微塑料与多环芳烃菲复合胁迫对七彩神仙鱼稳定同位素和生态化学计量学特征的影响

为探讨微塑料和多环芳烃菲对七彩神仙鱼生长、能量存储、稳定同位素及生态化学计量学特征的影响,实验设置了3个微塑料浓度(0、100、1 000μg/L)和2个菲水平(0、50μg/L),共3×2个暴露组,进行8周的养殖实验。结果显示:①幼鱼末体质量未受微塑料和菲影响,但菲会降低肥满度,且二者对肝体指数有交互影响:50μg/L菲下100μg/L微塑料增加肝体指数,100μg/L微塑料下菲可提高肝体指数。②幼鱼蛋白质含量随菲浓度升高而增加,粗脂肪和碳水化合物均受微塑料和菲交互影响:0μg/L菲下微塑料增加会提高粗脂肪含量,但会降低碳水化合物含量;1 000μg/L微塑料下菲增加会降低粗脂肪含量,但会提高碳水化合物含量。③幼鱼δ13C随微塑料增加而降低,δ15N受二者交互影响,但不同条件下无显著差异。④微塑料会增加幼鱼C含量,菲则增加N含量,而P含量还受二者交互影响,0μg/L菲下100μg/L微塑料降低P含量,而50μg/L菲下1 000μg/L微塑料降低P含量;100μg/L微塑料下菲增加会提高P含量,但1 000μg/L微塑料下菲增加会降低P含量;幼鱼C/N受微塑料和菲单一暴露影响,而N/P和C/P还受二者交互影响。研究表明,微塑料和菲复合胁迫对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼生长和存活未造成显著影响,但可能会通过改变鱼体组织能量存储,导致其稳定同位素和生态化学计量学特征发生变化。     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定水产品中15种多环芳烃

建立了高效液相色谱荧光检测法同时测定水产品中15种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）的方法。通过液相色谱柱、荧光激发和发射波长等条件的优化,实现了15种多环芳烃组分基线完全分离和荧光高灵敏度检测。在优化的试验条件下,检测的15种多环芳烃中萘、苊和芴的检出限为0．5μg·kg^-1,苯并[b]荧蒽、二苯并[a．h]蒽和苯并[g,h,i]茈的检出限为2．0μg·kg^-1,其余化合物的检出限为1．0μg·kg^-1;在检测的15种多环芳烃中,菲、蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、崫、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘在0．001～0．500mg·L^-1质量浓度范围,其余化合物在0．002～1．000mg·L^-1质量浓度范围,呈良好的线性相关,相关系数R^2〉0．995;样品加标水平分别为2．0μg·kg、10．0μg·kg^-1和100．0μg·kg^-1时回收率为71．1％-98．4％,相对标准偏差（RSD）〈10％。该检测方法重现性高,检测灵敏度和准确度均满足分析要求。     

菲胁迫对红鳍笛鲷急、慢性毒性效应的研究

为了解海洋菲污染对海洋水产经济鱼类的毒性及致毒机理,在实验室条件下采用半静态毒性实验研究了菲对红鳍笛鲷的96 h急性毒性,同时分析和比较了不同浓度(10.0、50.0、250.0μg/L)菲胁迫96 h后红鳍笛鲷肝脏、鳃中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,丙二醛(MDA)含量以及脑组织中乙酰胆碱脂酶(AChE)活力的变化。结果表明,菲对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的24、48和96 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为4.65、3.46和3.17 mg/L,安全浓度为0.317 mg/L。在整个胁迫过程中,低浓度(10.0μg/L)菲可诱导红鳍笛鲷肝脏和鳃组织SOD活力显著性升高(P<0.05);随着浓度升高,50.0和250.0μg/L浓度组肝脏SOD活力呈抑制-诱导的波动变化,鳃SOD活力的变化则呈抑制-诱导-抑制的趋势。随着菲曝露时间延长,各浓度组红鳍笛鲷肝脏和鳃组织的MDA含量明显升高;脑组织中AChE活力表现为先升高后降低的的趋势。结果提示,菲对红鳍笛鲷具有很强的毒性,可在96 h内通过氧化损伤途径对机体产生毒性作用,鉴于SOD、MDA、AChE指标对菲的高度敏感特点,可以用其作为生物标志物来指示多环芳烃类污染物对水生生物的...     

牡蛎塭池中多环芳烃的分布、来源和生态风险评价

研究了长沙湾牡蛎塭池环境中多环芳烃的含量分布及其对养殖牡蛎质量安全的潜在风险。结果显示,牡蛎塭池水体、悬浮物、养殖牡蛎和沉积物中多环芳烃质量浓度分别为6.62~21.2 ng·L~(-1)(均值9.87 ng·L~(-1))、92.9~355μg·kg~(-1)(均值198μg·kg~(-1))、12.7~17.4μg·kg~(-1)(均值15.5μg·kg~(-1))和247~615μg·kg~(-1)(均值322μg·kg~(-1))。塭养区悬浮物平均含量高于塭养区外,但是差异不显著。塭养区水中多环芳烃平均含量与塭养区外相近,悬浮物中多环芳烃含量高于塭养区外,而沉积物中多环芳烃含量均值低于塭养区外。表层沉积物多环芳烃组成以3环为主,其次是4环。来源解析表明该区域多环芳烃主要源自化石燃料的燃烧,受养殖区周边燃煤发电工业的影响。风险评价结果显示,塭养区表层沉积物中多环芳烃含量低于效应区间低值,对养殖牡蛎安全潜在风险小,但是芴和蒽等同系物的含量介于效应区间低值和中值之间,可能会对塭养牡蛎养殖安全产生负面影响。     

微塑料与多环芳烃菲复合胁迫对七彩神仙鱼稳定同位素和生态化学计量学特征的影响

为探讨微塑料和多环芳烃菲对七彩神仙鱼生长、能量存储、稳定同位素及生态化学计量学特征的影响，实验设置了3个微塑料浓度(0、100、1000 μg/L)和2个菲水平(0、50 μg/L)，共3×2个暴露组，进行8周的养殖实验。结果显示：① 幼鱼末体质量未受微塑料和菲影响，但菲会降低肥满度，且二者对肝体指数有交互影响：50 μg/L菲下100 μg/L微塑料增加肝体指数，100 μg/L微塑料下菲可提高肝体指数。② 幼鱼蛋白质含量随菲浓度升高而增加，粗脂肪和碳水化合物均受微塑料和菲交互影响：0 μg/L菲下微塑料增加会提高粗脂肪含量，但会降低碳水化合物含量；1000 μg/L微塑料下菲增加会降低粗脂肪含量，但会提高碳水化合物含量。③ 幼鱼δ¹³C随微塑料增加而降低，δ¹⁵N受二者交互影响，但不同条件下无显著差异。④ 微塑料会增加幼鱼C含量，菲则增加N含量，而P含量还受二者交互影响，0 μg/L菲下100 μg/L微塑料降低P含量，而50 μg/L菲下1000 μg/L微塑料降低P含量；100 μg/L微塑料下菲增加会提高P含量，但1000 μg/L微塑料下菲增加会降低P含量；幼鱼C/N受微塑料和菲单一暴露影响，而N/P和C/P还受二者交互影响。研究表明，微塑料和菲复合胁迫对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼生长和存活未造成显著影响，但可能会通过改变鱼体组织能量存储，导致其稳定同位素和生态化学计量学特征发生变化。     

辽东湾表层海水中多环芳烃时空分布与源分析

以辽东湾表层海水中多环芳烃为研究对象,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对2014年5月和8月16个站位表层海水中优先控制16种多环芳烃进行分析,并对多环芳烃的分布特征、组成、污染水平和主要来源等方面进行了探讨。结果表明,5月和8月辽东湾表层海水16种多环芳烃平均含量分别为367.4ng/L和138.2ng/L,季节变化明显;海水中多环芳烃主要以低环为主,高值区主要分布在辽东湾西南部海域,以及金州湾和普兰店湾附近海域,高值区的分布可能受到了石油平台和石化园区等因素影响;5月海水中多环芳烃主要来源于石油源和燃烧源的混合来源,8月主要来源于石油源。     

重柴油污染海水的生态毒性检测方法研究

采用多环芳烃检测、LC50检测和发光细菌检测3种方法对重柴油污染的生态毒性进行初步研究。研究结果表明：重柴油中检测出16种有毒有害多环芳烃化合物;对海洋生物日本大螯蜚半致死质量浓度（LC50）为0.105 mg/L;发光细菌检测生态毒性相当氯化汞质量浓度为0.088 mg/L,表明发光细菌法检测海水油污染生态毒性是一种可行的方法。     

蒽与UV-B辐射共同作用对2种海洋微藻的毒性效应

为研究多环芳烃（PAHs)蒽单独胁迫以及与UV－B共同作用对小新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterlum)和亚心形扁藻（Platymonas subcordiforming)的毒害作用，对小新月菱形藻，蒽质量浓度设为0．0，20.0,35.0,62.5,113.0,200.0μg/L以及辐射剂量1．3J／m^2，对亚心形扁藻，蒽质量浓度设为0.0,35.0,62.5,113.0,200.0,350.0μg/L以及辐射剂量2．77J/m^2，结果表明，蒽单独胁迫以及蒽与UV－B共同作用都使这2种海洋微藻受到伤害，微藻的组对增长率，叶绿素－a质量浓度，类胡萝卜素含量都有下降的趋势，但是，蒽在UV－B辐射下发生的光致毒性使海洋微藻受到更大的伤害，蒽对这2种海洋微藻生长的48h.EC50分别为167．9μg/L，和141．3μg/L，而蒽＋UV－B对2种藻生长的48h.EC50分别下降为122．3μg/L和115．5ug/L，2种藻类叶绿素－a,类胡萝卜素含量在UV－B辐射存在下也比无UV－B辐射低，蒽的光毒性直接受到蒽质量浓度的影响。     

溴氰菊酯对河蟹的急性毒性研究

采用换水式渔药毒性试验的方法,在水温20-23℃条件下,用敌杀死（每升含溴氰菊酯25 g）,分别对3种不同规格的河蟹进行急性毒性试验。结果表明：成蟹、幼蟹、扣蟹48小时LC50值分别为2.19μg/L、1.01μg/L、0.67μg/L;96小时LC50值分别为0.65μg/L、0.42μg/L、0.31μg/L;安全浓度分别为0.15μg/L,0.19μg/L,0.46μg/L。     

大通湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、来源与生态风险评估

为了解环洞庭湖区湖泊沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况,2008年10月,选择典型内湖大通湖采集3个表层沉积物样品,采用加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱法测定了样品中美国环境保护局优先控制的16种PAHs。结果表明,大通湖表层沉积物中共检出9种PAHs,其含量在82~310μg/kg,平均185μg/kg。根据LMW/HMW、Phe/Ant和Fla/Pyr的比值判断,大通湖表层沉积物中的PAHs主要来源于煤炭、石油等化石燃料的不完全燃烧。大通湖各点位表层沉积物中w(PAHs)均低于ERL,更远低于ERM,生态风险较低。与国内其它湖泊(水库)相比,大通湖表层沉积物中PAHs的污染较轻。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effect of temperature,volume of ova batches,and addition of a diluent,an antibiotic,oxygen and a protein inhibitor on short-term storage capacities of turbot,Psetta maxima,ova

The effect of different parameters on short-term storage capacity of turbot ova was assessed over a 45-h period after ova collection for fertilization rates and over a 9-h period after ova collection for hatching rates. Increasing the volume of ova sampling from 0.5 to 2.5 mL, as well as adding an antibiotic–antimicotic solution or oxygen did not significantly change the storage capacity of ova. Regarding the hatching rates, a higher storage ability was recorded at 8 and 13 °C, compared to 3 °C. The mean composition of the ovarian fluid was determined (n = 57 spawns). Use of a diluent mimicking the ovarian fluid significantly decreased the storage ability as assessed by the fertilization rates but did not modify the hatching rates. Diluting ova in an artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium significantly decreased the fertilization and hatching rates during the storage period. Furthermore, addition or not of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Sigma T 9003) to the artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium did not significantly change the results. Storage capacity of control batches of ova was low: at 13 °C, without any diluent and when ova were fertilized 3 h after stripping, the hatching rate was lowered to 62.4 ± 29.4 % (mean ± SD) of the initial value.     

Recruitment strategy of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan

The recruitment strategy of swimming crabs, Portunus trituberculatus, was investigated by field observations and numerical experiments in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan. Calculated dispersal patterns of zoeal and megalopal stages in a three-dimensional numerical model reproduce observed patterns accurately. The temporal change of vertical migration patterns between the 1st and 2nd zoeas and the 3rd and 4th zoeas plays an important role in the process of recruitment of P. trituberculatus from spawning ground to nursery ground.     

Effects of Dietary Savory and Myrtle Essential Oils on Growth,Survival, Nutritional Indices,Serum Biochemistry,and Hematology of Farmed Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Fry

The effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.