锯缘青蟹养殖环境中细菌类群及其数量分布

研究了锯缘青蟹养殖环境中细菌类群及其数量在垂直与季节上的变化规律.试验结果表明,异养细菌的组成类群在水体与底泥中基本相似,其中水体以革兰氏阴性菌为主,占87.2 %,底泥中以革兰氏阳性菌为主,占64.5 %;水体中菌量为5.3×10～6. 6×104 cfu/ml,9月达到高峰,底泥中菌量为7.8×103～3.5×105 cfu/g,高峰出现在11月.水体中弧菌量为1.4×10～8.6×103 cfu/ml,9月达到高峰,底泥中弧菌为6.8×102～1.33 ×104 cfu/g,9-10月维持在较高水平.氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、硫酸还原菌在9-11月初均维持较高水平,三者在底泥中于11月初达到高峰,提示该时期底泥环境已发生恶化.     

秋、冬季节刺参养殖池塘浮游细菌数量变化规律的研究

应用平板稀释涂布培养计数法和荧光显微镜计数法,对秋、冬季(2008年9月～2009年2月)刺参养殖池塘水体中的浮游细菌数量变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,吖啶橙染色直接计数法(AODC)测得细菌总数的变化范围是1.0×106～2.1×107个/ml,活菌直接计数法(DVC)测得活菌总数的变化范围是4.0×105～5.7×106个/ml。异养细菌平板计数法(HPC)测得异养细菌数量为0.6×102～1.7×105CFU/ml。TCBS平板培养的弧菌数量在6.6×103CFU/ml以下。从时间分布看,刺参养殖池塘水体中浮游细菌数量最高值出现在10月份,最低值出现在1月份,秋季细菌数量显著高于冬季(P0.01)。从空间分布看,水体底层细菌数量显著高于表层(P0.05)。利用SPSS13.0软件对所得到的数据进行统计分析表明,同一样品不同计数方法获得的细菌总数数值之间存在显著的相关性(P0.01)。     

九孔鲍养殖水体及消化道细菌学的研究

2002年对汕尾健生鲍鱼养殖场养殖水体和鲍消化道中异养细菌及弧菌的数量和类群组成进行了研究。研究结果表明:养殖水体中异养细菌数量的四季变化从2 4×104～1 3×105cfu ml,平均为7 6×104cfu ml;消化道中异养细菌数量四季变化则从1 6×107～5 4×107cfu g(湿重),平均为3 3×107cfu g。水体中弧菌数量四季变化从1 2×104～5 1×104cfu ml,平均为2 5×104cfu ml;而消化道中弧菌数量四季变化则从2 8×105～3 8×105cfu g,平均为3 2×105cfu g。水体中细菌类群由Sphingomonas,Vibrio,Pasteurella,Moraxella,Pseudomonas,Aeromonas,Flavobacterium,Klebsiella,Weeksella和Alcall组成,消化道中细菌类群由Sphingomonas,Vibrio,Aeromonas,Flavobacterium,Shewanella,Sphingobacterium,Pseudomonas组成,水体和消化道弧菌种类主要为Vibriofluvialis,Vibrioparahaemolyticus,Vibriovulnificus,Vibriocholerae,Vibriominicus,Vibrioalginolyticus。并对不同养殖场水源弧菌数量也进行了比较。     

鱼类越冬池细菌的初步研究

越冬池总菌教在1.2×10~6～28.5×10~6个/毫升水,其中异养菌为0.4×10~6～10.0×10~6个/毫升水.细菌数量波动与浮游生物、鱼池施药及水层悬浮有机质环境因子有关。表水层细菌数量及昼夜波动幅度均高于底层。总菌数昼夜变化不大,经24小时后又恢复到原来水平。     

大亚湾海洋异养细菌的初步研究

文章根据2004年3月对大亚湾6个站位表层水异养细菌的调查资料,分析研究了大亚湾表层水中异养细菌的数量分布和种类组成.结果表明,大亚湾表层水中异养细菌数量变化范围为7.15×102 ～91.0×102 cfu ·mL-1,异养细菌数量从湾顶到湾口依次减少;表层水中异养细菌的优势种有19种,利用Biolog微生物鉴定系统对优势菌进行鉴定,它们均为革兰氏阴性菌,隶属于10属14种;大亚湾表层水中异养细菌的种类组成以气单胞菌(Aeromonas sp.)、弧菌属(Vibrio sp.)和伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia sp.)为优势属,舒氏气单胞菌[A.schubertii(DNA group 12)]、最小弧菌(V.mimicus)和荚壳伯克霍尔德氏菌(B.glumae)为优势种.     

高位虾塘细菌数量变化特点及其与理化因子的关系

本试验选取两口凡纳滨对虾高位池塘,通过连续地周期性采样和测定分析,研究了虾池异养细菌数量和弧菌数量变动规律及其与理化因子的相关关系。结果表明：两口试验虾池异养细菌数量变化范围在9.07×10^3～2.13×10^5 cfu/mL之间,平均为6.45×10^4 cfu/mL,呈现持续缓慢上升的趋势；两口试验虾池的弧菌数量变化趋势较为一致,变化范围为2.12×10^2～2.91×10^3 cfu/mL,养殖生产前期较低,中期高,后期随着换水量的加大而有所下降。相关性分析表明：虾池水体的异养细菌和弧菌数量均与透明度、 DO、 pH 呈负相关,与COD、 TSS含量呈正相关,其中弧菌数量与TSS含量呈显著正相关（ P〈0.05）。     

象山港紫菜区和网箱区沉积物异养细菌的生态分布

为探讨紫菜和网箱两类海水养殖活动对沉积物异养细菌生态分布的影响,于2006年1月和2006年10月对象山港紫菜养殖区、网箱养殖区沉积物细菌数量和群落结构进行了研究,并与周边非养殖海域对照点进行了比较。结果显示,沉积物异养细菌数量呈现10月份>1月份,网箱养殖区>网箱对照区>紫菜养殖区和紫菜对照区的分布特点,各区异养细菌数量平均值依次为(9.6×104±2.0×105)、(1.5×104±2.4×104)、(4.3×103±1.6×103)和(4.7×103±3.0×103)cfu/g。紫菜养殖区分离细菌109株,归属于17个属,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、棒状杆菌属(Coryneforms)为优势菌属;紫菜对照区分离细菌95株,归属于18个属,其中芽孢杆菌属、棒状杆菌属为优势菌群;网箱养殖区分离细菌136株,归属于11个属,其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、芽孢杆菌属、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)为优势菌群;网箱对照区分离细菌110株,归属于11个属,芽孢杆菌属、棒状杆菌属、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、弧菌属为优势菌属。紫菜区和紫菜对照区沉积物检出菌属大多为海洋沉积物中的常见菌属,细菌群落多样性较网箱区和网箱对照区高,而网箱区沉积物长期受到高有机质等外界条件的选择作用,系统中细菌群落多样性下降,菌属组成与污浊海域相似,并且这种影响可能已波及至周边海域。可见,两类养殖区沉积物细菌分布特征存在明显差异,细菌数量和菌属组成与养殖自身污染密切相关。     

固定化微生物在凡纳滨对虾养成池中的应用

通过监测池塘水体藻类群落组成、多项水质指标、底泥总有机碳(TOC)和底泥异养细菌数等指标值,研究了固定化微生物对凡纳滨对虾生产性养殖池塘水质调控和污染底泥的修复能力,微生物固定所用载体为改良沸石和生物活性炭(相应的固定化微生物分别记为ZE-M组和BE-M组)。试验结果显示,处理组(ZE-M组和BE-M组)池塘水体中藻类组成呈多元化,隐藻、蓝藻和绿藻数量比较接近,而对照组则是蓝藻占绝对优势。试验过程中,对照池的氨氮浓度和COD呈直线上升,而处理组氨氮浓度和COD的增长幅度缓慢,ZE-M、BC-M载体微生物的使用是产生差异的直接原因。对照组和处理组的其它水质指标变化规律及差异性不明显,可能是由于池塘水体由诸多不确定因素影响所致。固定化微生物对池塘底泥TOC含量和异养细菌数的影响显著(P<0.05),试验过程中,试验组和对照组池塘底泥TOC含量随着养殖时间均有增加的趋势,但对照组这一趋势更加明显;试验初期,各组表层底泥中的异养细菌数量在3.367×105～8.60×105CFU/g范围内,试验结束时增长到85×105～393.7×105CFU/g。处理组和对照组的异养细菌差异显著(P<0.05),其中ZE-M处理组...     

池塘中非硫紫细菌的数量及其与浮游动物关系的探讨

本文初步报道了鱼池中非硫紫细菌的数量及分布状况,并且分析和研究了非硫紫细菌和浮游动物之间的关系。实验表明,非硫紫细菌在鱼池中数量的变化幅度较大,最低仅有0.2×10~3个/升,最高可达1.4×10~7个/升。非硫紫细菌在鱼池中还呈明显的垂直分布状态。菌数平均值底层是2.88×10~8个/升,表层为2.32×10~3个/升。非硫紫细菌的数量变化与轮虫、枝角类的数量变化呈显著的直线正相关,相关系数分别为0.8734和0.9209。     

老化虾池生态系中几类主要细菌的季节变化特征

对青岛市老化虾池生态系中几类主要细菌的季节变化情况进行了研究，结果表明，虾池水体中的异养菌总数在放苗前和养成前期均较低，从养成中期开始逐渐增高，7、8月份菌量达到最高，养成末期逐渐有所下降，总变化幅度为10^3-10^5cells/ml；弧菌数和硝酸盐还原菌数在养殖中、后期增长速度高于其他种类，在总菌中所占比例增大；沉积环境中的3类细菌的数量均比同期水体中的菌量高1-2个数量级，养殖后期和末期菌量仍保持在较高水平，硝酸盐还原菌在总菌量中占较高比例。因此认为，现有老化虾池微生物群落的演变不利于对虾的生长，应对微生态平衡进行人工调控。     

Bacterial Flora of Artemia Cultured in Earthen Saline Ponds

Aerobic bacteria in pond water, sediments, and Artemia in earthen saline ponds in Saudi Arabia were quantified. Total viable counts (TVC; mean ± SD) in pond water ranged between 7.9 ± 4.8 × 10³ and 1.6 ± 3.7 × 10⁴ colony forming units (cfu)/mL; in sediments between 7.1 ± 4.2 × 10⁶ and 6.5 ± 3.8 × 10⁷ cfu/g; on Artemia surfaces, 3.9 ± 0.9 × 10³ and 1.0 ± 2.9 × 10⁴ cfu/Artemia; and in Artemia homogenate, 4.6 ± 2.4 × 10⁷ and 3.2 ± 3.6 × 10⁸ cfu/g. The bacterial flora was predominantly Gram-negative rods, accounting for 89% of total isolates. Altogether, nine bacterial species of seven genera were identified. Bacteria in pond sediments were the most diverse compared to other populations. In all populations, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio sp., and Staphylococcus sp. were dominant (P < 0.005). The bacterial flora of pond water and sediments were reflected in the bacterial composition on and in Artemia.     

Aerobic Bacterial Flora of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Cultured in Earthen Ponds in Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT

Quantitative and qualitative estimation of bacterial flora present in pond water, sediments, gills, and intestine of healthy common carp Cyprinus carpio cultured in Saudi Arabia were performed and identified to species level where possible. Mean total viable bacterial counts in pond water ranged from 1.2?±?2.9?×?10⁴ to 2.5?±?3.5?×?10⁵ cfu/mL; in sediments, 9.3?±?2.1?×?10⁷ to 2.7?±?3.5?×?10⁹ cfu/g; in gills filaments, 4.3?±?2.9?×?10⁶ to 1.6?±?3.9?×?10⁷ cfu/g; and in intestine, 8.7?±?4.1?×?10⁹ to 5.4?±?3.2?×?10¹⁰ cfu/g. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria dominated (76%) the populations. In total, 12 bacterial genera and 15 species were identified. Pond water and sediment bacteria had the reflection on bacterial composition of gills and intestine of carp. Intestinal bacteria showed more diversification in contrast to gill bacteria. Aeromonas hydrophila, Shewanella putrefaciens, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio sp., and Staphylococcus sp. were the common bacteria in all the populations. In pond water and carp intestine, A. hydrophila, S. putrefaciens, V. cholerae, and C. urealyticum were the most dominant bacteria (prevalence ≥ 10%) where pond sediments and the carp gills experienced with more one dominant bacterium V. vulnificus. Only the A. hydrophila covered one fourth (25%) of the total bacterial populations.     

Quantitative and qualitative studies on bacterial flora of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) cultured in earthen ponds in Saudi Arabia

The bacterial flora of the rearing pond water and sediment as well as the gills and intestine of healthy hybrid tilapia cultured in Saudi Arabia was estimated quantitatively and qualitatively, the isolates being identified at genus or species level. Total viable counts of bacteria (measured as colony‐forming units, cfu) were in the range 5.6 ± 0.8 × 10³ to 2.4 ± 1.2 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 in pond water; 9.3 ± 1.1 × 10⁶ to 1.9 ± 1.5 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 in sediment; 7.1 ± 0.7 × 10⁵ to 8.7 ± 1.1 × 10⁶ cfu g^?1 in the gills of tilapia; and 3.4 ± 1.8 × 10⁶ to 5.8 ± 0.4 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 in the intestine of tilapia. In total, 15 bacterial genera and 18 species were identified. Pond water and sediment bacteria reflected the bacterial composition in the gills and intestine of tilapia. In contrast to gill bacteria, more diversification was observed in intestinal bacteria. Corynebacterium urealyticum, Shewanella putrefaciens and Aeromonas hydrophila predominated in all samples. In pond water, C. urealyticurn, S. putrefaciens, A. hydrophila, Flavobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most predominant bacterial species (prevalence > 10%), whereas A. hydrophila, C. urealyticum, S. putrefaciens and Escherichia coli were predominant in pond sediment, and C. urealyticum, S. putrefaciens and A. hydrophila were predominant in both the gills and intestine of tilapia.     

Bacterial Populations of African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Cultured in Earthen Ponds

The aim of this study was to investigate the load and distribution patterns of the aerobic bacterial flora associated with pond water, sediments, gills, and intestines of healthy African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, cultured in Saudi Arabia. Counts of viable bacteria ranged from 7.9 ± 4.4 10³ to 4.3 ± 5.7 10⁴ colony forming units (cfu)/mL in water; 1.3 ± 2.7 10⁸ to 7.4 ± 4.6 10⁹ cfu/g in sediments; 8.7 ± 1.8 10⁶ to 6.6 ± 5.8 10⁷ cfu/g in gill filaments; and 8.8 ± 6.2 10⁸ to 4.3 ± 2.8 10¹⁰ cfu/g in intestines. The bacterial flora was predominantly comprised of gram-negative rods, accounting for 75% of the total isolated strains. Altogether, 11 bacterial species of 8 genera were identified: Aeromonas hydrophila, Shewanella putrefaciens, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus sp., Corynebacterium urealyticum, and Vibrio vulnificus were the most common with the first three dominating (prevalence > 14%) in every population studied.     

Chronic effect after acute exposure to commercial petroleum fuels on physiological status of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of bacterial flora associated with pond water, gills, and intestine of polycultured healthy common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were carried out and identified to species level where possible. Total viable bacterial counts in the pond water ranged from 9.2?±?5.5?×?10³ to 6.6?±?5.1?×?10⁴ colony-forming units (cfu)/mL; in the gill filaments of carp and catfish, 3.3?±?3.8?×?10⁶ to 7.9?±?5.6?×?10⁶ and 1.1?±?4.6?×?10⁵ to 2.3?±?5.2?×?10⁶ cfu/g, respectively; and in the intestine of carp and catfish, 1.4?±?2.9?×?10¹⁰ to 1.7?±?6.0?×?10¹¹ and 2.7?±?3.4?×?10¹⁰ to 1.0?±?4.5?×?10¹¹ cfu/g, respectively. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria dominated the populations: 90% in carp, 89% in catfish, 80% in water, and 86% in the total populations. Altogether, 14 bacterial species of 10 genera were identified in total populations. Pond water bacteria had a reflection on the bacterial composition of the gills and intestine of carp and catfish. Aeromonas hydrophila, Shewanella putrefaciens, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus sp., and Vibrio vulnificus appeared as the common bacteria in the populations, where the first three were highly significantly abundant (P?<?0.0001). Moreover, A. hydrophila was the most significantly dominant bacteria (32%; P?<?0.005) among the total populations. Pantoea sp. and Pasteurella pneumotropica were present only in carp and catfish, respectively, but Corynebacterium urealyticum and Micrococcus sp. were present only in pond water.     

Bacteria in shrimp pond sediments: their role in mineralizing nutrients and some suggested sampling strategies

Strategies for sampling sediment bacteria were examined in intensive shrimp. Penaeus monodon (Fabririus), ponds in tropical Australia. Stratified sampling of bacteria at the end of the production season showed that the pond centre, containing flocculated sludge, had significantly higher bacterial counts (15.5 × 10⁹ g-¹ dw) than the pond periphery (8.1 × 10⁹g^?1 dw), where the action of aerators had swept the pond floor. The variation in bacterial counts between these two zones within a pond was higher than that between sites within each zone or between ponds. Therefore, sampling effort should be focused within these zones; for example, sampling two ponds at six locations within each of the two zones resulted in a coefficient of variation of ± 5%. Bacterial numbers in the sediment were highly correlated with sediment grain size, probably because eroded soil particles and organic waste both accumulated in the centre of the pond. Despite high inputs of organic matter added to the ponds, principally as pelleted feeds, the mean bacterial numbers and nutrient concentrations (i.e. organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) in the sediment were similar to those found in mangrove sediments. This suggests that bacteria are rapidly remineralizing particulates into soluble compounds. Bacterial numbers were highly correlated with organic carbon and total kjeldahl nitrogen in the sediment, suggesting that these were limiting factors to bacterial growth.     

Faecal coliforms in pond water, sediments and hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus in Saudi Arabia

Total bacterial load, total coliforms faecal coliforms in pond water, sediment, intestine of hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus and pigeon Columba livia faeces were investigated monthly over a period of 1 year from July 1999 to June 2000. Fish were collected randomly by a cast net. Samples were analysed for coliforms using the multiple‐tube fermentation technique. Results showed total viable bacterial counts in the pond water, sediment, intestine of tilapia and pigeon faeces ranging from 1.8±0.9×10² to 6.0±1.2×10⁴ cfu mL^?1, 3.2±1.2×10⁵ to 2.8±1.5×10⁷ cfu g^?1, 8.2±1.6×10⁵ to 9.9±1.5×10⁷ cfu g^?11.0±0.4×10⁷to9.7±0.2×10⁹ cfu g^?1respectively. The most probable number (MPN) of coliforms and faecal coliforms ranged from 287±12 to ≥1600±0 100 mL^?1 in pond water; the MPN ranges for sediment, tilapia intestine and pigeon faeces were 257±29 to ≥1100±0 g^?1, 237±46 to ≥1100±0 g^?1 and 403±98 to ≥1100±0 g^?1 respectively. The abundance of normal bacteria coliforms was greater in the warm months than in the cold months. Ground water was free from any sort of coliform organisms, and there were no sources of human faecal matter in the pond. So, it is clear that faecal coliforms from pigeon faeces significantly contaminated (P<0.05) the ponds and tilapia intestines. Escherichia coli was the only coliform organism found in pond water, sediment, intestine of tilapia and pigeon faeces.     

凡纳滨对虾白便综合征发生与环境因子、机体免疫酶活性和微生物的相关性

为系统解析凡纳滨对虾白便综合征 (white feces syndrome，WFS)的发生与环境因子、微生物因子、宿主免疫力和水体微生物群落组成的关系。实验利用水体理化因子、可培养细菌、对虾机体免疫酶活性以及高通量测序等检测技术对健康与患WFS的池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾进行比较分析。结果显示，与健康组相比，患病池塘的水温、溶解氧 (DO)、pH、盐度等水质理化因子波动趋势相似，波动范围分别为26.1~29.0 °C、4.26~6.08 mg/L、8.39~8.73和40~49，患病组DO和盐度比健康组高；健康组对虾肝胰腺内可培养细菌和弧菌含量为1.19×10⁵~7.70×10⁵和8.8×10³~1.96×10⁴ CFU/g，弧菌占比为2%~16%，患病组对虾肝胰腺内可培养细菌和弧菌含量在3.80×10⁵~2.51×10⁶和2.02×10⁵~1.49×10⁶ CFU/g范围内，比健康组高15~113倍，弧菌占比在55%~70%。碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)、溶菌酶 (LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和酚氧化酶 (PO)活性在健康组内为1.21~5.64、9.17~15.25、3.56~7.43、4.83~6.70及3.10~4.55 U/mg，在患病组内为2.12~5.39、19.22~26.96、19.73~26.85、3.00~4.14及7.76~9.21 U/mg。比较分析表明，WFS的发生与可培养细菌含量、弧菌占比、ACP、LZM、PO的相关性较强。高通量测序分析表明，患病组水体菌群结构的Ace和Chao指数呈一定程度下降趋势，PCoA指数偏离度较高，放线菌门、变形菌门相对丰度降低，拟杆菌门、蓝藻门相对丰度显著升高；RDA关联分析表明，盐度、溶解氧、虾体细菌、虾体弧菌、水体细菌是影响患病对虾水体菌群结构组成的重要因子。相关研究结果为解析养殖生产中对虾WFS发生机制提供数据支撑，并为WFS的临床防控奠定理论基础。     

Enhancement of innate immune system,survival and yield in Penaeus monodon reared in ponds using Streptococcus phocae PI80

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary and water supplementation of probiotic Streptococcus phocae PI80 on growth, immune response and feed utilization of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in earthen ponds. The probiotic bacterium S. phocae PI80 was cultured in large fermenter (50 L) by adding additional carbon source in the form of molasses and glucose along with yeast extract as nitrogen source to enrich S. phocae PI80 biomass. This enriched S. phocae PI80 was administered to shrimp in feed (6.5 × 10¹³ bacterial cells mL^?1) as well as in pond water (5 L/pond). Shrimp growth performance was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in 120 days culture when the average body weight of treated molasses + yeast extract (MY) (28.41 ± 0.874 g), glucose + yeast extract (GY) (27.013 ± 0.698 g) was significantly higher than control (23.63 ± 0.684 g). Food conversion ratio FCR was also found to be reduced significantly in ponds treated with probiotics when compared with control pond (1.89 ± 0.09). Vibrio and luminescent bacteria were found to be lower in the treatment receiving MY group, and we hypothesize that this may lead to greater shrimp survival. Furthermore, fermentation product of S. phocae PI80 added to pond water and feed additives enhanced the shrimp immune system. The results indicated that total haemocytes count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, NBT reductase assay and phagocytic activity significantly increased in shrimps treated with S. phocae PI80. Our study demonstrates that administration of S. phocae PI80 in the water and feed at 6.5 × 10¹³ colony‐forming units (CFU) mL^?1 bacterial cells induce immune modulation and enhances the immune ability of P. monodon in pond‐reared shrimp and increased the shrimp production.