爱德华氏菌灭活疫苗对黄颡鱼免疫相关基因表达及过氧化氢酶、超氧化歧化酶和补体C3活性的影响

为评价爱德华氏菌灭活疫苗对黄颡鱼的免疫效果,分析了灭活爱德华氏菌疫苗对黄颡鱼非特异性免疫应答相关的免疫基因表达和酶活性的影响。结果显示,黄颡鱼鳃组织中抗菌肽基因和肝组织中长型肽聚糖识别蛋白基因在免疫7、14、21、28d后的表达均显著上调,肠道中抗菌肽基因和脾脏组织中长型肽聚糖识别蛋白基因的表达在免疫7、14、21d亦显著上升。血清中过氧化氢酶、超氧化歧化酶和补体C3活性出现不同程度的提高,其中,黄颡鱼过氧化氢酶活力在免疫14、21d后显著高于对照组,超氧化歧化酶活力在免疫14、21、28d后显著高于对照组,在21d达到峰值,补体C3在免疫7、14、21、28d后均显著上升(P0.05),在免疫7d后血清中补体C3的含量达到高峰。试验结果表明,爱德华氏菌灭活疫苗可显著提高黄颡鱼免疫基因抗菌肽和长型肽聚糖识别蛋白的表达以及酶的活性,进一步揭示爱德华氏菌灭活疫苗可提高黄颡鱼的非特异性免疫能力。     

鲖爱德华菌口服疫苗对斑点鲖的免疫效果

为评价鲖爱德华菌口服微球疫苗对斑点鲖的免疫效果,实验以天然高分子聚合物海藻酸钠和鲖爱德华菌灭活疫苗为材料,制备鲖爱德华菌口服微球疫苗。将实验动物随机分为鲖爱德华菌微球疫苗组、鲖爱德华菌灭活疫苗组、空微球组和对照组,以拌料口服方式进行免疫,通过检测血清中溶菌酶活力、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力、补体替代途径(ACH50)活性等非特异性免疫指标,抗体效价以及相对免疫保护率评价疫苗免疫效果,采用荧光定量PCR检测口服疫苗对斑点鲖免疫相关基因表达量的影响。结果显示,鲖爱德华菌口服微球疫苗能够较长时间增强斑点鲖非特异性免疫功能;血清凝集效价于第5周达到峰值,为1∶16,免疫后第7周仍可检测到特异性抗体;口服鲖爱德华菌微球疫苗的斑点鲖获得的抗鲖爱德华菌相对免疫保护率为60.7%,远高于灭活疫苗组(14.3%)及空微球组(10.7%);荧光定量分析结果显示,攻毒后48 h相比攻毒前各免疫基因表达量均有上调,鲖爱德华菌微球疫苗对受免鱼肾脏、脾脏中免疫基因的表达影响尤为明显。结果表明,鲖爱德华菌口服微球疫苗能增强斑点鲖非特异性免疫功能,对鲖爱德华菌病起到一定的预防作用。     

黄颡鱼主要疾病及其防治

黄颡鱼又称黄腊丁、黄嘎等,是我国常见的一种重要的小型经济鱼类。因其肉质鲜嫩、少细刺,深受消费者喜爱,近年来人工养殖面积不断扩大,但随之而来的疾病问题也日益严重。通过近年来对黄颡鱼疾病病原的调查分析和实践总结,现将黄颡鱼的主要疾病的病原、症状、流行情况及其防治技术等介绍如下。一、黄颡鱼红头病1.病原现已确定黄颡鱼红头病的病原为鲇鱼爱德华氏菌。2.症状该病在临床上根据症状一般可分为两种类型:急性败血症型、慢性"红头病"型。急性败血症型发病急,死亡率高,一般在水温迅速升高或者水质恶化的情     

一株黄颡鱼源迟缓爱德华氏菌弱毒株的分离鉴定及特性分析

为探明湖北荆州市某养殖基地患病黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)以烂身、腹水为主要症状且持续性死亡的确切病因，本研究对患病黄颡鱼进行了病原筛查，从患病黄颡鱼组织中分离到一株优势菌，经过形态特征、生理生化鉴定、16S rRNA测序和系统进化分析确定分离菌株为迟缓爱德华氏菌，命名为Et-4。结果显示：分离菌株Et-4具有较强的生物被膜形成能力，不携带esaV、fimA、gadB和katB四种主要的毒力基因。分离菌株Et-4人工感染健康黄颡鱼出现与自然发病类似的症状，并能从病鱼中再次分离出该菌，证实迟缓爱德华氏菌是引起此次黄颡鱼持续性死亡的致病原；分离菌株Et-4对黄颡鱼的LD₅₀为3.9×10⁶ CFU/g,结合毒力基因谱判定其为弱毒株。分离株Et-4携带耐药基因tet A、sulⅠ和add A1,对头孢类药物、庆大霉素、新霉素等敏感；对四环素类、青霉素类、万古菌素等耐药；中药抑菌实验表明乌梅和丁香对迟缓爱德华氏菌Et-4有明显的抑制效果。     

黄颡鱼鲇爱德华氏菌的分离鉴定及其致病性研究

从患头顶溃疡症的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)内脏组织中分离出致病力强的菌株JZ086,对该菌进行了形态学、生理生化特性的测定,并进行了Biolog全自动微生物分析系统及16S rDNA序列鉴定。结果显示:人工感染实验证实该菌为黄颡鱼的病原菌,其半数致死量(LD50)为1.7×105CFU。Biolog全自动微生物分析系统鉴定结果显示该菌为鲇爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)。16S rDNA序列分析显示该菌与鲇爱德华氏菌的亲缘关系最近,同源性高达99%;系统进化树中与鲇爱德华氏菌(AB050826)自然聚为一支,二者遗传距离约为0.002。鉴定结果确认JZ086为鲇爱德华氏菌。药物敏感性试验结果显示,该菌对所测试的15种药物都敏感,其中对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、妥布霉素等尤其敏感。     

鱼类爱德华氏菌病的诊断与防控（中）

3常见鱼类爱德华氏菌病及症状由爱德华氏菌感染引起的鱼类疾病统称为鱼类的爱德华氏菌病（Edwardsiellasis）,由Etarda引起的鱼类爱德华氏菌病主要是鲶鱼气肿性腐败病（emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish,EPDC）,又称迟钝爱德华菌病;由E.ictaluri引起的则主要是斑点叉尾鮰肠型败血症（Enteric septicemia of Channel catfish,ESC）和黄颡鱼红头病 （Red-Head disease of Yellow catfish）。     

3种黄颡鱼SOCSs基因分子特性及致病菌胁迫下的表达模式

细胞因子信号传导抑制因子(SOCS)是JAK/STAT信号通路中细胞因子信号受体的重要抑制因子。为探究SOCS在鱼类免疫应答过程中的作用，本研究以杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”及其母本黄颡鱼和父本瓦氏黄颡鱼为研究对象，克隆了杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”3个免疫相关基因(SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3)，并对其生物信息学进行了比较分析；采用qRT-PCR技术研究了SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因分别在3种黄颡鱼感染嗜水气单胞菌和鮰爱德华氏菌后的表达模式。结果显示，杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因的全长分别为561、735和672 bp，分别编码186、244和223个氨基酸，其预测的蛋白结构均含有保守的SH2结构域和SOCS盒。黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼和杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因的表达在被检的8个不同组织中呈现组织特异性。在两种致病菌感染后，杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”及其双亲的SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因在肝、鳃和头肾组织的表达量均在前24 h显著升高，随后逐渐恢复至正常水平。此外，鮰爱德华氏菌感染后，杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号” SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因的表达量显著高于双亲，表现出较双亲更强的免疫调节能力且具有病原特异性。该结果为进一步解析黄颡鱼SOCS家族免疫防御调控机制提供了参考依据。     

大菱鲆迟缓爱德华氏菌福尔马林灭活疫苗研究

以大菱鲆为免疫对象,采用0.5福尔马林灭活的方法,将迟缓爱德华氏菌制成全菌疫苗,验证了其具有可靠的安全性。以浸泡和注射两种免疫接种方法对养殖大菱鲆14d内进行2次免疫,第二次免疫后第10天,对免疫鱼和各自的对照鱼进行爱德华氏菌的人工感染试验,获得注射接种疫苗的大菱鲆对腹水病的免疫保护率为70,浸泡接种疫苗的大菱鲆对腹水病的免疫保护率为35。表明注射和浸泡接种迟缓爱德华氏菌全菌疫苗都能使大菱鲆对腹水病产生免疫效果,并且注射免役效果优于浸泡免疫。     

鱼病防治也要与时俱进

<正>笔者一黄颡鱼成鱼养殖池塘今年8月份暴发蓝藻,当时正值高温季节,先用EM菌大剂量泼洒没有明显效果,3天后在下风处多次泼洒硫酸铜、漂白粉、苔藻净等药物,始终未能全部清除,几天后又大量暴发。由于黄颡鱼对硫酸铜比较敏感,不能轻易全池泼洒,同时黄颡鱼对溶氧要求高,如果选择全池泼洒杀灭     

5种消毒剂对鮰爱德华菌抑菌效果研究

鮰爱德华菌为变形菌门、γ-变形菌纲、肠杆菌目、肠杆菌科、爱德华菌属,曾被称为爱德华氏菌"GA7752"群,有研究也将其称为鮰爱德华氏菌或鮰爱德华菌,是多种鱼致病的主要病原菌,1976年,在美国斑点叉尾鮰中首次发现,可引起斑点叉尾鮰肠道败血症和黄颡鱼"红头病"等。鮰爱德华菌病从鱼苗到成鱼均可大面积暴发,流行水温24~28℃,主要感染鮰科鱼类。为更好地防治该病,笔者开展了消毒剂对鮰爱德华菌的杀菌实验,筛选出较好杀菌效果的消毒剂,以期为鮰爱德华菌的疾病防治提供参考。     

Genetic Effects for Response to Live Edwardsiella ictaluri, Killed E. ictaluri, and Stress in Juveniles from All Crosses Among USDA 103, USDA 102, and Norris Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Strains

Juveniles from all possible crosses among USDA 102. USDA 103, and Norris channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus strains were compared for: 1) survival and mix-Edwardsiella ictaluri antibody after exposure to live E. ictaluri bacterium (isolate 597-458); 2) antibody level after injection with formalin-killed E. ictaluri (597-458); and 3) pre-stress. post-stress, and stress-recovery serum Cortisol levels. Purebred and crossbred USDA 102 strain fish had higher survival (mean of five genetic groups = 87%) and lower anti- E.ictaluri antibody (mean optical density (OD) of five genetic groups = 0.167) 30 d after live E. ictaluri challenge than purebred Norris and USDA 103 strains and their crosses (means of four genetic groups = 60% survival and 0.210 OD antibody level). Significant general combining ability, line effects, and heterosis indicated that the USDA 102 strain contributed additive and dominance genetic effects for increased survival and lower antibody level after live E. ictaluri challenge. Antibody response to formalin-killed, intra-peritoneally injected E. ictaluri was not different among genetic groups (overall mean = 0.198 OD). Serum Cortisol was measured prior to (pre-stress), immediately after (post-stress), and 2 h after (stress-recovery) a standard stressor. Serum Cortisol level was highest in post-stress fish (35.8 ng/mL), intermediate in stress-recovery fish (10.9 ng/mL), and lowest in pre-stress fish (6.5 ng/mL), but was not different among genetic groups within a stress time period. Results indicate diat differences exist among genetic groups of channel catfish for survival and antibody production after live E. ictaluri challenge, but these differences were not related to antibody response to killed E. ictaluri or serum Cortisol levels.     

Protective immunity against enteric septicaemia in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), following controlled exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Protective immunity against enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC) following immunization with Edwardsiella ictaluri bacterins and exposure to live E . ictaluri was investigated. Mean cumulative percentage survival was significantly higher ( P 0.05) in controlled live vaccinates (100%) than in immersion and oral bacterin vaccinates (68.3% and 50.0%, respectively). Bactericidal activity against E . ictaluri by peritoneal macrophages from controlled live vaccinates (85.9%) was significantly greater ( P 0.05) than bactericidal activity of macrophages from immersion bacterin vaccinates (71.4%) or non-vaccinates (68.1%). No significant ( P > 0.05) difference was found in the bactericidal activity of macrophages from oral bacterin vaccinates and macrophages from controlled live vaccinates. The E . ictaluri -specific antibody response of controlled live (0.08 OD) and immersion bacterin vaccinates (0.11 OD) was significantly higher ( P 0.05) than that of oral bacterin vaccinates and non-vaccinates (0.01 OD) 15 days post-vaccination. A significantly higher antibody response was seen in controlled live vaccinates (0.17 OD), when compared to other vaccinates or non-vaccinates 33 days after vaccination. Neither immersion nor oral bacterins protected the vaccinates against ESC. Controlled live E . ictaluri immunization of channel catfish resulted in production of specific antibodies, increased macrophage bactericidal activity and protection against ESC.     

Vaccination of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), by immersion and oral booster against Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract. A commercially prepared vaccine against Edwardsiella ictaluri was used to vaccinate 12-day-old channel catfish fry by immersion, or by immersion plus an oral booster 2 months later. One month after the fish were fed the booster vaccine, they were challenged by waterborne exposure to 2·1 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ of E. ictaluri. Immersion only vaccinated fish suffered 6·7% mortality and immersion plus oral-boosted fish had a 3·3% mortality. Mortality among non-vaccinated controls was 96·7% and was significantly ( P < 0·01) above the vaccinated mortality. The relative per cent survival for the immersion-only fish was 93·1, while it was 96·6 for the immersion plus oral-boosted fish. Agglutinating antibody titres of the vaccinated fish were significantly ( P < 0·05) higher than the control fish. When the ponds were drained 6 months after stocking, 42·7% of non-vaccinated, 56·3% of immersion-only and 70·8% of immersion plus oral-boosted fish were harvested. Survival of immersion plus orally-boosted fish was significantly ( P < 0·05) higher than the controls of immersion-only fish. Duplicate populations of immersion plus oral-booster-vaccinated fish grew 34% and 56% faster, respectively, on an average daily gain than the control fish, while immersion-only fish in one pond grew 20% less per day and fish in the second pond grew 48% faster.     

黄颡鱼甘露糖受体基因的克隆和功能分析

甘露糖受体(MR)隶属凝集素超家族,主要表达于巨噬细胞和未成熟的树突状细胞表面。MR不仅在先天免疫防御中发挥重要作用,还通过参与抗原呈递,激活T淋巴细胞,启动获得性免疫应答过程。本研究采用同源克隆技术获得黄颡鱼甘露糖受体(pf MR)基因,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测MR在正常黄颡鱼体内的分布情况,采用鲖爱德华菌感染黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞和甘露聚糖封闭MR方法研究黄颡鱼MR在抗细菌感染中的作用。结果显示,pf MR同团头鲂、草鱼、斑马鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的MR聚为一支。pf MR在所检测的12个组织中均有分布,其在肾脏、脾脏和肌肉组织中表达量较高,在血液中表达量较少。鲖爱德华菌感染黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞后,pf MR、IL-1β和TNF-a均被细菌诱导表达,超氧阴离子和一氧化氮的含量也上升,超氧阴离子在感染30 min后即显著上升,一氧化氮在感染12 h后才显著上升。甘露聚糖竞争结合MR,显著抑制巨噬细胞内化GFP标签的鲖爱德华菌,加入EDTA减少内化的荧光强度,加入Ca~(2+)使内化的荧光强度回升。研究表明,黄颡鱼头肾巨噬细胞MR参与鲖爱德华菌的识别和内吞过程,而且依赖Ca~(2+)。     

Cross-protection elicited in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) immunized with a low dose of virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri strains

Cross-protection of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) immunized with a low dose of virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri and challenged with six E. ictaluri strains was examined in four trials. The relative per cent survival among low-dose immunized and then challenged fish ranged from 27.7% to 100%. Significant protection ( P <0.05), with the exception of strain ATCC-33202, was conferred by immunization with a given E. ictaluri strain challenged either with a homologous or a heterologous strain. Antibody titres of pooled serum collected on day 22 from surviving fish examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ranged from 1:40 to 1:320, but no differences were apparent among different vaccinated groups. The protein profiles of six E. ictaluri strains examined by Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed a relatively homogeneous pattern. Immuno-blots probed with pooled serum from immunized and challenged fish showed a pattern similar to LPS-reaction patterns observed with E. ictaluri in other studies. Since the present studies further corroborate that E. ictaluri is a clonal bacterial species with no apparent antigenic differences, it is possible that immunization with a single E. ictaluri field strain should confer protection against any other strain.     

Recovery and Viability of Edwardsiella ictaluri from Great Blue Herons Ardea herodias Fed E. ictaluri-Infected Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Fingerlings

Feeding activities of great blue herons Ardea herodias in catfish ponds during outbreaks of enteric septicemia of catfish have been implicated as a mechanism for the transmission of the disease from infected to uninfected ponds. Although Edwardsiella ictaluri , the causative agent, has been identified in gastrointestinal tracts of great blue herons, the role of these birds as a vector of E. ictaluri is not well documented. The potential of these birds to contaminate catfish ponds with E. ictaluri was investigated by feeding captive herons over a 4-d period with catfish fingerlings injected intraperitoneally with live E. ictaluri . Daily fecal samples, throat and rectal swabs, and feather samples were collected, cultured and examined for E. ictaluri using both a selective media and a monoclonal indirect fluorescent antibody test specific for E. ictaluri . Gastrointestinal tracts sampled at the conclusion of the feeding trial were similarly examined. While E. ictaluri was detected using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, no viable E. ictaluri was cultured from either feces, gastrointestinal tracts or feathers. Growth of E. ictaluri was not observed at 40 C, the rectal temperature observed in captive great blue herons. Prior incubation at 40 C suppressed the growth of E. ictaluri at 24 C, an optimal temperature for growth of this bacterium. These results indicate that great blue herons appear to play little or no role in the transmission of E. ictaluri among catfish ponds.     

黄颡鱼“红头病”病原菌蜡状芽孢杆菌分离鉴定及药敏分析

从患"红头病"黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco的肝、肾等组织中分离出致病菌,通过人工感染试验、生化鉴定及16S r RNA序列分析进行鉴定,采用K-B琼脂法进行药敏试验。结果表明:分离获得的优势菌株HHG有很强的致病性,鉴定为芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus;该菌株对丁胺卡那、米诺环素、恩诺沙星3种抗生素高度敏感;对中庆大霉素、卡那霉素、新霉素、头孢哌酮等10种抗生素中度敏感,对头孢曲松、利福平和链霉素3种抗生素低度敏感,而对青霉素、苯唑西林、氨苄西林等14种抗生素具有耐药性。本研究结果可为有效防控黄颡鱼"红头病"提供参考。     

Growth Response and Resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri of Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Fed Diets Containing Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles

A study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary levels of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, body composition, hematology, immune response, and resistance of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Five diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% DDGS with supplemental lysine (Diets 1–5) as partial replacements of a combination of soybean meal and cornmeal on an equal protein basis were fed to juvenile catfish (13.33 ± 0.25 g) for 12 wk. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency were similar for fish in all treatments. Body lipid and moisture increased and decreased, respectively, in fish feed DDGS‐containing diets relative to the control group. Dietary treatment had no effect on red and white blood cell counts. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in fish fed diets containing DDGS than in those fed the control diet. Fish fed 20–40% DDGS diets had increased serum total immunoglobulin, and those fed the 30% DDGS diet had significantly increased antibody titers 21 d following E. ictaluri challenge. Other immune variables evaluated were not affected by dietary treatments. Preliminary results on bacterial challenge showed an increased resistance against E. ictaluri in fish fed DDGS‐containing diets (Diets 2–5).     

Vaccination of Mixed and Full-Sib Families of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish With a Live Attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri Isolate (RE-33)

These studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a live attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish. In one study channel catfish fingerlings (72 d of age post hatch) were immersed for 30 min in water containing E. ictaluri RE-33 at dosages of 1 × 10⁶, 1 × 10⁷ and 2 × 10⁷ CFU/ML of water. No mortalities were observed following vaccination. Following exposure to virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri the cumulative mortality of fish vaccinated with dosages of at least 1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL were significantly lower than that of non-vacccinated fish in both laboratory and field challenges. Vaccination with 1 × 10⁶ CFU RE-33mL provided some protection during the laboratory challenge but failed to protect fish under field conditions. In a second study, vaccination of 6 full-sib families of channel catfish at a vaccine dosage of 1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL resulted in a relative percent survival among families ranging from 67.1 to 100%. Significant differences in mortality were found among families and between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, but there was no family by vaccine interaction. Families with the highest mortality after vaccination were also shown to have the highest mortality without vaccination (r = 0.82; P = 0.04).