恩诺沙星对嗜水气单胞菌的体外药效学研究

研究了恩诺沙星对嗜水气单胞菌体外药效学。主要包括:最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)的测定、生长动力学曲线、杀菌动力学曲线、抗菌后效应、四种培养因子对恩诺沙星体外抑制嗜水气单胞菌活性影响的体外药效学研究。结果表明:MIC、MBC和MBC/MIC分别为0.16μg/mL、0.32μg/mL和2,嗜水气单胞菌在液体培养基中培养2h后进入对数期生长,大约持续10h;在用药4~8h时达到最大药效,由杀菌曲线可知恩诺沙星具有浓度依赖性;浓度为4MIC的抗菌后效应大于8MIC的对应值,但它们之间无显著差异(P0.05);恩诺沙星对嗜水气单胞菌作用的最适pH值为7~8;二价阳离子(Mg2+)对恩诺沙星药效影响较大;随着Mg2+浓度增大,药效降低;血清可降低恩诺沙星的药效;细菌数量对其抗菌活性影响不显著。     

恩诺沙星控制嗜水气单胞菌性鲫败血症的防耐药用药方案

为了合理地使用抗生素,制定防止耐药菌产生的用药方案,本研究利用近年来提出的防耐药突变浓度(MPC)和耐药选择窗(MSW)这两个药效学(PD)参数,并结合药代动力学(PK)参数,制定恩诺沙星防耐药突变用药方案,控制由嗜水气单胞菌引起的鲫细菌性败血症.研究结果显示,恩诺沙星对该致病性嗜水气单胞菌的体外药效学参数为:最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.125μg/mL;2MIC、4MIC、8MIC的抗菌后效应(PAE)分别为(1.67±0.42) h、(2.03±0.17) h、(2.38±0.06) h; MPC为1.125μg/mL; MSW为0.125~1.125μg/mL.根据鲫(Carassius auratus)口灌恩诺沙星后的药代动力学曲线,得出血浆药物浓度>MPC的时间分别为5 h、9.5 h、23 h.PK/PD综合参数:24 h内血药浓度-时间曲线下面积与MIC的比值(AUC24/MIC)分别为137.22、285.15、426.25;峰浓度与MIC的比值(Cmax/MIC)分别为15.05、41.43、52.32.综合血浆药物浓度>MPC的时间超过(24-PAE)h、AUC24/MIC≥100或Cmax/MIC>8的指标,建议恩诺沙星在控制由嗜水气单胞菌引起的鲫细菌性败血症时的给药方案为:给药剂量20 mg/kg体质量,1次/d.根据肌肉内恩诺沙星的药动学方程,药残达到国家限量标准所需时间约为25 d,所以建议休药期不低于25 d.本研究方案也可广泛用于其他水产养殖抗菌药物的防耐药突变用药方案的制定.     

培氟沙星对淡水鱼类细菌出血性败血病药效学研究

为研究培氟沙星对淡水鱼类细菌出血性败血病的防治效果,从而指导临床合理用药,有效控制细菌出血性败血病,进行了体外和体内抗菌药效试验,并通过生产防治试验进行了药效验证。体外抗菌试验采用试管稀释法对致病菌嗜水气单胞菌和温和气单胞菌进行了最小抑菌浓度试验,结果表明,培氟沙星对两种致病菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度均为0.01μg·mL-1和0.02μg·mL-1,而对照药物氟苯尼考、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、恩诺沙星对嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为10、1.25、2.5、0.039μg·mL-1,最小杀菌浓度分别为20、5、10、0.078μg·mL-1;对温和气单胞菌最小抑菌浓度为10、5、5、0.005μg·mL-1,最小杀菌浓度分别为40、10、20、0.02μg·mL-1;除恩诺沙星对温和气单胞菌的抑菌效果好于培氟沙星外,培氟沙星对两种致病菌的抑菌效果均好于其他药物。培氟沙星对人工感染嗜水气单胞菌的鲤鱼体内预防和治疗试验以及生产防治试验的结果,治疗组的成活率达到90%,预防组的成活率为87%;生产防治试验面积1500亩(15亩=1 hm2,下同),有效率达95.46%。     

恶喹酸与诺氟沙星对异育银鲫体内嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌效果比较

在水温(25±2)℃下,给体质量150~200g的异育银鲫分别口灌3种剂量(20、30、40mg/kg)的诺氟沙星和恶喹酸,结合这两种药物对嗜水气单胞菌AH10的体外药效学研究和对异育银鲫单次口灌不同剂量的诺氟沙星、恶喹酸的体内药代动力学,研究诺氟沙星、恶喹酸对异育银鲫体内嗜水气单胞菌AH10的抑菌效果。试验结果表明,恶喹酸和诺氟沙星对嗜水气单胞菌AH10的最小抑菌质量浓度分别为1μg/mL和0.5μg/mL。口灌上述3种剂量恶喹酸、诺氟沙星后,异育银鲫血浆中恶喹酸的最大药物质量浓度分别为4.1μg/mL、6.0μg/mL和8.89μg/mL;诺氟沙星的最大药物质量浓度分别为11.5μg/mL、15.1μg/mL和18.9μg/mL;恶喹酸的最大药物质量浓度/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为4.1、6.0和8.89;诺氟沙星的最大药物质量浓度/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为23、30.2和37.8;恶喹酸0~24h内药—时曲线下面积/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为21.6214、33.1449、39.1846;诺氟沙星0~24h内药—时曲线下面积/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为274.75、451.55、578.35。综合0~24h内药—时曲线下面积/最小抑菌质量浓度、最大药物质量浓度/最小抑菌质量浓度这两个指标可知,诺氟沙星对异育银鲫体内的嗜水气单胞菌AH10抑制效果强于恶喹酸。     

硫酸新霉素控制肠型嗜水气单胞菌性草鱼肠炎病的给药方案

水温(25±2)℃时,给体质量150~200g的草鱼分别口灌4种剂量(10、20、30、40mg/kg)的硫酸新霉素,采用柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法测定血液、肠道和肌肉内的实时药物质量浓度,结合硫酸新霉素对肠型嗜水气单胞菌的体外药效学和草鱼单次口灌不同剂量的硫酸新霉素的体内药代动力学以及硫酸新霉素在肠道内的代谢规律进行研究。结果显示,硫酸新霉素对肠型嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌质量浓度为6μg/mL,抗菌后效应为1h;按不同剂量口灌草鱼后,草鱼肠道内0~24h用药曲线面积/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为52.467、72.963、109.907、136.489;肠道内药物的最大质量浓度/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为10.93、15.24、23.20、28.98;口灌剂量为40mg/kg的硫酸新霉素时,血药质量浓度达峰时间为2h,达峰质量浓度为3.833μg/mL。综合肠道0~24h用药曲线面积/最小抑菌质量浓度和肠道达峰质量浓度/最小抑菌质量浓度2个指标,确定硫酸新霉素对由肠型嗜水气单胞菌引起的草鱼肠炎病的给药方案为:每日给药1次,每次40mg/kg,连续给药3~5d,休药期为8d。     

异育银鲫气单胞菌病的初步研究

从患病的异育银鲫中分离到2株致病菌,经人工回归感染,证实这2株细菌对异育银鲫均具有致病性。API系统(细菌自动鉴定系统)鉴定表明,这2菌株分别为嗜水气单胞菌(W1-L)和温和气单胞菌(S2-S)。药敏实验表明,菌株W1-L对新霉素、头孢拉啶高度敏感,菌株S2-S对新霉素、庆大霉素、头孢呋肟、先锋必等高度敏感。新霉素、土霉素、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星对菌株W1-L的最小抑菌浓度分别为32,256,32,32μg/mL,对菌株S2-S的最小抑菌浓度分别为16,16,32,32μg/mL。     

47种中草药体外抑杀嗜水气单胞菌的药效研究

用琼脂扩散法(打孔法)测定了石榴皮等47种中草药对嗜水气单胞菌的抑制作用,并用二倍稀释法测定28种有抑菌作用的中草药对嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度。结果显示石榴皮的抑菌和杀菌效果最好,其抑菌圈直径超过20mm,最小抑菌质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度均为7.81mg/mL;赤芍次之。虎杖等26种中草药有一定的抑菌和杀菌效果;陈皮等19种中草药无抑菌作用。石榴皮对嗜水气单胞菌的体外抑制效果最好。     

耐喹诺酮类药物嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及电镜观察

本研究对吉林省内12个水域采集和送检的66尾病鱼进行细菌分离鉴定,共检出46株嗜水气单胞菌疑似株,通过生化试验和PCR扩增气溶素基因aer鉴定法,确定其中22株为嗜水气单胞菌。进一步采用纸片扩散法和双倍稀释法测定嗜水气单胞菌分离株对多种抗生素的耐药性,其中部分菌株存在不同程度的耐药性,22株嗜水气单胞菌中有4株对喹诺酮类药物耐药,并且为交叉耐药。其对喹诺酮类药物的抑菌圈均小于19mm。嗜水气单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的检出率为18 2%。将病料中分离的8株嗜水气单胞菌在电镜下观察发现,2株耐药菌表面发现均匀分布的球形结构,而6株敏感菌表面未见此结构。     

大蒜素对嗜水气单胞菌的药效学研究

从药敏及人工感染防治方面研究了大蒜素对2株嗜水气单胞菌的药效学。试管二倍稀释法药敏试验表明，大蒜素对AH1、AH2的最小抑菌浓度分别是15．6mg／mL、1．95mg／mL,经过t检验两者差异极显著。用大口鲶人工感染2株嗜水气单胞菌，预防及治疗试验结果表明。大蒜素对2株不同来源的嗜水气单胞菌的保护率存在显著差异，分析了产生差异的原因。对生产中如何采用大蒜素提出了建议。     

恩诺沙星控制草鱼维氏气单胞菌的用药方案

从四川成都一养殖场大规模发病死亡的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)病灶处分离一株病原菌CiAV01,结合形态学和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌为维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)。回归感染实验结果表明,分离菌株感染草鱼致死率为100%,出现了局部出血、腹腔积水等症状。采用琼脂平板扩散法研究了16种抗生素对分离菌株CiAV01的体外抑菌作用,在供试的抗生素中,恩诺沙星对该分离菌株CiAV01最为敏感。选择恩诺沙星对分离菌株进行体外药效学研究表明,恩诺沙星对分离菌株CiAV01的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.25μg/mL,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为0.50μg/mL,MBC/MIC为2。结合其药物动力学参数和MIC、MBC、防突变浓度(MPC)、突变选择窗(MSW)和抗菌后效应(PAE)制定防突变给药方案为:剂量20 mg/kg、每日一次给药、连续给药3～5 d。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Compositional differences,antioxidant activity,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition,and sensory characteristics of kamaboko fermented in wheat,rice, brown rice,and soybean koji

Fisheries Science - Fermentation of kamaboko in koji with wheat (KW), rice (KR), brown rice (KB), or soybean (KS) was performed by simulation of tofuyo processing. Moisture and protein content...     

Sperm Motilities in Waigieu Seaperch,Psammoperca waigiensis: Effects of Various Dilutions,pH, Temperature,Osmolality, and Cations

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of varying dilutions, pH, temperature, osmolality, and cations on sperm motility parameters in waigieu seaperch, Psammoperca waigiensis. The maximum velocity of average in path (VAP), percentage of motile cells (MOT), and duration of sperm motility (DSM) were observed when semen was diluted in artificial seawater (ASW) at a ratio of 1:100 (144.9 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 95.6 ± 0.4%, and 230.3 ± 2.3 sec, respectively), at 30 C (142.0 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 93.6 ± 0.4%, and 238.3 ± 0.9 sec, respectively), and pH 8 (144.8 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 93.3 ± 0.4%, and 234.0 ± 1.5 sec, respectively). Maximum VAP, MOT, and DSM were obtained in each solution containing 0.6 M NaCl (143.8 ± 1.0 µm/sec, 91.3 ± 2.0%, and 230.6 ± 4.2 sec, respectively), 0.6 M KCl (135.1 ± 3.1 µm/sec, 91.1 ± 3.1%, and 230.3 ± 3.7sec, respectively), 0.2M CaCl₂ (105.3 ± 4.7μm/sec, 47.9 ± 2.7%, and 120.7 ± 1.3 sec, respectively), 0.2 M MgCl₂ (107.3 ± 3.0 m/s, 42.1 ± 3.3%, and 120.3 ± 4.8 sec, respectively), and osmolality of 400 mOsm/kg (145.1 ± 2.5 µm/sec, 93.0 ± 2.1%, and 346.5 ± 4.4s, respectively). We used these mediums as artificial insemination media for fertilizing matured eggs. The results showed that the fertilization and hatching rates in 0.6 M NaCl (75.3 ± 0.6% and 57.0 ± 2.4%, respectively), ASW (70.8 ± 1.2% and 51.2 ± 1.8%, respectively), or 400 mOsm/kg (72.9 ± 1.8% and 55.3 ± 1.6%, respectively) were higher than that in seawater (63.9 ± 1.2% and 39.2 ± 3.9%, respectively). In conclusion, using 0.6 M NaCl, ASW, or 400 mOsm/kg as an artificial insemination medium is effective for fertilizing of waigieu seaperch.