黄鳝β－肌动蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

采用RT—PCR和RACE法，从黄鳝(Monopterus albus Zuieuw)肝脏中分离和克隆黄鳝β-肌动蛋白(actin)基因。该基因cDNA全长l765bp[不包括poly(A)]，5’端非翻译区12bp，3’端非翻译区有625bp[不包含poly(A)]，阅读框(Open reading frame，ORF)1128bp，翻译成375个氨基酸，蛋白质分子量41．77kD。将所得序列与各科鱼、蛙、鸡、牛、鼠、人等的β-肌动蛋白基因序列同源性分析显示，核苷酸序列具有68％～95％的相似性，氨基酸序列具有97％～100％相似性，显示该基因在生物进化过程中的保守；系统发育分析表明黄鳝β-肌动蛋白基因与罗非鱼的亲缘关系最近。     

鲫血清转铁蛋白cDNA克隆及系统发育进化序列分析

鱼类血清转铁蛋白是鱼类血清中一种非血红素结合铁的β—球蛋白。从GenBank数据库查询发表的鱼类转铁蛋白cDNA或基因序列,根据铁离子结合及转运功能位点,设计并合成了两对引物P1、P4以及P2、P3,克隆出鲫血清转铁蛋白cDNA中的核心片段,长度为866bp。再根据克隆出的核心片段分别设计上游及下游两对引物P5、P6以及P7、P8,随后用RACE方法分别克隆出鲫血清转铁蛋白cDNA的5’端(787bp)和3’端(1081bp)以及全长cDNA,最后在计算机上排列出鲫血清转铁蛋白全长cDNA,长度为2444bp。比较了14种鱼血清转铁蛋白cDNA序列的同源性,其同源性在30％～80％之间,结果显示鲤科鱼类(鲫、银鲫、鲤及斑马鱼等)具有很近的亲缘关系;同时进行了系统发育进化分析,证实了鱼类血清转铁蛋白进化的保守性和氨基酸序列的高度同源性。     

奥利亚罗非鱼DMO cDNA的分离和克隆

采用RTPCR和RACE法分离和测定了奥利亚罗非鱼DMOcDNA的全序列。得到1571bp[不含poly(A)]的全长cDNA,包括148bp5’非翻译区,1230bp阅读框以及含Poly(A)信号AATAAA的193bp3’非翻译区[不包括Poly(A)]。阅读框共编码409氨基酸,与尼罗罗非鱼DMO编码的氨基酸序列进行比较,同源性为96.3%,表明DMO在同一物种中差别较小。而与尼罗罗非鱼,红鳍东方豚,虹鳟,青鱼将,鼠,人等动物的DMRT1编码的氨基酸序列进行比较,同源性分别为:25.7%,25.8%,24.3%,29.7%,22.5%,22.0%,这说明DMO和DMRT1可能是两个不同的基因。     

团头鲂促甲状腺激素β亚基基因的克隆及序列分析

利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法（RACE）克隆团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）脑下垂体中促甲状腺激素β亚基（TSHβ）基因，并对其基因结构和系统进化进行分析。该基因cDNA序列全长614bp；5’端非翻译区100bp；3’端非翻译区61bp；开放阅读框架（ORF）453bp，共编码150个氨基酸。其编码的氨基酸序列与鳙鱼（Aristichthys nobili5）、鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）、金鱼（Carassius auratus）、斑马鱼（Daniorerio）、鲑鱼（Salmo salar）、虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mysiss）、欧洲鳗鲡（A．nnguilla）的相似性分别为：99．3％、92％、92％、82％、62．6％、62．6％和56％。核苷酸序列分析显示，团头鲂与鳙鱼相似性最高，为98．23％；与欧洲鳗鲡相似性最低，为48．7％。说明唧亚基在长期的进化中相当保守。在所比较的9种鱼类该基因ORF氨基酸序列中都含有定位相同的12个半胱氨酸残基，它们在成熟肽中形成6个二硫键，这对保证促甲状腺激素的空间结构，维持促甲状腺激素的生理功能起着重要的作用。该基因的成功克隆不仅为TSHβ的分子进化和相似性比较研究提供了新的资料，而且对进一步研究该基因的功能、表达具有重要的意义。     

鳜胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA全长的克隆与序列分析

利用RT–PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA全长序列，并对该基因的结构特征和系统进化关系进行了分析。鳜胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA序列全长1367 bp，5′端非翻译区43 bp，3′端非翻译区187 bp，开放阅读框(ORF)1137 bp，共编码378个氨基酸。鳜胃蛋白酶原氨基末端存在信号肽和激活肽序列，序列中含有催化活性必需的2个天冬氨酸残基和构成二硫键的6个半胱氨酸残基。鳜胃蛋白酶原氨基酸序列与其他脊椎动物胃蛋白酶原氨基酸序列的同源性为59.9%～91.2%，表明胃蛋白酶原基因在脊椎动物的长期进化中比较保守。鳜胃蛋白酶原基因的成功克隆不仅为进一步研究该基因的时空表达奠定基础，而且为鱼类胃蛋白酶原的分子特征和进化提供了新的资料。     

日本鳗鲡脂肪酸去饱和酶和延长酶基因的克隆与分析

利用RT—PCR和RACE方法克隆得到日本鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）肝脏中控制高不饱和脂肪酸（highly unsaturated fatty acids，HUFA）合成的脂肪酸去饱和酶（fatty acid desaturase，FAD）和脂肪酸延长酶（fatty acid elongase，ELO）全长cDNA序列。结果表明，2456bp的FAD全长cDNA序列含长达1046bp的3’-UTR、75bp的5’-UTR和编码444个氨基酸的长1335bp的阅读框。编码的蛋白序列含有FAD全部的特征结构区，包括3个组氨酸簇、2个跨膜区和1个细胞色素h5结构域，与其他具有不同生活史鱼类的FAD氨基酸序列具有70．5％～77．5％的同源性；分析显示其在系统树中与溯河洄游鱼类的亲缘关系最近。克隆得到的ELO全长cDNA序列长1239bp，含有885bp的开放阅读框，编码294个氨基酸，该蛋白序列含有单一的氧化还原中心组氨酸簇、内质网停留信号和多个跨膜区等ELO特征结构，与其他鱼类ELO氨基酸具有87．1％～88．8％的同源性；其在系统树中与北非鲶鱼（Clarias gariepinus）和斑马鱼亲缘关系较近。日本鳗鲡FAD和ELOcDNA全序列的获得为今后进一步研究其体内高不饱和脂肪酸合成途径及阐明该途径在不同鱼类中的分子进化机理奠定基础。     

虾夷扇贝肌动蛋白基因cDNA序列克隆与分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE法从虾夷扇贝闭壳肌中分离和克隆了肌动蛋白基因cDNA全长序列.肌动蛋白基因cDNA全长1775 bp(不包括poly A),5′端非编码区94 bp,3′端非翻译区551 bp,阅读框1131 bp,编码376个氨基酸.在基因组DNA中,该基因被一个内含子分为两段,内含子位于第42和第43个氨基酸之间,长度为2041 bp.系统发育分析显示该肌动蛋白属于α类型.     

团头鲂(Megahbrama amblycephala) Caspase 9 基因全长cDNA的克隆及在氨氮胁迫下的表达分析

为了解团头鲂(Megahbrama amblycephala) Caspase 9基因序列特征及其在氨氮胁迫过程中的作用,应用末端快速扩增(Rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术克隆得到团头鲂Caspase 9基因全长1613 bp的cDNA序列,包括185 bp的5 '末端非翻译区(Untranslated regions,UTR)、96 bp的3'UTR、1332 bp的开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF).氨基酸多序列比对显示,平均同源性为77.74％,表明团头鲂Caspase9基因具有较高的保守性;系统进化分析显示,该基因氨基酸序列与其他鱼类Caspase 9聚为一支,并与锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio) Caspase 9亲缘关系较近;荧光定量PCR结果显示,Caspase 9基因在团头鲂各组织中均有表达,在脑中表达量最高,在肌肉中表达量最低,同时,在胁迫和恢复过程中,该基因在肝和脑中的表达规律相似,均在胁迫期间出现表达量上调,整体呈类似波浪形表达谱.研究结果表明,氨氮胁迫下,Caspase 9基因参与团头鲂的免疫防御,并与细胞凋亡分子过程有关.本研究结果可为进一步了解团头鲂应答氨氮胁迫分子机制提供理论依据.     

奥利亚罗非鱼DMT基因克隆与序列分析

利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)分离、克隆奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aurea)睾丸DMT(DM-do-main gene in testis)基因,并进行序列测定与分析。结果表明,该基因cDNA序列全长1 260 bp,包括74 bp 5’非翻译区,879 bp阅读框以及含poly(A)信号AATAAA的307 bp 3’非翻译区,阅读框共编码292个氨基酸。序列同源性分析表明,不同进化地位动物的DMRT1基因DM域编码序列存在高度同源性,显示DMRT1基因在系统进化上高度保守。生物信息学分析表明:DMT基因编码蛋白无信号肽,无跨膜区域,有多个蛋白激酶C、酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点和N-糖基化位点,推测其可能在细胞信号传导中发挥作用,且其生物活性可能接受信号途中多种信号的调控。该基因的成功克隆及生物信息学分析不仅为DMRT1基因的分子进化和相似性比较研究提供了新的材料,而且对进一步研究其编码蛋白的结构与功能以及其在鱼类性别调控中的作用具有重要意义。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):23-31]     

剑尾鱼 2 种卵黄蛋白原全长 cDNA 的克隆及序列分析

卵黄蛋白原是环境雌激素效应研究的重要生物标志物,广泛应用于水环境内分泌干扰物污染的评价。本研究利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆获得了剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)的2种卵黄蛋白原基因—VgA和VgB,并对其基因结构和系统进化进行分析。VgA基因cDNA序列全长5159bp,开放阅读框(ORF)5058bp,编码1685个氨基酸。VgB基因cDNA序列全长5349bp,开放阅读框(ORF)5067bp,编码1688个氨基酸。2种cDNA序列均具有与已发现的卵黄蛋白原分子相似的主要特征和功能域,包括Vitellogenin结构域、VWFD结构域和多聚丝氨酸区域,且与已知其他鱼类卵黄蛋白原基因有较高的同源性。     

三角鲂形态特征和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ基因的序列分析

对三角鲂(mEGALOBRAMA TERMINALIS)形态学特征进行研究，用RT—PCR的方法从三角鲂肝脏克隆了三角鲂胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)基因的cDNA序列。三角鲂传统的形态学数据与团头鲂相似。序列分析表明，三角鲂ICE-Ⅰ cDNA由486个核苷酸构成，编码161个氨基酸，包含整个信号肽、B、C、A、D和E区，与鲂属团头鲂比较，三角鲂与团头鲂IGF-Ⅰ cDNA序列同源性为99．8％，氨基酸序列同源性为99．4％。由此可见三角鲂的遗传学特征与团头鲂非常相似。     

Molecular cloning of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) gene from blunt snout bream and its expression after LPS-induced TNF-α factor

The aims of the present study were to clone the full-length cDNA of adipose triglyceridelipase (ATGL) and to analyze its expression after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The cDNA obtained covered 1801 bp with an open reading frame of 1500 bp encoding 499 amino acids. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis show the best identity with Cyprinus carpio (86%). The ATGL protein shared a highly conserved 169-amino acid patatin domain, containing a glycine-rich motif, an active serine hydrolase motif, and an aspartic active site. The highest ATGL expression was observed in the liver followed by muscle, whereas relatively low values were detected in the brain and adipose. TNF-α is regarded as an important factor in regulating fat metabolism. Here, LPS was used to induce TNF-α in vivo to verify whether TNF-α can affect ATGL expression. TNF-α expression in liver and muscle is increased and remains unchanged in adipose tissue and brain. The variation of ATGL activity is consistent with that of TNF-α gene expression. Next, we explored the mechanism by which LPS-induced TNF-α mediates the mRNA expression of ATGL in the liver and muscle. For liver, the mRNA levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were increased by LPS-induced TNF-α. Differencing from the situation in the liver, there was a near-significant decrease trend in the expression of SIRT1 in muscle. Those results indicated that the ATGL gene of blunt snout bream shared a high similarity with the other vertebrates. The expression level of ATGL in tissues with high-fat content was intended to be high. LPS can induce ATGL expression perhaps related to TNF-α.     

Molecular characterization and identification of facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and its expression and of the related glycometabolism enzymes in response to different starch levels in blunt snout bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Megalobrama amblycephala</Emphasis>)

Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) are transmembrane transporters involved in glucose transport across the plasma membrane. In this study, blunt snout bream GLUT2 gene was cloned, and its expression in various tissues and in liver in response to diets with different carbohydrate levels (17.1; 21.8; 26.4; 32.0; 36.3; and 41.9% of dry matter). Blunt snout bream GLUT2 was also characterized. A full-length cDNA fragment of 2577 bp was cloned, which contains a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of 73 bp, a 3′-UTR of 992 bp, and an open reading frame of 1512 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 503 amino acids with predicted molecular mass of 55.046 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point was 7.52. The predicted GLUT2 protein has 12 transmembrane domains between amino acid residues at 7–29; 71–93; 106–123; 133–155; 168–190; 195–217; 282–301; 316–338; 345–367; 377–399; 412–434; and 438–460. Besides, the conservative structure domains located at 12–477 amino acids belong to the sugar porter family which is the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters. Blunt snout bream GLUT2 had the high degree of sequence identity to four GLUT2s from zebrafish, chicken, human, and mouse, with 91, 63, 57, and 54% identity, respectively. Quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR assays revealed that GLUT2 expression was high in the liver, intestine, and kidney; highest in the liver and was regulated by carbohydrate intake. Compared with the control group (17.1%), fed by 3 h with higher starch levels (32.0; 36.3; and 41.9%), increased plasma glucose levels and glycemic level went back to basal by 24 h after treatment. Furthermore, higher dietary starch levels significantly increase GLUT2, glucokinase (GK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) expression and concurrently decrease phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) mRNA levels (P?<?0.05), and these changes were also back to basal levels after 24 h of any dietary treatment. These results indicate that the blunt snout bream is able to regulate their ability to metabolize glucose by improving GLUT2, GK, and PK expression levels and decreasing PEPCK and G6P expression levels.     

Identification and expression analysis of ghrelin gene in common carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   A ghrelin gene has been cloned and sequenced in common carp Cyprinus carpio . Ghrelin cDNA is composed of 461 bp [with a 36-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and a 113-bp 3'-UTR], which translates into a protein of 103 amino acid residues. Carp ghrelin (preproghrelin) contained a predicted signal peptide of 26 amino acid residues, the ghrelin domain ( Gly ²⁷– Val ⁴⁵) and C-terminal peptide ( Gly ⁴⁶– Phe ¹⁰³). Homology analysis of the ghrelin domain of carp with that of other known ghrelin in vertebrates showed good similarity to teleost ghrelin (50–81.8%). Hydropathy analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequence of ghrelin domains in teleosts showed a similar profile. Carp ghrelin clustered with ghrelin of goldfish Carassius auratus and other teleosts, away from mammalian, reptilian, avian, amphibian and chondrichthian ghrelin, by phylogenetic analysis. Genomic organization of carp ghrelin gene was composed of four exons and three introns, which was the same as that of other teleosts and human ghrelin genes. The carp ghrelin gene was expressed in unstimulated tissues such as foregut, hindgut, spleen and brain. In spleen cells, expression of the ghrelin gene increased upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or imiquimod. The identification of carp ghrelin gene and the analysis of the modulation of its expression in immune-activated conditions will allow a more complete analysis of the roles of ghrelin in teleosts.     

淡水养殖新宠—厚颌鲂

厚颌鲂是我国长江上游地区的特有鱼类,具有很高的营养价值。目前,在厚颌鲂的成鱼单养及人工繁殖的研究方面取得了较好的效果,为厚颌鲂的养殖推广奠定了基础。     

Molecular cloning,genomic structure and expression analysis of major histocompatibility complex class Iα gene of half-smooth tongue sole (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynoglossus semilaevis</Emphasis>)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has a central role in the adaptive immune system by presenting foreign peptide to the T-cell receptor. The full length of MHC class Iα cDNA was cloned from half-smooth tongue sole by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR), genomic organization and expression of MHC Iα were examined to study the function of MHC gene in fish. The domain structure feature and antigen-binding motifs of other teleost and mammals MHC are conserved in the half-smooth tongue sole MHC Iα gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of half-smooth tongue sole MHC Iα (GenBank accession no. FJ372720) had 12.1–61.8% identity with those of human and other fish. Eight exons and seven introns were identified in MHC Iα gene. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that MHC Iα gene was ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues, while that in Vibrio anguillarum infected fish was significantly increased in intestines and decreased in spleen and liver from 24 to 72 h after infection, followed by a recovery to normal level after 96 h.     

斜带石斑鱼抗菌肽hepcidin基因克隆及其成熟肽的原核融合表达

文章根据已报道的硬骨鱼类hepcidin cDNA序列设计简并引物，通过RT—PCR从重要海水经济鱼类斜带石斑鱼（Epinephelus coioides）肝脏中扩增出1条具有完整开放阅读框的246bpcDNA序列，Blast分析表明该序列是鱼类hepcidin基因家族的一员，被命名为斜带石斑鱼hepcidin样抗菌肽前体，该cDNA所推导的氨基酸序列有如下特点：1）信号肽序列与多数鱼类hepcidin信号肽的同源性在67％～87％之间；2）C端20个氨基酸序列具有绝大多数动物hepcidin成熟肽的共同典型保守序列特征，即在对应位置具有8个Cys；3）序列中不具有已报道的hepcidin前体肽转化酶作用典型基序[RX（K／R）R]；4）与GenBank中已注册的2条斜带石斑鱼hepcidincDNA序列（GU391241和GU391242）所推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为36％和33％，且NJ进化树显示不与这2条序列聚为一枝，表明该序列是斜带石斑鱼hepcidin基因家族中一种新亚型，其预测成熟肽融合表达载体成功在大肠杆菌（Escherichiacoli）中表达，为后续研究奠定基础。