重金属Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+对太平洋牡蛎的急性毒性效应

采用单因子急性毒性实验研究Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的96 h半数致死浓度(96 h LC_(50))及急性毒性效应。实验结果表明,Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对太平洋牡蛎96 h LC_(50)分别为22.99、21.75 mg/L和21.35 mg/L,急性毒性作用大小的顺序为:Cd~(2+)Cu~(2+)Pb~(2+)。Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对太平洋牡蛎的安全浓度(SC)分别为:2.30、2.18 mg/L和2.14 mg/L。总体而言,与Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)相比,太平洋牡蛎对Cd~(2+)毒性的耐受性较低。     

重金属Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

在半静态水的条件下,研究了铜离子(Cu~(2+))、镉离子(Cd~(2+))和汞离子(Hg~(2+))对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎发育的单一和联合毒性效应。采用48 h、72 h、96 h致死率和72 h、96 h孵化抑制率作为生理毒性终点,以其半数致死浓度(LC50)值作为毒性评价标准。结果表明:Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对斑马鱼胚胎的48 h-LC50分别为0.58 mg·L~(- 1)、0.72 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 46 mg·L~(- 1),72 h-LC50分别为0.39 mg·L~(- 1)、1.15 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 30 mg·L~(- 1),96 hLC50分别为0.08 mg·L~(- 1)、0.19 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 18 mg·L~(- 1);Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的72 h孵化抑制率的LC50分别为0.05 mg·L~(- 1)、0.01 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 04 mg·L~(- 1),96 h孵化抑制率的LC50分别为0.06 mg·L~(- 1)、0.05 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 11 mg·L~(- 1);Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对斑马鱼胚胎毒性大小顺序为Hg~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)。Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对斑马鱼胚胎的致死率和孵化抑制率均具有明显的剂量-效应关系,72 h孵化抑制率可以作为斑马鱼胚胎最敏感的毒性终点指标。分别用单一毒性Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的96 h-LC50值,按毒性单位1∶1两两混合,对斑马鱼胚胎在第48、第72、第96小时的联合毒性均为协同作用;按毒性单位1∶1∶1混合共存时,对斑马鱼胚胎在第48、第72、第96小时的联合毒性均为拮抗作用。     

重金属对罗氏沼虾血细胞活性和酯酶活力的影响

为探讨不同重金属对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)血细胞的细胞毒性,取罗氏沼虾血淋巴,离体状态下分别暴露于不同浓度(10~(-9)~10~(-3) mol/L)的Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)环境中6 h,设置不添加重金属的对照组,应用流式细胞术测定细胞活性和胞内非特异性酯酶活力。结果显示,10~(-9)~10~(-6) mol/L的Cd~(2+)对细胞活性和酯酶活力均没有显著影响,Cd~(2+)浓度达到10~(-5) mol/L时,酯酶活力受到了显著的抑制,Cd~(2+)浓度达到10~(-4)和10~(-3) mol/L时,细胞活性和酯酶活力均显著下降;10~(-9)~10~(-6) mol/L的Hg~(2+)对细胞活性和酯酶活力均没有显著影响,Hg~(2+)浓度为10~(-5)~10~(-3) mol/L时,细胞活性和酯酶活力均显著下降;10~(-9)~10~(-5) mol/L的Cu~(2+)对细胞活性和酯酶活力均没有显著影响,Cu~(2+)浓度为10~(-4)~10~(-3) mol/L时,细胞活性和酯酶活力均显著下降;10~(-9)~10~(-5) mol/L的Zn~(2+)对细胞活性和酯酶活力均没有显著影响,Zn~(2+)浓度为10~(-4) mol/L时,酯酶活力显著下降,Zn~(2+)浓度为10~(-3) mol/L时,细胞活性和酯酶活力均显著下降。Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对细胞活性的毒性临界浓度分别为10~(-4) mol/L、10~(-5) mol/L、10~(-4) mol/L和10~(-3) mol/L,毒性强度由高到低依次为Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)。Cd、Hg、Cu和Zn这4种重金属对罗氏沼虾血细胞活性和酯酶活力均具有明显的剂量效应;酯酶活力对重金属胁迫较细胞活性更为敏感,可作为虾类细胞毒理学研究的重要指标。     

重金属Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性

在水温(18±0.5)℃、盐度27‰的环境下,研究了重金属Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性效应。结果表明,Hg~(2+)对渤海卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为201.01mg/L和0.05mg/L,安全浓度分别为2.01mg/L和0.000 5mg/L;Cu~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为197.17mg/L和7.50mg/L,安全浓度分别为1.97mg/L和0.08 mg/L;Cd~(2+)对渤海湾卤虫无节幼体24h、48h的LC50分别为331.30mg/L和8.13mg/L,安全浓度分别为3.31mg/L和0.08mg/L。毒性由强至弱依次为Hg~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+),但Cu~(2+)与Cd~(2+)的毒性差异不明显。     

重金属Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对光裸方格星虫的急性毒性效应

为探讨重金属离子Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对光裸方格星虫的急性毒性效应,设置了6个浓度梯度和3个处理时间,观察记录方格星虫死亡情况及组织形态图检。结果表明:1)在具有一定Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度处理中的光裸方格星虫均呈现中毒现象,光裸方格星虫的死亡率随着重金属离子浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而逐渐升高,具有明显的剂量与时间效应。2)Cu~(2+)对光裸方格星虫的毒性大于Cd~(2+),Cu~(2+)对光裸星虫的48 h LC_(50)和72 h LC_(50)值分别为10.60mg/L和4.36 mg/L,Cd~(2+)的48 h LC50和72 h LC_(50)分别为11.95 mg/L和5.76 mg/L。3)光裸方格星虫的食道及胃肠道是重金属离子的主要侵害部位,也是较先受到毒性作用的部位。     

四种重金属暴露对青鳉呼吸行为的毒性效应

研究青鳉对不同重金属污染物的敏感性和响应阈值,为水体污染特别是重金属污染的早期预警监测提供定量基础。青鳉3月龄,体长(1.5±0.1) cm,体重(0.15±0.01) g;4种重金属为Cd、Zn、Cu和Hg。研究结果表明:青鳉对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的急性致死毒性大小为Hg~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)Zn~(2+);Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)暴露下青鳉呼吸频率和呼吸强度先升高再降低(P0.01),呼吸参数与重金属浓度间呈现倒"U"型关系;Zn~(2+)暴露下青鳉呼吸频率、呼吸强度显著下降(P0.01);青鳉呼吸行为对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)4种重金属暴露的响应阈值和响应时间分别为0.15、0.95、0.15、0.045 mg/L和2 h 32 min、4 h 7.5 min、3 h 5.5 min、4 h 37 min,响应阈值与96 h LC_(50)的比值分别为0.43、0.19、0.33、0.77。青鳉对Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)污染较为敏感,其呼吸参数可作为突发性水体重金属污染的生物监测指标。     

高分子吸附剂除去海水中重金属离子的研究

用高分子吸附剂从盐度30,pH8.30左右的海水中动态和半静态吸附除去铜、锌、铅、镉离子。动态吸附结果表明,对海水中重金属离子的吸附容量为Cu~(2+)>Pb~(2+)>Zn~(2+)>Cd~(2+),吸附选择性为Cu~(2+)>Zn~(2+)>Pb~(2+)>Cd~(2+)。半静态吸附17h,对12.1μg/L Cu~(2+)除去率为89.3％;对22.5μg/L Zn~(2+)为82.7％;对104.8μg/L Pb~(2+)为59.4％;200.8μg/L Cd~(2+)为59.0％。为消除重金属离子对海洋生物幼体的毒性,提供了一种极其有效的方法。     

4种重金属离子对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性及安全评价

为探究菲律宾蛤仔对Cd~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)的耐受能力,采用毒理学试验方法研究4种重金属离子对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性效应。试验结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔的死亡率与4种重金属离子的质量浓度成正比,表现出明显的剂量—效应关系。4种重金属离子对试验菲律宾蛤仔24、48、72、96 h的半数致死质量浓度分别为:Cd~(2+),38.62、29.83、8.11、2.67 mg/L;Mn~(2+),712.58、421.57、188.74、61.27 mg/L;Zn~(2+),141.27、72.20、34.91、21.57 mg/L;Cu~(2+),29.88、12.06、3.62、0.79 mg/L;Cd~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)对菲律宾蛤仔的安全质量浓度分别为0.03、0.61、0.22、0.01 mg/L。试验结果表明,4种重金属离子对菲律宾蛤仔毒性强弱依次为Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)Zn~(2+)Mn~(2+),Cu~(2+)对菲律宾蛤仔的安全质量浓度低于渔业水质标准,在育苗和养殖过程中需特别关注。     

铜和镉对草鱼肾脏中3种白细胞介素基因表达的影响

为探讨水体铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)污染对草鱼免疫系统的影响,本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR(QRT-PCR)技术,分析在不同时间(2、4、6、8 d)及不同质量浓度的Cu~(2+)(0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60、0.80 mg/L)和Cd~(2+)(0.05、0.10、0.20、0.30、0.40 mg/L)暴露下,草鱼肾脏中3种白细胞介素——白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-8和白细胞介素-10基因表达量的变化。试验结果显示,高质量浓度和长时间的Cu~(2+)暴露(0.60、0.80 mg/L, 8 d)和Cd~(2+)暴露(0.20、0.30、0.40 mg/L, 8 d)下,草鱼肾脏中的白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-8和白细胞介素-10基因表达量与对照组相比显著增加(P0.05);在0.80 mg/L Cu~(2+),0.30、0.40 mg/L Cd~(2+)暴露下的草鱼肾脏中白细胞介素-1β的基因表达量,以及在0.60、0.80 mg/L Cu~(2+)暴露下的草鱼肾脏中白细胞介素-8和白细胞介素-10的基因表达量,均随着暴露时间的增加而逐渐升高,且第8 d时的基因表达量均显著高于第2 d时(P0.05)。本研究揭示了高质量浓度和长时间的Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)暴露会使草鱼肾脏产生炎症反应,为进一步深入研究重金属对鱼类的免疫毒性机制奠定了基础。     

铈对镉染毒泥鳅肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响

将泥鳅随机分为空白对照组;低(0.025 mg/L)、中(0.25 mg/L)、高(2.5 mg/L)剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组;低(0.025 mg/L)、中(0.25 mg/L)、高(2.5 mg/L)剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组;低(0.025 mg/L Cd~(2+)+0.025 Ce~(3+))、中(0.25 mg/L Cd~(2+)+0.25 mg/L Ce~(3+))、高(2.5 mg/L Cd~(2+)+2.5 mg/L Ce~(3+))剂量联合染毒组,每组60尾.分别于第1、2、3、5、7、10 d测定肝脏中SOD和POD的活性.结果表明:低剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组SOD、POD活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),中剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组SOD活性前3 d高于对照组,自5 d开始低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),高剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组SOD活性前2 d显著高于对照组,从第3 d开始显著低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),中、高剂量 Ce~(3+)染毒组POD活性前5 d高于对照组,从第7 d开始低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);低剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组SOD、POD活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);中剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组SOD活性前7 d高于对照组,第10 d开始低于对照组,中剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组POD活性始终高于对照组(P＜0.05);高剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组SOD活性前2 d高于对照组,从第5 d开始低于对照组,高剂量Cd~(2+)染毒组POD活性前2 d高于对照组,从第3 d开始低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).低、中剂量联合染毒量组SOD、POD活性显著高于对照组,高剂量联合染毒组SOD、POD活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.01). Ce~(3+)在低质量浓度下可以提高泥鳅体内SOD、POD活性,高质量浓度下则抑制SOD、POD活性.     

蛋白水解肽-Fe2+配合物对克氏原螯虾体内Cd2+的脱除效果

为探讨克氏原螯虾体内重金属Cd²⁺残留的脱除方法,采用基础饲料中添加制备的蛋白水解肽-Fe²⁺配合物(TPH-Fe²⁺)进行饲喂,检测螯虾不同组织器官中Cd²⁺含量变化情况。结果显示,染毒后螯虾不同器官中Cd²⁺富集量依次为内脏团>肠>鳃>腹部肌肉>螯足肌肉,且在0~12 d自然净化过程中,无显著性下降趋势。添加400、800和1 200 mg/kg TPH-Fe²⁺饲喂螯虾,内脏团、鳃、肠及腹部肌肉中Cd²⁺含量均有不同程度下降;饲喂12 d后,螯虾不同器官中Cd²⁺脱除率为肠>内脏团>鳃>腹部肌肉,脱除率分别为40.60%、36.13%、33.36%和10.15%;TPH-Fe²⁺对螯虾螯足肌肉中Cd²⁺含量无显著性影响。研究表明,蛋白水解肽-Fe²⁺配合物能有效脱除螯虾体内Cd²⁺残留,可作为一种螯虾养殖饲料添加剂在基础饲料中加以应用。     

Preliminary study on zeolite materials used to control of heavy metal pollution during the culture of mud clam Tegillarca granosa L.

To control heavy metal pollution during the culture of the mud clam, Tegillarca granosa L., the isothermal static adsorption capacities of three adsorption materials [natural zeolites, zeolites synthesized from kaolin and zeolites synthesized from coal fly ash (ZFA)] towards Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ in seawater were investigated. The adsorption capacity of the best material was investigated during the culture of mud clam in an artificially polluted environment. Results showed that the ZFA adsorption capacity was the highest and conformed to the Freundlich model. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorbent towards Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ in seawater were 3.057, 1.123, 0.325, 13.101, 6.116 mg g^?1 and 6.527 μg g^?1 respectively. For seawater artificially polluted by six heavy metals, heavy metal adsorption by ZFA followed the order Zn²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Hg²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Pb²⁺ > Cr⁶⁺. For the mud clam culturing experiment that simulated a continuously polluted water source, the Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ contents of mud clam tissues decreased by 40.9%, 25.8%, 9.6%, 28.2%, ?27.8% and 25.7%, respectively, after 21 days of culturing compared with the contents before the experiment.     

Cu2+对中间球海胆生长、免疫及性腺发育的影响

为探讨铜离子(Cu2+)对中间球海胆生长和性腺发育的影响及调控机制,在室内水槽(200 L)中进行为期60 d的浸泡实验。实验设置测试组(0.02 mg/L Cu2+)和对照组(自然海水),每个处理设置3个重复,每个水槽养殖20只海胆(13.58±0.79)g。实验中期和末期分别测定海胆增重率(WGR)、性腺指数(GI)、抗氧化酶活性和主要卵黄蛋白基因(MYP)表达量。结果显示,30 d时,测试组的WGR和GI与对照组差异不显著,而60 d时测试组的WGR和GI显著低于对照组;60 d时,测试组海胆体腔液中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)活性均显著低于30 d时的对应值,而丙二醛(MDA)含量较30 d时有所升高;60 d时,测试组抗氧化能力总体高于对照组,其中体腔液中CAT活性显著高于对照组。2次取样中,测试组性腺中MYP基因的表达量均显著低于对照组,而测试组消化道中MYP基因的表达量却显著高于对照组。60 d时,测试组海胆体腔细胞中总蛋白含量显著高于对照组,而体腔液上清液中总蛋白含量在测试组和对照组之间差异不显著。研究表明,铜离子能够引起氧化应激,降低海胆的增重率和性腺指数,这可能是通过抑制性腺MYP表达量及阻碍MYP从消化道向性腺正常转运所致。     

Inhibitory properties of some heavy metals on carbonic anhydrase I and II isozymes activities purified from Van Lake fish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chalcalburnus Tarichi</Emphasis>) gill

In this study, CA I and II isoenzymes were purified from Van Lake fish gills by using Sepharose-4B-L-tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity chromatography and to determine the effects of some metals on the enzyme activities. For purified CA I isoenzyme, yield, specific activity, and purification fold were obtained as 42.07%, 4948.12 EU/mg protein, and 116.61 and for CA II isoenzyme, 7%, 1798.56 EU/mg protein, and 42.38 respectively. Activity of CA was determined by measuring “CO₂-hydratase activity”. Purity control was checked by SDS-PAGE. In vitro inhibitory effect of Cu²⁺, Ag⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺ metal ions, and arsenic (V) oxide were also examined for both isozymes activities. Whereas Cu²⁺, Ag⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺ ions showed inhibitory effects on both isozymes, arsenic (V) oxide showed activation effect. IC₅₀ values were calculated by drawing activity %-[I] graphs for metal ions exhibiting inhibitory effects. IC₅₀ values were determined as 3.39, 6.38, 13.52, and 206 μM for CA I isozyme and 6.16, 20.29, 46, and 223 μM for CA II isozyme respectively.     

Oxidative damages by cadmium and the protective effects of low‐molecular‐weight chitosan in the freshwater crab (Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott 1967)

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant and has posed a potential threat for the growth and survival of freshwater crabs. Low‐molecular‐weight chitosan (LMWC) may promote growth in crab culture. The present study was designed to investigate the Cd‐induced oxidative damage and the protective role of LMWC against oxidation caused by Cd²⁺ in freshwater crab (Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott 1967). The results showed that Cd²⁺ significantly inhibited the activities of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxidase, while it increased malondialdehyde levels in the hepatopancreas and the gill. Moreover, Cd²⁺ at the concentration tested obviously increased the protein carbonyl contents and DNA–protein crosslinks coefficients in the hepatopancreas, gill, heart and muscle tissues of S. yangtsekiense in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, Cd²⁺ induced a significant increase in the levels of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hepatopancreas, gill and muscle. The results also showed that LMWC plus Cd²⁺ significantly improved antioxidant markers. The observations suggested that the severe oxidative damage in multiple crab tissues was one of the important causes of the adverse influence of Cd²⁺ on S. yangtsekiense growth and indicated that LMWC could provide a protective effect against such an injury.     

The in vitro effects of divalent metal ions on the activities of immune‐related enzymes in coelomic fluid from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

The immune‐related enzymes in marine animals are very sensitive to divalent metal ions. To investigate the roles divalent metal ions play in the influence on the immunity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, one of the most important commercial species in Asian countries, the effects of eight divalent metal ions at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mmol L^?1 on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenoloxidase (PO), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in coelomic fluid were determined with the nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) method, dopachrome formation method, p‐nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) method and 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) method. The results indicated that Mg²⁺ enhanced the activities of SOD, PO, ACP and AKP significantly and showed no obvious effect on MPO activity; Zn²⁺ increased the activities of SOD, ACP and AKP, and showed no obvious effect on the activities of PO and MPO; Cu²⁺ enhanced the activities of ACP, AKP and MPO and activated SOD and PO at a certain concentration range; Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺ inhibited the activities of ACP and AKP; Fe²⁺ had strong inhibitory effect on SOD activity; Pb²⁺ showed inhibitions on the activities of SOD, PO, ACP and AKP; and Cd²⁺ inhibited MPO activity greatly. The data obtained in this study collectively suggest that Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ have potential in promotion of A. japonicus immunity, while Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Mn²⁺ might be limiting factors to the immune response of A. japonicus.     

Alleviation effect of dietary cerium and its complex with chitosan oligosaccharide on cadmium accumulation in juvenile turbot,Scophthalmus maximus L., under cadmium stress

An 8 weeks feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary cerium (Ce) and its complex with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS‐Ce) on growth performance and cadmium (Cd) accumulation of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. under Cd stress. The basal diet (Diet 0) was formulated without Cd and cerium as the control. Seven other experimental diets (Diets 1–7) were formulated with supplementation of 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 50 mg Ce³⁺/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 100 mg Ce³⁺/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 200 mg Ce³⁺/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 50 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed, 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg and 100 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed, and 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg +200 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed. Results of the present study showed that, compared with the control group, the condition factor in fish fed the diet with 50 mg Cd²⁺/kg feed (Diet 1) was significantly lower, whereas the Cd concentration in liver and kidney of fish fed the diet with 50 mg/kg Cd²⁺ (Diet 1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05). The high Cd accumulation of fish fed diets with sole 50 mg/kg Cd (Diet 1) could be significantly decreased by 51.72% after supplementation of 200 mg COS‐Ce/kg in the diet (Diet 7). These results suggested that elevated COS‐Ce could effectively protect against dietary Cd accumulation in turbot.     

重金属铜、镉对鲫肝脏基因表达的影响

采用半定量RT-PCR分析重金属Cu、Cd在不同剂量以及不同处理时问下对鲫(Carassius auratus)肝脏组织基因表达的影响.共检测了过氧化氢酶、热激蛋白、金属硫蛋白等17个逆境胁迫相关基因.9个Cu处理中,GSTα、GSTπ、CAT在鲫肝脏中诱导表达,其余基因的表达特性属于中间型,即在一些处理中表达上调,另一些处理中表达下调.Cd处理中,只有GS7 α属于完伞的诱导表达型基因.HSP30、GR以及GPx 4a在Cd胁迫的鲫肝脏中表达受抑制,其余基因的表达属于中间型.虽然Cu、Cd胁迫对各基因转录水平的的影响不尽相同,多数处理中Cu诱导基因表达的程度略高于Cd.实验结果还显示,本研究设置的Cu、Cd处理剂量以及处理时间与鲫肝脏基因的表达变化之间没有明显的相关性.逆境胁迫相关基因在Cu、Cd处理鲫的肝脏中表达水平变化多样.本研究旨为深入研究鱼类基因表达与重金属解毒分子机制间的关系以及重金属毒理奠定了基础.     

Mechanism of Cd<Superscript>2+</Superscript> on DNA cleavage and Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript> on DNA repair in liver of silver crucian carp

The subject of acute injury, apoptosis and canceration of animals induced by heavy metal ions has been one of the hotspots studied worldwide. However, the exact molecular mechanism of Cd-induced carcinogenicity remains largely unclear, and how to relieve the toxicity in vivo has rarely been reported. For this paper, we have investigated the mechanism of Cd²⁺ on DNA cleavage and Ca²⁺ on DNA repair in the liver of silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) by agarose gel electrophoresis methods and by estimating biochemical indexes. Our results show that Cd²⁺ induces the classical laddering degradation of DNA in vivo and that DNA cleavage is repaired after injection with Ca²⁺ under various Cd²⁺ concentrations. DNA cleavage caused by Cd²⁺ is due to the activation of deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, Cd²⁺ destroys the antioxidant system, which diminishes the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), causing an increase of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, respectively. However, after the liver is injected with Ca²⁺ under various Cd²⁺ concentrations, the DNase activity, the ROS generating rate and the LPO level are obviously reduced, the activities of SOD, CAT, and POD are greatly increased. At the same time, ROS production and removal recoves its balance. The results show that Ca²⁺ can relieve the toxicity of Cd²⁺ in silver crucian carp.     

扇贝内脏团中耐镉菌株的分离及其吸附镉机理

为探讨扇贝内脏团中微生态系统与扇贝高能力富集镉(Cd)的关系,从自然环境中采集的栉孔扇贝内脏团中分离、纯化了2株耐Cd细菌(编号为菌株A和B),运用16S rDNA基因序列进行分子鉴定,通过金属吸附实验研究了耐Cd菌株对Cd的吸附能力及其对Cd的吸附特性,并利用扫描电镜、透射电镜相结合的方法研究了Cd胁迫条件下耐镉菌株细胞形态与结构变化,探讨了其对Cd的吸附机理。结果显示,2株菌株(A和B)在固体培养基上能耐受Cd的浓度分别为100和80 mg/L。经16S rDNA测序鉴定菌株A与Nitratireductor sp.亲源关系最近,菌株B与Ruegeria sp.亲源关系最近。2株菌株对Cd的吸附率远高于铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)和铅(Pb)等重金属。在50 mg/L Cd浓度的液体培养基中,菌株A、B对Cd富集量分别为48.57和42.14 mg/g,富集系数分别为971.4和842.8。电镜观察结果显示,经过Cd处理后,2菌株数量均有所减少,细胞中出现空泡,菌株A细胞外沉淀增多,菌株B表面变得粗糙且出现凹陷,表明胞外沉积作用可能是耐Cd菌株对Cd富集作用的重要途径。