水车式增氧机性能试验研究

研究了水车式增氧机在清水试验中的增氧能力、动力效率以及实际养殖池塘试验中上下水层溶解氧变化。结果表明,水车式增氧机对于水深为1 m以内的养殖水体具有良好的增氧和搅拌效果,开启100 min左右,可使距增氧机10 m、水深0.9 m处水体溶氧值从6.5 mg/L左右上升到8.7 mg/L左右,和上层水体溶氧值趋于一致;运转时可形成一股较大的定向水流,对鳗鱼等喜好水流的鱼类较为适合。但水车式增氧机对<1.5 m的底层水体增氧作用较弱。本研究为水车式增氧机池塘养殖的运用提供了有益的借鉴。     

涌浪式增氧机性能研究

为研究涌浪式增氧机的性能,对13台样机按照标准规定的方法进行增氧性能试验,并对结果数据进行统计分析,同时在养殖池塘中进行提水性能和造浪性能的试验。结果显示:涌浪式增氧机的绝对增氧能力与同功率水车增氧机相近,在标准水池试验的平均增氧能力Q_S和动力效率E_S达到SC/T6017—1999《水车式增氧机》标准的要求;1.5 kW涌浪式增氧机的提水性能可以达到3 006.05 m~3/h,提水动力效率为1 869.4 m~3/kW·h,理论上,一台1.5 kW的涌浪式增氧机运行1 h可以完成一个100 m×50 m标准养殖池塘底层水体和上层水体的交换;涌浪式增氧机可以在距离固定位置30 m的水面形成波幅为80 mm的波浪。研究表明:在实际使用中,涌浪式增氧机的增氧效率优于水车式增氧机;在相同面积的养殖池塘中,使用相同功率涌浪式增氧机的数量比叶轮式增氧机的要少。     

典型增氧设备在养殖池塘中组合应用的研究

叶轮式、水车式、射流式和曝气式增氧机是目前我国池塘养殖使用的主要增氧设备;由于结构形式和工作原理的不同,4种形式的增氧机有不同的特点和功能。为提高养殖池塘增氧设备的增氧效果,通过增氧设备对养殖池塘水体不同深度增氧效果的试验和养殖池塘自然增氧的试验,分析了4种典型的增氧设备的增氧性能和特点,提出了叶轮式增氧机与耕水机、水车式增氧机与耕水机、水车式增氧机与射流式增氧机以及曝气增氧机与耕水机组合配置使用的混合增氧模式,可以优势互补,充分发挥各种形式增氧设备功能。通过组合使用,达到对养殖池塘水体最大限度的增氧效果的目的。     

技术推广微孔曝气增氧技术

水产养殖常用的增氧设备主要有叶轮式增氧机、水车式增氧机、流射式增氧机、喷水式增氧机和曝气增式氧机等。叶轮式或水车式增氧机主要是设置在水体上层，单独使用很难满足养殖池塘的立体增氧要求，而且能耗相对较高。曝气增氧又可细分为气石曝气增氧和微孔管曝气增氧两种，其区别在于气体的扩散器，     

南美白对虾池塘底部增氧技术示范推广

正南美白对虾是浙江省平湖市水产养殖的主导品种,养殖面积1.1万亩,占全市总养殖面积的57.7%。南美白对虾养殖过程中,溶氧是最重要且最容易发生问题的水质因子之一。传统的机械增氧设备如水车式、叶轮式、涌浪式增氧机存在增氧不充分、能耗大等缺点,容易造成池塘底部缺氧导致氨氮、亚硝酸盐等有害物质富集,对营底栖生活的南美白对虾产生威胁。研究表明,池塘底部增氧对增加水体溶氧,特别是对底层水体的     

池塘养殖增氧方式效果比较

为了解微孔增氧对池塘水体能量流动、水质及养殖效益的影响,对2种不同增氧方式下3个河蟹养殖池塘的养殖周期(4—9月份)进行了水质测定,获得了池塘不同水层的水温、溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐及高锰酸钾盐指数数据。结果表明,夏季高温时采用微孔管道增氧能有效降低表层、底层的温差,一定程度上降低底层水温。微孔管道增氧能有效增加水体溶氧,开机90min水体底层溶氧增加速率是普通增氧机的5倍;6—9月份采用微孔增氧的池塘水体较普通增氧,NO2-N低70﹪以上,NH3-N低22.9﹪以上,高锰酸钾盐指数低20﹪以上,取得了较高的经济效益。     

微孔增氧技术在水产养殖中的应用

如何增加池塘中的溶氧量,是水产养殖中遇到的难题。目前,池塘常用的增氧设备是叶轮式、水车式增氧机,这些传统增氧机存在着增氧能力有限、底层增氧量低、增氧不均匀、能耗大、噪声大等缺点,特别是水质改善效果不明显。     

增氧机池塘增氧效果试验的研究

研究不同型式的增氧机性能,可使生产者根据不同养殖对象与模式针对溶氧的需求,选择配置合适的增氧方式。通过对使用最为广泛的叶轮式、水车式、射流式和曝气式增氧机产品性能的池塘实效试验,分析比较各类增氧机性能、工作特性和适用范围。结果表明,养殖水体溶解氧主要来自浮游植物的光合作用;叶轮式、水车式和射流式增氧机应用于服务水域,其增氧能力远远不能满足该水域养殖鱼类的氧需求,但可满足养殖鱼类的应急氧需求;曝气式增氧机因没有应急增氧作用和水体搅拌能力而不适合四大家鱼等常规鱼种的养殖需要。     

涌浪机对翘嘴红鲌精养塘溶氧调控效果研究

为探究涌浪机增氧效果,进行了不同天气下(晴天、夜间、阴雨天)涌浪机(0.75 kW)与叶轮式增氧机(3.0 kW)对精养塘溶氧与水质调控对比试验.测试显示:晴天,相对于起始时溶氧,涌浪机塘上下水层最大升幅分别为6.4 mg/L、7.1 mg/L,较叶轮式增氧机塘(5.9 mg/L、6.5 mg/L)和对照塘(5.3 mg/L、4.0 mg/L)高,涌浪机增氧能力较佳;夜间,涌浪机塘上下层溶氧在3.0 mg/L、1.6 mg/L左右,低于叶轮式增氧机(3.8 mg/L、2.6 mg/L),增氧效果欠佳;阴雨天,3个塘口上层溶氧最大升幅分别为:涌浪机1.7 mg/L,叶轮式增氧机2.6 mg/L,对照塘1.0 mg/L,涌浪机增氧次于叶轮式增氧机.pH值分析表明,长期使用涌浪机,pH值更接近于鱼类最适范围(7.0 ～8.5),可改善水质.因此,涌浪机应与其他增氧机械配合使用,将会取得更好的增氧效果.     

微孔增氧设施在三疣梭子蟹与脊尾白虾混养中的应用

<正>微管增氧设施即将纳米管铺设于池塘底部,通过管道传输把空气中的氧直接输送到水体底部,提高底层水体溶氧含量。与水车式、叶轮式增氧机相比,微管增氧设施具有增氧范围广、溶氧分布均匀、     

Dissolved Oxygen and Aeration in Ictalurid Catfish Aquaculture

Feed‐based production of ictalurid catfish in ponds is the largest aquaculture sector in the USA. Feed has an oxygen demand, and increases carbon dioxide, ammonia nitrogen, and phosphate inputs to ponds. Major sources of oxygen in ponds are phytoplankton photosynthesis and mechanical aeration; the major sink for oxygen is respiration by fish and by microorganisms in the water column and sediment. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decline when respiration exceeds photosynthesis, and the most crucial time for low dissolved oxygen concentration is at night. Mechanical aeration is applied to avoid nighttime dissolved oxygen concentrations from falling below the critical level for catfish of 3 mg/L. Electrically powered paddlewheel aerators are used by most catfish producers. The oxygen‐transfer efficiency of these aerators is known, but calculations of aeration requirement from stocking and feeding rates are not reliable because of variation in phytoplankton abundance and in weather conditions. Dissolved oxygen concentrations must be monitored, and when measurements suggest that nighttime dissolved oxygen concentration will be unacceptably low, tractor‐powered emergency aerators must be operated to supplement dedicated aeration. Dissolved oxygen concentration also is important in hatcheries, and small aeration systems have been developed for hatchery application.     

Estimation of Oxygen Transfer Rates for Mechanical Aerators in Brackishwater Aquaculture Ponds

Oxygen transfer rates for mechanical aerators are usually determined by standard aeration tests conducted in concrete tanks. Results from standard tests are then extrapolated to field application of the aerators in aquaculture ponds, but these extrapolations have not been verified. In this study, oxygen transfer rates were estimated for propeller-aspirator-pump aerators deployed in brackish water aquaculture ponds under normal pond conditions. Estimation was accomplished by fitting the Whole Pond Respiration Diffusion (WPRD) model to nighttime observations of dissolved oxygen concentration for ponds in which artificial aeration had been initiated during the night. Application of this new technique revealed that oxygen transfer rate determined from a standard aeration test was similar to that estimated from trials in aquaculture ponds. Preliminary results suggest that oxygen transfer rates were higher when the aerator was placed in the deep end of the ponds than when the aerator was situated in the shallow end. Aeration efficiencies ranged from 1.45 to 1.8 kg O ₂ per kW-hour.     

养殖池塘增氧机制与装备性能比较研究

水产养殖过程中,池塘生态系统可分为自成熟期和人工维持期。在养殖容量提高的情况下,养殖生物呼吸需氧量在不断增加,缺氧条件下有机物分解成有害物质,影响养殖生产。维持池塘生态系统稳定的主要工程机制为:通过上下水层交换、平衡营养元素等方法,强化光合作用,提高营养物质转化规模,提升初级生产力;形成生态增氧为主、机械增氧为辅的高效增氧机制。以中国养殖池塘生态系统为研究对象,分析探讨养殖池塘生态机制、水体溶氧理论、增氧机作用机理、不同类型增氧机的机械性能等,提出了大宗淡水鱼混养池塘及几种典型单养池塘增氧机配置方式,从而为池塘养殖系统增氧机的配置提供技术参考。     

Diversified aeration facilities for effective aquaculture systems—a comprehensive review

The growing intensive aquaculture system around the world maintains a high stocking density, wherein it is essential to increase and sustain the optimum dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) through the provision of artificial aeration systems. The selection of an aerator is a crucial aspect of aquaculture operations. The selected aerator must be economically efficient and should be able to fulfill the requirement of oxygen supply in the pond water. The present study provides an extensive literature review on the importance of artificial aeration in aquaculture, the standard method of test for performance evaluation of an aerator, various aeration systems and their mechanisms, method to determine the numbers of aerator requirement, comparative studies of different type of aerators, and economic consideration in selection of aerators. In addition, a thorough analysis has been done to suggest the type of aerator that is economically viable and efficient for different pond volumes based on the performance data reported in the reviews. Therefore, this study may help the end-users (fish farmers) to select the best aerator based on their requirements.

     

一种大水体太阳能自动增氧装置的研发与试验

研发一种大水体太阳能自动增氧装置，为大水体的缺氧、水体污染提供一种解决方法。太阳能自动增氧装置由太阳能光伏发电系统、检测与智能增氧系统、自动化驱动系统组成。光伏发电系统充分利用太阳能资源，解决了电能消耗问题；检测与智能增氧系统实现了增氧过程中氧溶解浓度检测和智能感应运行；自动化驱动系统通过智能感应信号和电子差速控制系统实现增氧机原地转向、转弯和直行3种运动模式的移动，增加了增氧面积。使用太阳能自动增氧装置增氧试验表明，80 min内1 m水深处溶氧量增加0.79 mg/L，2 m水深处溶氧量增加0.78 mg/L，3m水深处溶氧量增加0.77 mg/L，4 m水深处溶氧量增加0.78 mg/L；改善水质试验表明能有有效提高水体溶氧，降低氮磷含量；养殖试验表明，增加鲤产量35.3%、鲢鳙产量31.2%。     

微孔曝气式增氧机的性能及应用效果

为研究微孔曝气增氧机的增氧性能和池塘应用效果,按照标准规定的方法进行了增氧性能的试验和不同水深对增氧性能影响的试验,并在池塘中进行应用效果的试验。结果显示:微孔曝气式增氧机具有比叶轮式增氧机等增氧机更强的增氧能力,但不同配置的机型,增氧能力随配套功率和曝气管长度的增加而增强,动力效率则呈明显下降趋势;增加曝气管布置深度可以提高增氧性能,安装深度从2 m增加到4 m,增氧能力增加285%,动力效率增加207%,与其它养殖池塘机械增氧设备相比,池塘水体越深,微孔曝气式增气机的增氧优势越明显。目前,池塘采用微孔曝气式增氧机的配置方式不具优势,需要改进提升。     

Aerator energy use in shrimp farming and means for improvement

Estimates of aeration energy use in shrimp farming varied from 11.4 to 41.6 GJ/t shrimp (average = 19.8 GJ/t). Several opportunities for reducing energy use in aeration are available. Many farms adopt an excessive yield to installed aeration capacity ratio. Moreover, the proportion of installed aerator capacity in use and duration of aerator operation per day are often more than necessary during the initial two‐thirds of grow‐out, because adjustment is not made for the quantity of shrimp biomass. Farm‐made, long‐arm aerators used in Asia have several features leading to energy inefficiency and could be replaced by more efficient factory‐made, long‐arm aerators. Asian aquaculture aerator manufacturers should redesign aerators to include design features shown in research to improve efficiency. Dissolved oxygen concentration monitoring essential for verification of aeration performance is seldom performed by shrimp farmers. With good aeration technique, energy use for aeration should not exceed 10–15 GJ/t shrimp.     

Effects of artificial substrate and night‐time aeration on the water quality in Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) pond culture

The effects of artificial substrate and night‐time aeration on the culture of Macrobrachium amazonicum were evaluated in 12 ponds stocked with 45 prawns m^?2. A completely randomized design in 2 × 2 factorial scheme with three replicates was used. The combination of factors resulted in four treatments: with substrate and aeration (SA), with substrate and without aeration (SWA), without substrate and with aeration (WSA) and without substrate and aeration (WSWA). The presence of substrate in SA and SWA treatments reduced suspended particles (seston) by ~17.3% and P‐orthophosphate by ~50%. The use of aerator (WSA and SA treatments) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentration of dissolved oxygen, suspended particles and nutrients in the pond water. These results indicate that the effect of substrate on turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) values is opposite to the effect of the aerator. The aerators in semi‐intensive grow‐out M. amazonicum farming lower water quality because they increased the amount of detritus and nutrients in the pond water. On the other hand, the use of artificial substrate reduces turbidity values, chlorophyll a, TSS and P‐orthophosphate concentrations. Therefore, the combination of substrate addition and night‐time aeration is not interesting because they have opposite effects.     

底管微孔增氧技术对参池环境及刺参生长的影响试验

对黄河三角洲地区底管微孔增氧机在刺参养殖池塘中的应用进行了试验,对底管微孔增氧技术对参池环境和刺参生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在参池中合理使用底管微孔增氧机可显著增加参池溶氧,并显著提高刺参重量,是一种值得推广的新型增氧技术。