珠江水系北江鱼类群落多样性及其演替

摘要：2014-2016年对珠江水系北江5个采样点进行逐月鱼类多样性调查，共采集鱼类86种，隶属于11目25科64属。其中鲤形目49种，鲈形目14种，鲇形目10种，鲱形目4种。其余脂鲤目、颌针鱼目、鳉形目、合鳃鱼目、鲑形目、鲻形目以及鳗鲡目种数均少于5种。北江鱼类群落以定居性、杂食性种类为主。与历史资料相比，鱼类种类减少，洄游性、半洄游性鱼类所占比例下降，定居性、杂食性鱼类所占百分比上升，鱼类群落组成偏向小型化、低龄化。群落多样性分析表明，相同生境类型河段的鱼类物种相似性较高，上游鱼类多样性高于下游。河道水利、过度捕捞和生境退化是北江鱼类群落演替的主要原因。     

北江鱼类群落结构多样性及其演替趋势

为了解北江鱼类群落结构状况,结合1981-1983年北江鱼类调查数据分析其演替趋势,于2014-2016年对北江5个采样点进行逐月的鱼类资源调查,共采集鱼类86种,隶属于11目25科64属。其中鲤形目49种,鲈形目14种;鲇形目10种,鲱形目4种。其余脂鲤目、颌针鱼目、鳉形目、合鳃目、鲑形目、鲻形目以及鳗鲡目种数均少于5种。北江鱼类群落以定居性、杂食性种类为主。与历史数据相比,鱼类种类减少,洄游性、半洄游性鱼类所占比例下降,定居性、杂食性鱼类所占比上升,鱼类群落组成偏向小型化、低龄化。群落多样性分析表明,相同生境类型河段的鱼类物种相似性较高,上游鱼类多样性高于下游。河道水利、过度捕捞和生境退化是北江鱼类群落演替的主要原因。     

北江鱼类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为详细了解北江鱼类群落结构,于2014年3月-2016年2月对北江鱼类资源进行了每月一次的野外调查。结果显示:共采集鱼类77种,隶属于8目16科56属。其中鲤形目44种,占总数的57.1%;鲈形目10种,占总数的13.0%;鲇形目8种,占总数的10.3%;其余的鳉形目、合鳃鱼目、鲱形目、鲑形目和鲻形目种数均少于5种。在全部77种鱼类中,只有(Hemiculter leucisculus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)和鲮(Cirrhina molitorella)三种鱼类属于年度优势种。典型对应分析(CCA)显示,水温(Tem)、溶氧量(DO)和盐度(Sal)是影响北江鱼类群落结构季节变化的主要环境因子。     

红水河干流梯级运行后鱼类资源调查

于2009年6月和11月对红水河干流龙滩水库、岩滩水库、大化水库、百龙滩水库、乐滩水库、桥巩水库进行了鱼类资源调查。结果显示:调查的鱼类144种,分属10目23科93属,其中鲤形目66属100种,占种数的69.4%;鲈形目11属18种,占种数的12.5%;鲇形目同为18种,分9属,亦占种数的12.5%;其余鳗鲡目1属2种,鲱形目、鲑形目、鳉形目、脂鲤目、合鳃鱼目、鲀形目等6目均为1属1种。本次调查结果表明:红水河干流鱼类种类明显减少,渔获物中小型鱼类数量占优势。     

于桥水库鱼类种类组成及其多样性

2016—2018年利用流刺网、定置刺网、撒网、地笼、罾网及饵钩等渔具对天津市蓟县城东4 km蓟运河左支流州河上游出山口处的于桥水库(北纬40°20',东经117°25')的鱼类进行了多次采集调查。共采集到鱼类24种,隶属于5目10科24属,其中鲤形目15种,鲇形目2种,鲈形目4种,鲑形目2种,合鳃目1种。与历史资料相比,于桥水库新增鱼类6种,其中鲤形目2种,鲈形目1种,鲑形目2种,合鳃目1种;消失10种,其中鲤形目9种,刺鱼目1种。根据生物操纵理论,提出保护水库生态平衡的建议。     

贡山独龙族怒族自治县鱼类资源调查

野外采样时间分别在２００６年９月（雨季洪水期）和２００７年４月（干季、枯水期），先后２次对怒江进行调查采样。２００６年９～１０月对独龙江进行采样调查。结果表明，云南贡山县有鱼类３０种，隶属３目、４科、１７属；其中，土著鱼类２５种，隶属３目、４科、１５属，分布于怒江水系的鱼类１５种，隶属３目、４科、１１属；独龙江（伊洛瓦底江上游）水系鱼类１５种，隶属３目、４科、１０属。全县土著鱼类中，鲇形目鱼类最多，有１３种，占总数的５２％；鲤形目类有１１种，占总数的４４％。     

海南岛南渡江鱼类种类组成和分布现状

为了解海南岛河流鱼类种类组成和分布现状,2016-2017年对海南岛代表性河流——南渡江进行了全流域的采样调查。调查过程中共采集到鱼类样本1 249.79 kg,共计17 755尾,包含鱼类物种136种,隶属于13目50科108属。结果表明,南渡江鱼类种类保存相对完整,本次调查鱼类种数占历史总种数的89.48%;在鱼类区系上,以鲈形目52种居首位,占总数的38.2%,其次为鲤形目的 46种和鲇形目的 16种;在种类变化上,新出现27种,其中包括尼罗罗非鱼、云斑尖塘鳢等11种外来鱼类。同时也缺失43种鱼类,鲤形目和鲈形目缺失较为严重,鲤形目由历史的第一大目变为如今的第二大目;在鱼类分布上,以河口的灵山和上游山区的白沙鱼类保护最为完好,种类最多,分别为73种和60种。     

青衣江上游鱼类资源现状和保护

2014—2015年,对青衣江上游的鱼类资源进行了调查。结果显示,青衣江上游有鱼类4目9科29属38种,其中鲤形目28种,鲇形目8种,鲑形目和合鳃目各仅有1种。长江上游特有鱼类有18种。宝兴河的鱼类丰富度指数为4.66,玉溪河为3.59,荥经河和天全河分别为3.42和2.89,西河为1.50。同历史文献资料相比,鱼类区系已发生变化;鱼类小型化现象严重,有7种已处于濒危状况。川陕哲罗鲑为国家Ⅱ级重点保护鱼类,但已消失多年。综合分析认为,保护措施不完善、水电站的无序开发和鱼类资源的过度利用是该区鱼类资源量下降的主要原因。     

三江源鱼类现状与保护对策

三江源是长江、黄河、澜沧江的发源地,从2005-2012年在三江源区进行了鱼类初步调查,土著鱼类有3目5科17属44种,其中鲑形目1科1属1种,鲤形目2科5亚科13属39种,鲇形目2科3属4种。三江源保护和濒危的鱼类有21种,国家级1种,省级12种,濒危鱼类有21种。在三江干流水域,渔业资源总体呈下降,个体趋小的趋势,局部人类活动干扰的水域鱼类生存状况较好。     

南阳市社旗县鱼类资源调查

2016年12月对南阳市社旗县鱼类资源开展调查,共收集鱼标本34种,隶属于5目11科32属。其中鲤形目种类最多24种,占总种数的70.59%,其次是鲇形目和鲈形目,分别占总种数的11.76%和8.82%,合鳃目2种,占5.88%,鳉形目仅1种,占总种数的2.94%。社旗县鱼类物种较丰富,群落较复杂,鱼类在摄食、繁殖及栖息习性等方面呈现多样化特征。根据鱼类区系复合体学说,社旗县鱼类资源主要以江河平原区系复合体和南方平原区系复合体为主。     

黄河班多段鱼类多样性初步研究及保护对策

黄河班多段位于青海省兴海县境内,是黄河上游主要鱼类分布区之一.2011年4-11月对黄河班多段鱼类资源进行了调查.设采样点4个,分别在鱼类生长繁殖的重要时期使用不同网具采捕4次,并结合走访调查及鱼类样本的实验室鉴定与分析,重点研究鱼类种类、鱼类多样性、丰富度及均匀度,并提出了保护对策.结果表明,本次调查共采集鱼类10种、138尾,均为土著鱼类,种类占黄河上游青海段鱼类近1/2,班多段鱼类多样性相对黄河上游青海段其它水域较高,鱼类组成与黄河上游青海段其它水域相似,种类相对比较丰富,涉及多种保护鱼类,但每种鱼的个体均匀度较差,抗外界扰动的能力差.     

兴凯湖与小兴凯湖鱼类组成及差异分析

兴凯湖与小兴凯湖地处我国东北边陲,仅一岗之隔,但二者的生态环境差别很大,在小兴凯湖移植大银鱼Protosalanx hyalocraniu进行人工增殖没有取得很好效果的情况下,随泄洪水流入到兴凯湖中的大银鱼则很好地发展了自己的种群。为探讨兴凯湖与小兴凯湖鱼类组成的差异及其与大银鱼种群发展的关系,于2010年1月-12月...     

兴凯湖与小兴凯湖鱼类组成及差异分析

兴凯湖与小兴凯湖地处我国东北边陲,仅一岗之隔,但二者的生态环境差别很大,在小兴凯湖移植大银鱼Protosalanx hyalocraniu进行人工增殖没有取得很好效果的情况下,随泄洪水流入到兴凯湖中的大银鱼则很好地发展了自己的种群。为探讨兴凯湖与小兴凯湖鱼类组成的差异及其与大银鱼种群发展的关系,于2010年1月-12月对兴凯湖和小兴凯湖鱼类组成进行了调查。调查结果表明二者在鱼类种类组成上相似性仍较高,但在鱼类生物量组成上有明显差别。本次调查兴凯湖有鱼类56种,与历史数据比较基本没有减少,但新纪录3种：大麻哈鱼Oncorhynchus keta、梭鲈Lucioperca lucioperca和黑龙江泥鳅Misgurnus moloity（Dybowski）。小兴凯湖现有鱼类33种,比历史记载减少10种,东北Sarcocheilichthys lacustris、怀头鲶Silurus soldatovi和大银鱼为3个新纪录种;两湖的Sorenson指数为0.72。作为亚寒带的大型湖泊兴凯湖有着独特的水文和生态特点,大多数喜草生境种类在兴凯湖中的生物量都很低。本文探讨了兴凯湖与小兴凯湖鱼类组成差异与大银鱼种群发展的关系。     

The importance of spatial scales to analysis of fish diversity in Amazonian floodplain lakes and implications for conservation

The Amazon River Basin has the highest fish species diversity of any region in the world, but is under threat from anthropogenic perturbations including overharvesting, alien species and drought. We asked whether species diversity in this region is more a function of within‐lake species richness (i.e., α diversity) or differences among lakes (β diversity). Although many studies have reported on species richness and diversity in single habitats, the importance of measuring diversity at different spatial scales is not yet well established. We collected fish in 10 floodplain lakes along the Solimões River (Brazil), divided evenly between two lake types: those on islands in the river channel (island lakes) and those on the margins of the river (coastal lakes) during 2006. We partitioned fish diversity into three spatial scales: α = within each lake; β₁ = among lakes of the same type (coastal or island) and β₂ = between the two types of lakes, and compared their relative contributions to regional (γ) diversity. β₁ + β₂ contributed as much or more to γ diversity than did α. Although many of the 116 fish species were shared between lake types (S = 72), 32 species were found exclusively in coastal lakes and 12 species were found exclusively in island lakes. Coastal lakes, which were deeper and cooler than island lakes, consistently had higher fish species richness than island lakes. We suggest that it will be necessary to set areas large enough to contain multiple lakes of both types to preserve regional fish diversity.     

Trophic structure of fish assemblages from Mamoré River floodplain lakes (Bolivia)

Abstract –  The fish assemblage of the floodplain of the Mamoré River (Bolivia) was estimated in eight lakes, corresponding to four habitat types, situated on an environmental gradient related to the river distance: lakes situated near the river, in the forested floodplain, at the floodplain edge and lakes isolated in the savanna. This paper documents the diet of 71 fish species (among the 140 recorded) and compares the taxonomic and trophic structure of fish assemblages between four lake types. The diet analysis was conducted to determine five trophic guilds: algivores/iliophages, herbivores, zooplanktivores, invertivores and piscivores. The taxonomic and trophic structures of the fish assemblages were not similar in the different lake types of the Mamoré River. The trophic structure of assemblages showed a coarse pattern of dominance of algivores/iliophages and invertivores, but different situations were observed in relative abundance of the trophic groups in relation to the spatial position of the lakes (except for piscivores). Lakes close to the river appeared more favourable to the microphages (algivores/iliophages, zooplanktivores) although remote lakes appeared more favourable to the macrophages (invertivores, herbivores). These results support the general idea that fish distribution follows a pattern linked to the ecology of the species, and related to environmental characteristics of the lakes.     

Fish nursery habitat function of the main channel,floodplain tributaries and oxbow lakes of a medium‐sized river

Small, adventitious tributaries (<3 orders of magnitude smaller than the stream it flows into) are a conspicuous feature of many river–floodplain systems, but their value as fish reproduction and nursery habitat is not well understood compared to oxbow lakes and the main river channel (MRC). Moreover, connectivity of tributaries to the MRC is often less impacted by anthropogenic modifications (e.g., dams and levees) compared to oxbow lakes. From April to July 2012, larval and juvenile fish were collected in the Fourche LaFave River (Arkansas, USA) system to better understand fish nursery habitat function of tributaries relative to oxbow lakes and the MRC. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination of juvenile and larval fish genera revealed distinct fish assemblages in MRC and floodplain habitats. Ordination of juvenile fish at the species level resulted in distinct fish assemblages in tributary versus oxbow lake habitats. Tributaries had more unique species and higher abundance of shared species than oxbow lakes and MRC. Additionally, of the 46 species identified, all but six were collected in lower tributary reaches. Connectivity was strongly associated with both ordinations and was important in describing patterns of fish variation among habitats and between tributaries. Of the tributaries sampled, the least fragmented stream had the most similar fish assemblages between upper and lower sections. Findings of this study revealed tributaries are an important, yet overlooked, feature in the river–floodplain model. Especially in years of drought, channel–floodplain connectivity can be limited, but tributaries can be used by fishes for reproduction and nursery habitat.     

黄河三角洲水质污染对淡水鱼类多样性的影响

1993-1997年对黄河三角洲8条河流、3个水库和1个湖泊水质连续5年进行了监测，1996-1997年对淡水鱼类多样性开展了同步系统调查，水质评价结果：6条河流为重污染，2条河流为严重污染，2个水库轻污染，麻大湖严重污染，淡水鱼类共鉴定出102种和亚种，隶属于9目17科65属，占山东省炎水鱼类总种数的89%。水质污染已志致鱼类多样性减低，少数河流鱼类绝迹。     

Spatial distribution patterns of fish egg and larval assemblages in the lower reach of the Yangtze River: Potential implications for conservation and management

1. River fish diversity is threatened by anthropogenic environmental alteration to landscapes. The early life-history stages of fish play an important role in maintaining diversity and population recruitment and can be heavily influenced by landscape patterns. Information on temporal and spatial distribution patterns of fish eggs and larvae is also important for biodiversity conservation and management of fish resources.
2. The Yangtze River possesses a high diversity of fishes, including many commercially important species. The economy along the lower reach of the river is well developed, and most of the area is experiencing high pressure from human impacts. This section of the Yangtze River connects with the largest freshwater lake in China at the upstream end and flows into the estuary at the downstream end. These two landscape features are likely to have a significant impact upon the spatial distributions of fish egg and larval assemblages.
3. Environmental variables, fish eggs, and larval assemblages were sampled in three locations, at Hukou, Anqing, and Jingjiang, in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. The results suggest that the higher number of species and greater abundance in upstream sites reflect the critical function of connectivity of Poyang Lake with the river for fish recruitment in the lower Yangtze. The delayed bloom of larval fish, occurrence of estuarine species, and a lower species number and abundance of freshwater fish downstream reflect the influence of tidal intrusion from the estuary.
4. This study highlights the value of maintaining natural river–lakes connectivity in the Yangtze River as a conservation measure. The connected river–lake system should be designated as a priority area for fish resource protection in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. We recommend further measures to break down barriers between the river and other lakes and to restore the natural lateral connectivity of the floodplain ecosystem.

     

Lateral migration of fishes in Amazon floodplains

Abstract— Migrations of fish in the outlet channel of Lago do Rei, a floodplain lake on Careiro Island in the Amazon River, were examined using three capture methods. Of the 85 species found in the Parana do Rei (channel), 20 migrated between the lake and river. Migrations from the lake to the river occurred in two pulses. In August-September, as the river water level began to recede, some fish migrated to the river with the current. As the river water level rose in December-January, additional fish migrated towards the main river against the current. Fish returned to the lake by March or April after they had spawned. The migratory patterns of six species, family Curimatidae and Prochilodontidae: Potamorhina latior, Psectrogaster amazonica , P. rutiloides, Curimata kneri, Prochilodus nigricans and Semaprochilodus taeniurus are described in detail. Lateral migrations of fish in this ecosystem appear to be closely linked to breeding and to physical habitat changes related to river water level.     

黄河班多段鱼类多样性初步研究及保护对策

黄河班多段是黄河上游主要鱼类分布区之一,位于青海省兴海县境内,2011年4月-2011年11月对黄河班多段鱼类资源进行了调查。本文重点介绍黄河班多段鱼类多样性、丰富度及均匀度,并提出了保护对策。结果表明,班多段鱼类多样性相对较高,物种相对比较丰富,但是每种鱼的个体均匀度较差。