium, Tetragenococcus halophilus, were studied on the fermentation of fish sauce prepared from Chinese silver carp. The fish sauce prepared without koji and the lactic acid bacterium contained low levels of organic materials, total nitrogen, and organic acids. The use of koji was effective in increasing these qualitative parameters and further improved the amino acid score of the fish sauce. Addition of T. halophilus had an effect on lowering the pH value during the initial period of fermentation when the soy sauce koji was also supplemented. In contrast, T. halophilus-like bacteria were found to be predominant for all tanks fermented under the different starting conditions. Although it was not examined whether the T. halophilus-like bacteria observed after fermentation were the same as the starter-bacterium or not, it was suggested that T. halophilus plays an important role in the successful fermentation of silver carp fish sauce. Sensory evaluation conducted with Japanese and Chinese panelists also suggested the superiority of the use of koji for fermentation of silver carp fish sauce.     

Effect of Bacterial Community and Free Amino Acids on the Content of Biogenic Amines During Fermentation of Yu-lu,a Chinese Fermented Fish Sauce

The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of bacterial community and free amino acids on the content of biogenic amines in Yu-lu during fermentation. Four major biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine) were identified, and the content of tyramine was positively correlated with histamine (R value = 0.9113). Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, leucine, and lysine were the dominant free amino acids. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the composition of the bacterial community changed significantly during fermentation of Yu-lu. Principal component analysis revealed the crucial links between microbial community and biogenic amines. For example, Halanaerobium was probably associated with the formation of putrescine, while Halomonas might be associated with the degradation of biogenic amines at the end of fermentation of Yu-lu. This study provided a detailed evaluation of the Yu-lu fermentation process, enabling development of better strategies for biogenic amine control in fish sauce.     

植物乳杆菌发酵对牡蛎成分的影响

试验结果表明,加入4%食盐能在一定程度上抑制挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)的产生,接种植物乳杆菌后牡蛎浆pH在发酵第2 d迅速下降并一直处于酸性状态(pH≈4)。蛋白质由于牡蛎自溶酶作用、微生物的利用而不断被分解,氨基酸不断地增加,而可溶性蛋白表现出波动变化。还原糖逐渐被消耗,至第10 d时所剩仅为0.07 mg/ml。表明植物乳杆菌对牡蛎的发酵过程有重要作用。为牡蛎的深加工利用提供科学依据。