应用一般线性模型估算鲐、鲹大型灯光围网渔业的捕捞效率

大型灯光围网是我国近海捕捞鲐、鲹的主要作业方式之一,探讨和估算捕捞效率对其渔业资源评估和管理有着重要的意义.根据1998-2003年东黄海我国鲐、鲹大型机轮灯光围网生产统计数据,利用一般线性模型对其捕捞效率进行了估算,讨论了线性模型误差结构的选择及数据变换对结果的影响.根据鲐、鲹单位捕捞努力量的渔获量(CPUE)数据呈正偏,以及CPUE均值与方差在对数尺度下的线性关系,选择了负二项分布、伽马分布与对数正态分布作为误差分布.研究表明,由于CPUE零值的存在,其对误差分布结构有很大影响.当采用最大似然估计时,对数正态分布与伽马分布的CPUE需加一常数(δ),δ取值对结果有较大影响,随δ增大将使估计的捕捞效率对比度得到压缩.为了避免δ取值的影响,同时采用了Delta-GLM方法.通过不同模型的比较,选择了Delta-负二项或Delta-伽马方法.根据Delta-负二项或Delta-伽马方法估算结果,各渔业公司间的捕捞效率存在很大的差异,且具有明显的区域性.32°N以北海区,捕捞效率高低依次为苏渔、辽渔、青渔、舟渔、宁渔、沪渔;台湾东北部海区,捕捞效率高低依次为苏渔、辽渔、舟渔、沪渔、宁渔、青渔.     

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场主要中上层鱼类可捕规格的探讨

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场主要中上层鱼类资源一蓝圆鲹、金色小沙丁、鲐鱼、脂眼鲱、竹(竹夹)鱼,颌圆鲹、羽鳃鲐和大甲鲹等,自六十年代中期灯光围网作业的兴起之后已经历了近30年的较大规模的开发利用。目前投入该渔场的灯光围网作业单位,虽然比七十年代减少了三分之一强,其捕捞能力却较七十年代有明显提高,作业天数和投网次数也相应增加,因此灯光围网的捕捞力量已接近七十年代的水平。而近年来捕捞中上层鱼     

潮汕沿海池泽鱼类保鲜加工概况和探讨

池泽鱼类，泛指蓝园鱼参、颌园鱼参、竹荚鱼、鲐鱼、金色沙丁鱼等，尤以蓝园鲹、鲐鱼、金色沙丁鱼为大宗，是灯光围网、快速机拖网作业的主要捕捞品种。1970年至1972年潮汕沿海各县捕捞量达50万吨。灯光围网生产发展高峰的70年代，因保鲜手段落后，在渔汛旺发期，曾把大批池泽鱼类当作农肥处理。80年代初，潮汕沿海渔区小型制冰厂迅速发展，     

台山县表层鱼围网的设计

围网是海洋渔业的主要作业方式之一，以捕捞集群性鱼类为主。而在围网作业中，大多是灯光围网作业，主要围捕蓝园鲹，金色小沙丁、鲐鱼等趋光性的近底层鱼类。对表层鱼类却没有有效的渔具捕捞，使这部分资源没有得到充分利用。从1984年开始，我们结合万山围网舂汛鱼类资源的变动情况，设计了表层鱼围网，经过不断的改进，已显示其较好的捕捞效果。     

海洋环境对东、黄海鲐鱼灯光围网捕捞效率的影响

根据1999年8月至2003年12月,东、黄海大型鲐够灯光围网捕捞量与捕捞努力量数据,利用逐步回归广义加性模型(GAM,Generalized Additive Models)分析了月光亮度(用农历日表示)和海洋遥感数据(海表水温、海表水温距平、海表水温梯度、叶绿素a浓度、叶绿素a浓度距平、风速、平均海面高度距平、涡动能)共9个环境要素与名义单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE,Catch Per Unit Effort)的关系,以研究其对大型鲐鱼灯光围网捕捞效率的影响.研究表明,32°N以北渔场,海表水温、农历日、平均海面高度距平、海表温度梯度及风速与名义CPUE(名义CPUE加1取对数,下同)存在显著关系;而29 °N以南渔场,平均海面高度距乎、农历日、风速、涡动能,海表温度距平与名义CPUE存在显著关系;南、北渔场,叶绿素a浓度及其距平与名义CPUE不存在显著关系.研究认为,在南、北渔场,月光亮度越亮、风速增强均会使捕捞效率降低,捕捞效率较高的位置常分布于平均海面高度距平高值与低值之间的一些海域;北部渔场,海表温度降低有利于捕捞效率的提高,海表温度梯度对捕捞效率的影响是负效应;南部渔场,海表温度距平过高或过低均不利于捕捞效率的提高,涡动能较大有利于提高鲐鱼的捕捞效率.     

台湾海峡鲐鱼捕捞群体结构及资源开发利用状况

本文根据2003～2004年台湾海峡渔业资源调查资料，结合以往闽南、台湾浅滩渔场鲐鲹鱼类监测资料，研究分析了台湾海峡鲐鱼捕捞群体结构及资源开发利用状况。结果表明：台湾海峡鲐鱼资源主要为灯光围网作业和拖网作业所利用；5、6月在灯光围网作业主要渔获物中鲐鱼占绝对优势，其余各月所占比重均较低，其渔获群体优势叉长组为230～260mm，占60．8％，平均叉长246．1mm，资源利用较合理；而拖网作业捕捞群体以0龄鱼和1龄鱼为主。定点调查表明5月鲐鱼数量分布的主要密集区出现在闽南、台湾浅滩渔场的近岸海域，以幼鱼为主，8月群体较为分散，密集度不高。为合理利用鲐鱼资源，应加强对灯光围网作业扶持力度。     

东海北部秋汛灯围渔情预报的研究

<正> 东海北部机帆船灯光围网是浙江省海洋水产研究所于70年代初试验成功的作业,1978年大面积推广,1984年发展到310组,产量达4万吨,使秋汛成为仅次于冬季带鱼汛的第二大渔汛。但是,灯围的捕捞对象鲐鲹鱼等属于广域性分布的中上层鱼类,资     

闽南、台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网渔业状况分析

根据福建省1987～2003年闽南、台湾浅滩渔场(116°00′～119°30′E,22°00′～24°30′N)灯光围网作业生产统计数据和资源监测资料,分析研究了福建省在该渔场灯光围网作业状况、发展演变和资源利用现状。结果表明:由于单拖作业和流刺网作业的发展,灯光围网作业持续萎缩,在海洋渔业中的地位不断下降;渔船大型化,渔场向深水推进,灯源配置及集鱼并灯技术取得重大突破;主要渔获物中蓝圆鲹占绝对优势,鲐鱼所占比例有上升的趋势,金色小沙丁鱼年间波动明显,颌圆鲹则快速减少,竹鱼近年来产量快速增长。文章还提出改进和提高灯光围网作业捕捞技术和自身竞争力,合理引导部分疏目快拖作业参与中上层鱼类资源的开发利用等优化海区捕捞作业结构、合理开发利用海区渔业资源的管理建议。     

日本金枪鱼鲣鱼远洋渔业基地——烧津港

<正> 3,远洋大型围网渔业这是近十年来日本学习美国大型金枪鱼围网作业而兴起的一种渔法.过去的日本围网渔业,不论单船和双船围网,均属中小型围网,以捕捞鲐、鲹鱼等,1950年左右,引入了100～180总吨级的美式围网船10艘,但试验未获成功.近十数年美式金枪鱼围网渔业发展很快,船型大型化和操作省力化,比之日本的金枪鱼延绳钓渔法,增产十倍.1971年日本     

中、西沙海域2种灯光作业渔船的捕捞特性及其技术效率分析

根据2008年渔港抽样调查数据，应用随机生产边界法和方差分析对中、西沙海域作业的灯光围网船和灯光罩网船的捕捞能力进行了研究。结果表明，灯光围网渔获物以颌圆鲹（Decapterus lajang）、蓝圆鲹（Decapterus mantadsi）、扁舵鲣（Auxis thazard）、羽鳃鲐（Rastrelliger kanagurta）、鲔（Euthynnus alleteratus）和大目金枪鱼（Thunnus obesus）为主，灯光罩网主要渔获种类为柔鱼（Ommastrephes spp．）、蓝圆鲹和颌圆鲹。灯光围网船每网次产量1．00～12．52t，平均4．72t，单位功率网次产量3．38～37．84kg&#183;kW^-1，平均16．96kg&#183;kW^-1。灯光罩网船单船网次产量49．40～451．49kg，平均179．87kg，单位功率网次产量0．22～2．05kg&#183;kW^-1，平均0．77kg&#183;kW^-1。灯光围网船技术效率34．7％-91．7％，平均69．4％。灯光罩网船技术效率50．4％～92．1％，平均78．2％。方差分析表明，影响灯光围网产量的主要因素是投网次数和作业渔区数；影响灯光罩网产量的主要因素是投网次数和网衣长度。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).