日本囊对虾原肌球蛋白的原核表达、抗体制备以及组织表达分析

食物过敏是人类常见的一种过敏性疾病,主要由食物中的蛋白质引起。原肌球蛋白(tropomyosin,TPM)是食用虾蟹等甲壳动物引起过敏反应的主要致敏物质。研究从日本囊对虾肌肉组织中克隆了TPM基因,进行了原核表达和蛋白质纯化,并进一步制备了相应的抗体。Western-blotting分析表明原肌球蛋白在日本囊对虾组织中普遍表达,并且肌肉组织中表达量最高而鳃和皮肤组织中表达量最低。研究结果为对虾过敏性疾病的诊断和治疗以及脱敏食品开发等奠定了理论基础。     

水产品过敏原危害性评价及管理建议

水产品过敏是常见的食物过敏之一。伴随着水产品消费量的增加,由食用水产品引起过敏的患者数量出现了递增趋势。为了避免水产品过敏原在加工过程中发生交叉污染,水产品企业纷纷在危害分析及关键控制点(HACCP)中增加了对过敏原的控制措施。行业主管部门也相继规范了水产品过敏原的安全管理措施以保障敏感消费者的食用安全。文章主要从水产品中主要过敏原对消费者健康的影响、过敏原的来源、过敏原的评价方法等方面对水产品中过敏原的危害性进行了分析。在此基础上,建议从完善检测技术、管理体系,加强信息管理、风险评估以及提高消费者认知等方面,推进水产品过敏原的食用安全管理工作。     

水产食物过敏原及其抗原表位的研究进展

近年来食物引起的过敏性疾病发病率持续增高,严重影响了人们的生活质量。水产品是中国主要的致敏性食物,且东部沿海地区过敏发病率较高。已发现的水产食物过敏原有小清蛋白(parvalbumin)、原肌球蛋白(tropomyosin)、精氨酸激酶(arginine kinase)、肌钙结合蛋白(sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein)、肌球蛋白轻链(myosin light chain)、肌钙蛋白C(troponin C)和磷酸丙糖异构酶(triosephosphate isomerase)等。水产食物过敏反应存在免疫交叉性,过敏原的抗原表位是引发过敏反应的基础,表位组成和空间构型等特征决定了抗原的特异性。本文着重对国内外水产食物过敏原及其抗原表位的研究现状进行了概述,以期为水产食物过敏疾病诊断治疗和低致敏性食品开发提供指导。     

各国要求食物标签注明过敏源

食物过敏问题正在逐渐引起各国重视，一些发达国家开始要求在容易引起过敏的食品标签上标明注意过敏源的警示语，并相继制订、修订了有关在食品标签中明示过敏成分的法律法规和标准。例如：日本规定将虾、咸鱼子两类水产品列入强制性标识的范围，将含有鲍鱼、乌鱼、盐渍鲑鱼子、虾、蟹、大马哈鱼、青花鱼、鱼蛋白胶等原料的食品列入指导性标识的范围。     

虾蟹育苗池暂养车虾技术要点

元旦．春竹期间车虾商品虾的活体价格往往是捕捞季节的1．5倍～2倍，利用虾蟹育苗室进行车虾暂养既丰富市场供应，又可取得较好的经济效益，因而近年来受到不少人的重视。但由于需较高的投入，掌握不好．虾易死亡．存在较大风险。降低死亡率，提高成活率是暂养车虾取得较好效益的主要措施，为此应做好以下几点。     

谈犬过敏性皮炎的临床表现及诊疗方法

正1发病原因犬的皮肤过敏有3种形式;遗传性过敏,接触性过敏和食物性过敏。1.1遗传性过敏性皮炎某些易感品种动物对环境中的过敏原产生的I型过敏反应。遗传性过敏性皮炎是动物受到遗传基因的影响而对过敏原表现相对敏感的结果。     

欧洲鳗“狂游症”的诱因与防治初探

“狂游症”（Franticdisease）是目前我国欧鳗养殖中主要病害之一。在广东、福建、江苏等主要养殖区危害十分严重，已引起各界的关注。现就笔者在实践中所积累的病案与对策体会，撰文供参考。1危害情况及流行特点调查中发现，本病发病快，蔓延迅速，呈暴发性。一般精养池发病率20％～80％，死亡率高达90％，且死亡时间短，一般15～20天整池鳗死亡；土池发病率10％～40％，死亡率70％左右，死亡时间较长，一般为1至2个月。本病通常在个别池发生，然后传播至相邻地，进而引起整个养殖场鳗鱼发病。该病在养殖各期均有发生，但主要危害黑仔和幼…     

FAAN再次提醒各国注意食品过敏源标识

食品过敏是人体免疫系统的特殊反应，因个体差异而有很大的不同。国际食品过敏源和过敏性反应网络（FAAN）是非营利性的网络交流组织，据该组织的调查，大约有92％的过敏反应是由鱼虾、贝类、奶或奶制品、蛋品、大豆、花生、果仁及花粉类等8类食品中的蛋白质引起的，其余8％是由其它物质引起。因此，重视食品过敏源的标识，在食品标笺中注明并警示可能引起过敏反应的人群对之予以注意是非常必要的。     

虾蟹宝

简介：本品为全国著名鱼虫虾病专家王云祥教授多年潜心研究的成果，经两年试验，效果显著。本品对河蟹“抖脚病”也有显著的防治效果。功能与用途：1、虾蟹宝为内服药，可在不损害虾蟹体细胞条件下，抑制虾蟹体内病毒增殖和外来感染。2、本品含高效广谱杀菌剂和病毒灭活剂，不易形成耐药性，可防止病毒或细菌感染而导致的大批死亡。3、本品不仅对病毒病有良好的防治效果，而且对细菌引起的红腿、瞎眼、烂鳃、白黑斑病、褐斑病、白体病（浊体病）、红体病、甲壳附肢溃疡病、荧光病、腐鳃病等也有显著疗效。对由病毒和细菌引起的河蟹“抖脚病…     

淡水虾蟹的重大疾病及其防治对策

淡水虾蟹包括的品种较多 ,但主要品种是河蟹(中华绒螯蟹 ) ,罗氏沼虾和青虾等。淡水虾蟹是我国名优水产品的重要组成部分之一 ,它的养殖起始于七十年代 ,到 1999年底总产量已达 70万吨。随着养殖面积的不但扩大 ,养殖容量的不断增加 ,淡水虾蟹的病害也越来越多 ,越来越严重 ,每年因病害所造成的经济损失就达数十亿元 ;仅河蟹的抖抖病 ,2 0 0 0年所造成的损失估计为 2 0～ 30亿元 ;2 0 0 1年 ,由于罗氏沼虾白体病的暴发 ,广东、广西、江苏、浙江几省大约有 60 %～ 70 %的罗氏沼虾养殖户遭受到惨重的损失 ,直接经济损失达数千万元。淡水虾蟹的…     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).