基过鱼对象多维量化体系在南渡江流域的应用

过鱼对象的确定对于过鱼设施建设至关重要。量化评定过鱼对象优先保护次序，为南渡江过鱼设施建设、鱼类保护提供决策依据。基于过鱼设施建设目的及过坝鱼类的生境适宜能力，从过坝需求度、生境适应度、资源丰富度、物种效用度、物种濒危度和遗传损失度等6个维度，建立多指标量化的过鱼对象选择体系。采用主客观结合的组合权重，构建基于逼近理想排序法的过坝鱼类优先等级评定模型。以南渡江流域为实例进行初步分析，结合南渡江流域梯级建设，运用过鱼对象评定体系确定花鳗鲡、鲢、鳙等洄游性鱼类为首要过鱼对象，?、月鳢、鲇、海南长臀鮠为主要过鱼对象；乌塘鳢、红鳍原鲌、赤眼鳟、蒙古鲌为次要过鱼对象；鲮、倒刺鲃、马口鱼、纹唇鱼、唇?、翘嘴鲌、东方墨头鱼等鱼类为兼顾过鱼对象。本研究通过构建科学合理的多指标体系对南渡江流域过鱼设施过鱼对象优先保护次序进行量化，有助于指导过鱼设施效果评价，对过鱼设施建设具有一定参考价值。     

论恢复鱼类洄游通道规划方法

由于鱼类洄游是大尺度的水生动物迁徙运动，恢复鱼类洄游通道规划应在流域尺度进行。本文讨论了恢复鱼类洄游通道规划要点，包括河流鱼类调查及评价方法、规划范围和流域恢复洄游通道目标量化方法，提出了恢复鱼类洄游鱼类通道项目的优先排序方法，并以保护和恢复多瑙河鲟鱼规划作为典型案例进行了分析。恢复鱼类洄游鱼类通道项目的优先排序方法中，应根据工程性质、特点和当地自然条件确定优先排序准则，从而选择重点河段和重点工程，解决洄游通道中的关键问题。优先排序准则包括有效性、栖息地适宜性、效益/投资分析、自然保护区范围、预期物种多样性、鱼类生产力和栖息地面积等。在保护和恢复多瑙河鲟鱼规划案例中，确定了多瑙河鱼类洄游障碍物的5个等级划分标准和评分等级，采用改进的多准则多权重分级计分法计算了各障碍物的排序指标。在671处障碍物中，29处为最优先排序，99处为中等排序，543处为低等级排序。其中，位于多瑙河中游和下游的铁门水电站Ⅰ、Ⅱ级是流域内的主要障碍物。优先级排序方法为恢复鱼类洄游通道提供了指导意见。     

计算机视觉技术在鱼类应激状态监测中应用研究

从行为参数的量化方法、应激状态下的行为变化两方面介绍了计算机视觉技术在鱼类应激状态监测方面的研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的方向是实际应用过程中量化鱼行为的新方法研究,以及根据鱼在不同条件下行为参数的变化特点,结合统计方法和人工智能算法建立自动判断应激的方法。     

我国过鱼设施现状分析及鱼道适宜性管理的关键问题

水电开发对于洄游性鱼类产生的负面影响最为直接，阻碍了其繁殖、索饵以及越冬等生命行为。在调查的25个水电项目中，有17个采取了鱼类保护措施，其中采取增殖放流措施的占82.4%，仅有1个项目修建了鱼道。介绍了“莱茵河-2000计划”和哥伦比亚河鱼道建设及运行效果。鱼道不单纯是洄游性鱼类的通道，更是实现大坝上下游物质与能量循环的生态廊道。国内开展鱼道适应性管理的关键问题是：建立鱼道长效运行与保障机制，对鱼道过鱼进行长效监测以及研究鱼道过鱼效果评价方法。     

基于计算机视觉技术的水产养殖中鱼类行为识别与量化研究进展

鱼类行为与水体环境密切相关,是鱼类生活状况的直接体现,可以通过分析鱼类行为进行更为精准的养殖管理和操作。计算机视觉技术为鱼类行为识别和量化提供了一种非入侵式且稳定性较好的方法,已逐渐广泛用于鱼类行为研究。本文介绍了计算机视觉技术的技术流程,包括图像采集、预处理、运动目标检测与跟踪,并对各个流程进行分类;综述了计算机视觉技术在鱼类游泳、摄食和体色变化等行为识别、量化研究的现状;分析了计算机视觉技术在鱼类行为识别、量化方面的难点及存在的问题,以期为计算机视觉技术在水产养殖监测领域的发展提供参考依据。     

梯级开发下金沙江下游鱼类群落结构特征及环境驱动因子

为了探明梯级电站开发下金沙江下游鱼类群落的结构特征及主要环境驱动因子，于2017年对春季和秋季金沙江下游尚未建成的乌东德和白鹤滩水电站江段以及已下闸蓄水的溪洛渡和向家坝水电站江段应用多网目复合刺网进行了鱼类群落定量研究，同时运用多种统计分析方法分析了鱼类多样性特征以及鱼类群落与环境因子的关系。研究发现仍保持正常流水未成库区的乌东德和白鹤滩江段鱼类群落与已成库区的溪洛渡和向家坝江段有着明显的差异。在仍为峡谷激流型生境的江段，鱼类组成以土著特有鱼类为主，优势种为喜流水的圆口铜鱼C. guichenoti、泉水鱼P. procheilus、犁头鳅L. fimbriata；而在已蓄水的库区江段，鱼类组成多为长江中下游常见种类，优势种为喜静水缓流的?H. leucisculus、飘鱼P. sinensis、似鱎T. wwinhonis。应用典范对应分析对鱼类群落与环境因子做了相关分析，发现影响金沙江下游鱼类群落的主要环境驱动因子包括水深、总固体悬浮物、电导率、pH和水温等。这些研究结果为制定金沙江下游鱼类种质资源和生物多样性保护的相关管理政策提供了基础与支撑。     

声音导鱼技术的分析与展望

声音导鱼技术对保护鱼类有重要的实际价值和深远意义，其研究重点是声音如何让鱼类产生趋避行为及如何准确的让鱼类产生趋或者避的行为。从生理学和行为学的角度对声音导鱼的生物学基础进行了分析；讨论了声音导鱼的关键技术，包括鱼类趋避行为对声音的响应关系、鱼类声域的确定、鱼类声音信号的采集、鱼类声波信号的数字化处理以及实际声场中声波的叠加技术等，并根据声音对鱼类诱驱作用的原理建立了一个声音导鱼的大坝模型，分析了大坝实现声音诱驱鱼的关键要素；展望了声音导鱼技术的发展前景和方向。     

工厂化循环水养殖系统中流场特性与鱼类互作影响的研究进展与展望

随着人口与经济的发展，水产养殖业在世界范围内迅速兴起，集约型工厂化循环水养殖因其高密度、低污染、高效率等独特的优势，契合水产养殖业绿色发展理念，已成为水产养殖转型升级的重要方向之一。水作为循环水养殖系统中重要的环境因子，其流态能够直接影响鱼类的生长及福利，同样，鱼类存在及运动也会影响到系统流态的构建。本文综合分析了循环水养殖系统中流场条件对不同鱼类生长发育及福利的影响，鱼类及其运动行为对养殖池内水动力条件及性能的影响，以及鱼类对养殖池内流场流态、水体混合等的影响。将研究鱼类运动对流场特性的影响方法主要归纳为实测法和数值研究，通过对比分析2种方法的优点和不足之处，并结合当前循环水养殖产业系统构建中的问题提出针对性方法建议，旨在为系统中水动力条件的设计拓展思路，促进循环水养殖产业流态构建向“鱼”与“水”兼顾的方向发展。     

《水库渔业指南》评介

<正> 《水库渔业指南》一书于1980年由苏联食品工业部出版,作者依萨耶夫等。全书17万字,200幅图表,内容包括苏联主要水库一般特征,鱼产力、渔获量资料,各类型水库渔业利用方式,鱼类和饵料生物引种驯化,过鱼和拦鱼设备,渔具渔法和捕鱼法规,防止水污染的措施,水利建设对鱼类资源的影响和游钩渔业等,是近年来苏联水     

葠窝水库鱼体残毒调查与分析

本文报过了葠窝水库近年来7种毒物在鱼体内的残留水平,并应用均值型指数法对各河段的鱼体残毒进行了分析与评价。做了同种鱼类不同年龄组、不同部位的残毒分析与比较。初步分析了水质与鱼体残毒之间的关系。     

Remediation of upstream passage for migrating Galaxias (Family: Galaxiidae) through a pipe culvert

Movement through streams is critical for the maintenance of diadromous fish populations. Numerous fish passage improvement techniques exist, and knowledge of their effectiveness is required to conserve target species. An existing 70‐m pipe culvert was considered a barrier to the passage success of young‐of‐year (YOY) Galaxias spp. as a result of high water velocity (0.9 m/s). Water velocity in the pipe culvert was reduced by installing a concrete weir downstream of the culvert. A lateral ridge rock‐ramp fishway was installed to provide for the passage of fish over the weir, and baffles were installed in the upstream portion of the culvert to provide refuge from higher water velocity at this location. A BACI design was used to determine whether passage success, measured using a mark–recapture technique, improved as a result of the remediation works. The probability of successful passage of YOY Galaxias spp. through the culvert increased from 0.03 to 0.41 following remediation works and was similar to levels observed at a control site (0.33). The success of the fishway and baffles at this culvert provides an important case study for managers to adopt this technique to improve fish passage on a broader scale and range of other sites.     

Restoring connectivity for migratory native fish in a New Zealand stream: effectiveness of retrofitting a pipe culvert

1. Restoring longitudinal connectivity is a key river restoration goal. This study tested the efficacy of a fish ramp and spoiler baffles for restoring indigenous fish communities upstream of a culvert.
2. Before–after monitoring showed that installation of the ramp and spoiler baffles increased species richness (mean increase 80%) and total fish density (mean increase 45%) upstream of the culvert.
3. Passage trials on the ramp and baffled culvert were carried out using inanga, Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns), a commonly occurring weak‐swimming migratory fish. The trials showed that inanga were capable of successfully ascending both the ramp (overall 27.1% success) and culvert with baffles (overall 6.2% success) under the conditions tested (cf. 0% success for this species before retrofitting), but passage efficiency was still relatively low in both cases.
4. Retrofitting of culverts can therefore be effective for restoring upstream fish passage. However, to maximize effectiveness it is essential that restoration goals are well defined and retrofitting solutions are designed appropriately for the target species. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Using sprint swimming performance to predict upstream passage of the endangered Macquarie perch in a highly regulated river

Abstract Barriers to migration are a major threat to freshwater fish populations. A novel measurement of swimming speed performance and an analytical model were used to calculate the probability that endangered Macquarie perch, Macquaria australasica Cuvier, can swim through instream structures. Over the range of river discharges (2.7–166 ML day^?1) and temperatures (10–22 °C) examined, M. australasica could successfully pass through a rock‐ramp fishway and nearby natural riffles under most river discharges, whilst pipe culverts were passable only to large individuals (>17.7 cm total length) under a high river discharge. Cold water temperatures (below 16 °C) significantly reduced the likelihood of passage in each case. It was concluded that both the volume and thermal characteristics of environmental flow releases should be considered when assessing and remediating potential instream barriers to fish passage in regulated river systems.     

Using knowledge of behaviour and optic physiology to improve fish passage through culverts

Culverts reduce connectivity for aquatic animals by being both a hydraulic and physical barrier. However, altered light intensity may also be a behavioural barrier to fish movement, especially for diurnal species that have adapted to moving when it is light. We propose that knowledge of optical physiology and fish behaviour, two important mechanisms underpinning movement, can inform efforts to improve fish movement through culverts. We firstly review the sensory systems of fish with reference to visual sense and explore how this affects fish movement. We then highlight theoretical knowledge that can help us understand fish behaviour and the potential mismatch between the conditions under which fish have evolved and altered conditions within culverts. We describe potential knowledge gaps and directions for future research to improve our understanding of how culverts may affect fish movement. Finally, we explore the potential costs and ecological benefits of different mitigation options to identify those with the most promise for managing the light environment in culverts to facilitate movement. For researchers and managers exploring this subject, we suggest an approach that: (a) identifies light requirements for movement by different species, (b) tests movement under different light conditions and (c) considers an integrative assessment method for testing fish behaviour around culverts. Understanding how optical physiology, fish behaviour and culvert design influence fish movement can improve connectivity for a range of species.     

A comparison of swimming capacity and energy use in seven European freshwater fish species

Abstract –  Migrating fish species with different swimming capacities and energy use show different capacities for passing obstacles between habitats, such as culverts and fish ladders. Here, we present an integrated study on swimming capacity and energetic use in seven European freshwater fish species with different ranges of migration (brown trout Salmo trutta L., European perch Perca fluviatilis L., roach Rutilus rutilus L., common carp Cyprinus carpio L., gudgeon Gobio gobio L., bullhead Cottus gobio L. and stone loach Barbatula barbatula L.). Critical ( U _crit), optimal ( U _opt) and maximum ( U _max) swimming speed and oxygen consumption ( M O₂) were analysed and showed values correlated to migration capacity with highest swimming capacities in trout and roach and lowest in stone loach and bullhead. The resulting data can be used to make estimates of maximum passable water speeds in culverts. In conclusion, long-distance migrators show higher swimming capacities and can potentially clear obstacles easier than short distance migrators with lower swimming capacities. Even small obstacles (<25 cm) could be a barrier for genetic exchange between populations in short-distance migrators.     

Road culvert restoration expands the habitat connectivity and production area of juvenile Atlantic salmon in a large subarctic river system

The effects of restoration of impassable road culverts on the distribution of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were evaluated in seven small tributaries of the subarctic River Teno system, northernmost Finland/Norway. Restoration enabled the passage of juvenile salmon through the culverts and increased the distribution area of salmon parr in the seven streams by tens or hundreds of metres, depending on the natural slope of the tributary with a total of ≈1 km new area for ascending juveniles. Areas upstream of the culverts were colonised after varying number of years, mostly 2–3, following restoration. Age‐1 and age‐2 parr were the first salmon age groups entering the new territory after removal of the migration barrier. Although the restoration measures were conducted at the downstream outlet area of the culverts only, the connectivity was improved and increased the production area accessible to juvenile salmon. Such removal of migration barriers and securing habitat connectivity by passable culverts should be taken into account in environmental management strategies of river systems safeguarding the essential habitats of salmonid fish.     

Assessing upstream invasion risk in alien freshwater fishes based on intrinsic variations in swimming speed performance

Managing the spread and impact of invasive species requires an understanding of what limits their dispersal into new areas. Here, we investigated an intrinsic component of invasive species dispersal, via assessments of the swimming speed performance of four species of alien freshwater fish at risk of invading the upper reaches of a montane river system in south‐east Australia. Using water flow measurements taken from a range of potential barriers to their upstream dispersal (fishways, culverts, natural riffle habitats), we assessed the likelihood of alien species passage based on intrinsic differences in swimming speed performance. With the four alien fish species displaying a wide range of sprint swimming speed (U_sprint) capabilities, our logistic regression analysis identified pipe culverts as being a challenge to dispersal by all but the largest individuals of one species (Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Notably, fishway installations facilitating passage of the sympatric threatened species, Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica), could allow upstream dispersal of a key threatening species (European perch, Perca fluviatilis). Our study highlights the utility of locomotor capabilities for assessing the likelihood of upstream dispersal by species following human‐assisted introductions to the lower parts of a catchment.     

鳙幼鱼下行过坝的水力导鱼栅实验

分析不同叶片角和布置角下导鱼栅的导鱼效果,获取最优的导鱼栅布置方式,为下行过鱼设施设计提供理论依据及参考。以鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)幼鱼为研究对象,通过设置导鱼栅布置角度(15°、30°、45°)和叶片角度(15°、30°、45°、90°),在室内开展模型实验,分析鳙从导鱼旁路下行(引导成功)和从导鱼栅叶片间隙下行(引导失败)的通过率,确定最优运行工况。结果表明:在所有工况下,实验鱼均出现了顶流现象,但顶流率均小于50%;导鱼栅布置角和叶片角同为30°时,辅助鱼类下行的成功率最高,达95%;其他工况下,成功率均低于75%。导鱼栅附近的水力条件表明,流速沿着导鱼栅方向呈现波浪线上升,紊动能分布总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,紊动能范围为0~0.0032 m²/s²。     

Improving the upstream passage of two galaxiid fish species through a pipe culvert

Abstract  Movement between habitats in river fish assemblages is often restricted by instream structures such as culverts. The ability of diadromous common jollytail, Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns), and spotted galaxias, Galaxias truttaceus (Val.), to pass upstream through an in situ pipe culvert modified through the installation of baffles was assessed. Spoiler baffles (100 × 70 × 28 or 56 mm) were installed in three spatial arrangements along a 5.5-m section of the pipe, and individual fish passage assessed at three flow velocities (0.35, 0.70 and 1.0 m s⁻¹). Common jollytails (43–169 mm fork length, FL) were 10 times more successful in passing when baffles were present than under control conditions (baffles absent). Baffle size did not influence success, which increased with the spatial complexity of the baffle arrangement. Across all velocities, common jollytails (46–132 mm FL) and spotted galaxias (55–190 mm FL) were, respectively, 86 and 73 times more successful with the most complex baffle arrangement (overall 80% success) compared with control conditions (overall 13.5% success). Success for both species decreased at higher velocities under control conditions; however, when baffles were present, this trend persisted only for common jollytails. Installing small spoiler baffles may provide a simple, cost-effective solution to passage problems at culverts.     

Shipping canals on the downstream migration route of European eel (Anguilla anguilla): Opportunity or bottleneck?

Migrating fish species are worldwide in decline due to several global changes and threats. Among these causes are man‐made structures blocking their freshwater migration routes. Shipping canals with navigation locks play a dual role in this. These canals can serve as an important migration route, offering a short cut between freshwater and the sea. In contrast, the navigation locks may act as barriers to migration, causing delays and migration failures. To better understand these issues for downstream migrating fish, we studied the behaviour of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) in the Albert Canal at two scales. The mid‐scale contained a 27‐km canal pound confined by two navigation lock complexes, in which we released and tracked 86 silver eels. The small scale was a 200 × 150 m area just in front of the most downstream complex of the canal pound, where we analysed the behaviour of 33 eels in relation to the flow field resulting from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. This paper discusses the factors influencing fish behaviour, and the relation between these behaviours on both scales. On the mid‐scale, migration efficiency resulted from a combination of intrinsic behaviour and flow in the canal pound. Also on the small scale, intrinsic behaviour influenced the success to pass the navigation lock. Increasing the flow would create more attraction and passage opportunities and hence facilitate migration through shipping canals, but only if this flow guides the fish through safe passage routes.