青海湖裸鲤繁殖生物学研究

通过常规生物学测定、组织切片等手段，较详细的研究了青海湖裸鲤的繁殖生物学。卵母细胞从第3时相发育到第4时相基本同步，产后卵巢和精巢的组织学结构恢复到Ⅱ期。青海湖裸鲤为重复产卵类型，以Ⅳ期卵巢越冬，其卵巢1年只成熟1次，已达性成熟的个体并不是每年都进行繁殖活动。青海湖裸鲤性成熟迟、繁殖力低。每年5～7月，裸鲤洄游到沿湖各河流中繁殖，沙柳河、布哈河和黑马河3条河流为其主要产卵场。调查的繁殖群体总的性比(♂：♀)为1．66：1。总繁殖群体中，雄性个体最小体长130．0mm，体重28．0g，年龄4龄；雌性个体最小体长170．0mm，体重51．0g，年龄5龄。青海湖裸鲤性成熟群体的性体指标1年只有1个峰值，出现在繁殖盛期的6～7月。其平均成熟卵径为2．33mm，平均绝对繁殖力为4337．81粒，平均相对繁殖力为27．09粒／g。     

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对青海湖裸鲤的3个洄游繁殖群体-黑马河(HM)、布哈河(BH)及沙柳河(SL)群体各30个个体的DNA多态性进行了分析。用13个引物在三个群体中共检测出85个位点，其中多态性位点68个。青海湖裸鲤群体总的DNA多态位点百分率为80．0％。数据分析结果显示：青海湖裸鲤3个群体总的Nei基因多样性为0．3395，Shannon遗传多样性信息指数为0．4861，存在着较为丰富的遗传多样性。青海湖裸鲤3个群体间平均遗传距离为0．0788，基因分化系数Gst为0．1070，表明3个繁殖群体间产生了一定程度的遗传分化，通过UPGMA方法进行聚类分析显示，HM群体和BH群体优先聚类，表示它们之间的基因交流程度要高于它们分别与SL群体之间的交流。     

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体线粒体基因组D-loop区序列多态性

利用PCR技术扩增青海湖3个不同地区（黑马河，布哈河，沙柳河）的青海湖裸鲤（Cormnocypris przewalskii（Kessler））线粒体D-loop基因片段，测定该基因片段1 005bp序列。通过线粒体基因组D-loop区序列比较分析，对比3个不同地区的83尾青海湖裸鲤的遗传结构进行研究，共检测出多态性位点65个，其中有1个插入位点（b3，nt-569），2个缺失位点（s6和b37，nt-169、nt-170），多态性位点数62。3个群体内的多态性位点分别为黑马河51个、布哈河38个、沙柳河39个，平均核苷酸位点差异数分别为9.377、7.782和7.510。结果表明，不同地区的遗传距离分别为黑马河群体与布哈河群体间的平均遗传距离最小（0.01093），布哈河群体与沙柳河群体次之（0.01423），黑马河群体与沙柳河群体的遗传平均距离最大（0.01909）。3个群体间的遗传平均距离都在0.01以上，而且3个群体间总的遗传分化指数为0.01926，基因流为12.73。UPGMA法构建的分子系统树中，沙柳河群体聚成一支，黑马河和布哈河群体混杂在一起，聚成一支。从序列差异的分析中得出，沙柳河群体与黑马河和布哈河群体的亲缘关系较远；黑马河和布哈河群体亲缘关系较近。以上数据还表明，青海湖裸鲤3个繁殖群体间具有较弱的遗传分化，洄游到同一河流里进行交配繁殖的群体内基因交流作用比较大，而洄游到不同河流进行繁殖的群体间的基因交流相对较小。     

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体线粒体基因组D-1oop区序列多态性

利用PCR技术扩增青海湖3个不同地区(黑马河，布哈河，沙柳河)的青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii(Kessler))线粒体D-loop基因片段，测定该基因片段1005bp序列。通过线粒体基因组D-loop区序列比较分析，对比3个不同地区的83尾青海湖裸鲤的遗传结构进行研究，共检测出多态性位     

长江口刀鲚繁殖群体组成及繁殖性能

为查明当前长江口刀鲚(Coilia nasus)繁殖群体组成及其繁殖性能, 2021 年于长江口刀鲚汛期的 4—6 月在长江口南支水域采集生殖洄游的刀鲚繁殖群体样本 144 尾, 分析了其个体大小、性比、性腺发育分期、条件因子(K_n)、 性体指数(GSI)和繁殖力(F)。结果显示, 采集样本的平均全长(TL)和体重(BW)分别为(318±34) mm 和(97.16±32.05) g, 其中, 于 4 月采集的个体最大。繁殖群体中, 雌性占优, 雌雄性比为 8∶1。在雌性个体中, 不同月份性腺发育期组成不同, 其中 4 月以卵巢发育至 II 期个体为主。K_n 在不同长度组和不同月份间基本一致, 其值接近或大于 1。GSI 从 4 月至 6 月随着性腺不断发育成熟而逐渐增加, 6 月最高。所选成熟个体的繁殖力从 29908 到 74041 粒不等, 平均值为(51073±11302)粒。繁殖力与全长、体重、性腺重均存在正相关关系, 其中繁殖力与性腺重的相关性最高 (R² =0.619), 其次为全长和体重。本研究结果可用于判定当前长江口刀鲚繁殖群体的整体状况, 为后期针对该物种的保护以及管理政策制定和规划调整提供理论依据。     

黑龙江施氏鲟繁殖群体结构现状调查

2010年5月10日-6月20日对黑龙江同江至抚远江段的施氏鲟（Acipenser schrencki）捕捞群体结构进行调查，测量施氏鲟90尾，全长为96～201（150.53±18.93）cm；其中雌性个体全长为 113～201（163.14±22.24）cm；雄性个体全长为96～183（138.48 ±20.55）cm。体重为3～44（18.46±10.17）kg；其中雌性个体体重为7.5～44（24.48±10.33）kg；雄性个体体重为3～30.5（12.70±5.94）kg。繁殖群体的雌雄比例为1:1.05；以16～20龄个体为主，占捕捞群体的37.2%；优势群体在11～25龄，占总群体的84.7%。繁殖群体中雌性的生长方程为:Y=0.00129x3.3169 ,R2=0.9202 ，雄性的生长方程为: Y=0.0029X3.0899, ;R2=0.9375 。     

丹江口水库太湖新银鱼不同繁殖群体的繁殖特征比较

2010年6月—2011年6月,对丹江口水库太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)不同繁殖群体的繁殖生物学特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:太湖新银鱼在该水库产卵时间为1—5月(春群)和9—10月(秋群);其中春季群体的体长(65.79 mm±6.05 mm)、性腺成熟指数(17.26±6.42)、繁殖力(1851粒±342粒)和成熟卵径(0.62 mm±0.05mm)均显著高于秋季群体(体长(55.04 mm±3.18 mm)、性腺成熟指数(11.72±5.01)、繁殖力(1 067粒±190粒)和成熟卵径(0.53 mm±0.04 mm))(P<0.05);但是两个群体的丰满度指数(101.43±19.71,101.87±11.85)差异并不显著(P>0.05)。春群是丹江口水库太湖新银鱼种群的主要补充者,春群管理与控制应是银鱼种群管理的重点。     

细鳞鲴繁殖生物学初步研究

报道了细鳞鲴(Xenocypris microlepis)繁殖生物学的初步调查研究。细鳞鲴雌雄个体在繁殖季节的显著特征是有无“珠星”。繁殖季节雄雌性比为1.55：1，最小性成熟年龄为2龄，繁殖群体主要由2、3龄组成。细鳞鲴的绝对繁殖力F为8247粒至157899粒，平均78629.3粒。体重相对繁殖力FW为 95-487粒，体长相对繁殖力FL为894-5110粒，平均相对繁殖力FW为225.8 ±58.32粒、FL为 2738.4±135.53 粒。其绝对繁殖力F随体长（L）、体重（W）、空壳重（W0）、性腺重（Wx）的增加而增加，对相对繁殖力FL和FW影响较大的分别是性腺重（Wx）和性成熟系数GSI。     

温台渔场日本鲭的繁殖生物学特征

利用2012年春季在温台渔场对日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)繁殖群体连续6批取样的生物学测定数据,对其繁殖生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,叉长340 mm以下群体中,雌雄比基本符合1∶1的性比关系;叉长340 mm以上群体中,雌鱼显著多于雄鱼(P0.05)。GSI随时间的变化结果显示,温台渔场日本鲭的主要繁殖期为3月中旬至4月中旬;不同时间段的雌鱼和雄鱼GSI均总体表现为雌鱼大于雄鱼(P0.05)。不同性腺发育阶段的平均摄食强度总体表现为雄鱼大于雌鱼。不同性腺发育阶段的雌性和雄性的肝指数均雌性显著大于雄性(P0.05)。绝对繁殖力范围为44 017~734 684粒/尾,平均值为(173 867±15 719)粒/尾,优势组为(10~30)×104粒/尾,占70.37%;相对繁殖力范围为187~1 403粒/g,平均值为(538±31)粒/g,优势组为(390~700)粒/g,占66.67%。卵径范围为0.27~1.22 mm,平均值为(0.86±0.01)mm,优势组为0.7~1.1 mm。温台渔场日本鲭的绝对繁殖力低于黄海北部而高于台湾海峡,相对繁殖力高于历史水平,平均卵径小于20世纪80年代,雌雄鱼的最小性成熟叉长均有一定程度的降低。以上结果都说明日本鲭为应对高强度捕捞和环境胁迫压力而采取增加相对繁殖力、减小卵径、提早性成熟等繁殖策略来维持种群数量和保证种群的延续。     

青海湖裸鲤人工驯养和繁育中几个问题的初析

在石家庄这一低海拔地区采用全淡水人工驯养和繁育青海湖裸鲤,经多年的试验研究发现,其性成熟年龄明显提前,雌性从4龄以上提前到不足2龄,雄性从原来的3～4龄以上提前到1龄多;雌、雄性比:原产地的苗种经驯养成熟后,雌、雄鱼的性比例为1∶50～1∶80,而人工驯养培育的亲鱼所繁育的子一代,成熟后的雌雄比为1∶16.25;在全淡水人工饲养条件下,青海湖裸鲤病害很少,生长速度明显加快,亲鱼的怀卵最明显高于野生亲鱼,但雌、雄性个体间和群体间的性腺发育不问步,群体催产率不高.     

长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状

为了探明长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源状况,2014年和2015年连续两年于5―7月在长江中游宜昌江段对产漂流性卵鱼类进行监测,期间共采集鱼卵12209粒。通过分子生物学方法共鉴定出27种鱼类,隶属于2目、4科。其中鲤科鱼类种类数最多,占77%;其次是鳅科,占15%;平鳍鳅科和银鱼科最少,均为4%。鉴定出的27种鱼类中,产漂流性卵鱼类有22种。2014年和2015年长江中游宜昌江段产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量分别为79.1×10~8粒和70.9×10~8粒,其中四大家鱼产卵量分别为5.65×10~8粒和6.13×10~8粒。监测期间共出现7次产卵高峰(2014年4次,2015年3次),集中在6月初及6月中下旬。四大家鱼产卵量日变化与长江流量日变化关联性较强。2014年宜昌断面采集的四大家鱼鱼卵来自采样点上游的葛洲坝下(坝下–庙咀)、宜昌(胭脂坝–云池)和白洋(白洋镇–关州)三处产卵江段,2015年的四大家鱼鱼卵则来自葛洲坝下(坝下–庙咀)、宜昌(胭脂坝–红花套)两个产卵场。和历史资料相比,长江中游宜昌江段四大家鱼产卵场位置略有下移,规模呈减少趋势。建议继续科学适宜地开展生态调度和增殖放流,满足长江中游鱼类繁殖需求。     

采用BioSonicsDT-X超声波回声仪评估青海湖裸鲤资源量及其空间分布

2010年8月10日至8月13日,采用美国BioSonics DT-X(210 kHz)鱼探仪对青海湖中青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przwalskii)资源量及空间分布特征进行了为期4d的水声学调查.分析结果显示:2010年8月青海湖裸鲤在全湖区的平均密度为(1.83±0.36)ind./1000m3,总尾数...     

长江湖口段四大家鱼卵资源及其产卵场分布

为了解长江湖口段四大家鱼卵的资源现状和产卵场位置与产卵规模, 本研究于 2019 年 4 月 19 日至 8 月 5 日利用浮游生物网对湖口江段设置的 4 个采样断面进行逐日调查。调查结果显示: 采集到家鱼卵 93 粒, 其中以鲢为绝对优势, 占家鱼卵总数的 80.65%。本次研究采集到的受精卵瞬时发育时期共 9 期, 主要是尾芽出现期、囊胚期和原肠早期, 分别占总家鱼卵数的 32.26%、24.73%和 15.05%, 结合水流情况, 推算出四大家鱼产卵场分布于湖口江州、武穴龙坪和黄冈蕲州 3 个江段附近, 产卵规模分别为 0.49×10⁸ ind、0.68×108 ind 和 0.38×10⁸ ind, 与历史资料相比其位置无明显变化, 但产卵规模显著下降。研究期间, 1 号断面的鱼卵平均日丰度为 1.52 ind/1000 m3, 显著高于 2 号(0.88 ind/1000 m3)和 3 号断面(0.43 ind/1000 m3)。运用 Pearson 检验分析表明, 四大家鱼卵日丰度与水流量日上涨率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与水位日上涨率和流速呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。时隔 50 余年, 本研究再次报道了长江中下游衔接水域四大家鱼产卵场位置与产卵规模, 为四大家鱼资源保护提供基础资料。     

Multiple spawning and related variations in female reproductive parameters of amphidromous type ayu

Adult ayu Plecoglossus altivelis were sampled from the Nezugaseki River, Yamagata Prefecture to investigate the reproductive parameters and analyze their variations related to multiple spawning. Ovarian histology (mainly based on the occurrence of postovulatory follicles) indicated that female ayu can be divided into four groups, which are considered to correspond with unspawned, once spawned, twice spawned, and three (or more) times spawned individuals. Comprehensive analysis of the ovarian state with field surveys revealed that most of the female ayu achieve second spawning and that third spawning is very common in this river. Mean relative batch fecundity (RBF) for the second, third, and fourth spawning indicated 69, 42, and 22%, respectively, of the value for the first spawning, showing a decline with the number of spawning batches. Mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of non-ovulating fish showed a similar decline during the main spawning period (October). Condition factor (without gonads) during autumn also decreased with the number of batches spawned, suggesting that multiple spawning is achieved partly by transfer of body mass nutrients to the ovary. Size dependency in reproductive parameters such as occurrence of the multiple spawning, RBF values, and GSI values of the unspawned fish, was not evident except for GSI values in early September (generally during the early phases of ovarian development), when larger fish had larger GSI.     

黄河河南段非漂流性卵鱼类产卵场现状调查

为了掌握黄河河南段鱼类产卵场的分布现状,2013-2015年的每年3-7月,采用卫星GPS定位,实地走访渔民,采集鱼卵和仔稚鱼,捕获并解剖分析繁殖亲鱼,同步进行理化因子测定和环境指标监测。结果表明,黄河河南段鱼类规模产卵场共有30处,主要分布在河边浅滩、河流消落区和河心岛等水生生物资源丰富、适合非漂流性卵鱼类产卵孵化的水域。监测调查270d,采集主要鱼类标本1 156尾,各产卵场的鱼类优势种组成差异明显。产卵经济鱼类有鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鲶(Silurus asotus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)共计7种。黄河南段主要经济鱼类产卵场的分布位置及范围规模存在明显的地域差异。为保护黄河南段经济鱼类及其产卵场,提出了具体的保护措施。     

Effect of dietary protein level on the reproductive performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

The effects of five dietary protein levels (25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45%) on the individual spawning frequency and the egg production of 135 tagged female Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), were studied from 8 May to 19 November 1996 in outdoor concrete tanks. Virtually identical spawning patterns were found in all treatments, but there was a great deal of variation in the frequency of spawning and egg production. Overall, individual spawning frequency varied from one to 14 and individual egg production from 31 to 2828 eggs per spawning. The average number of spawnings and average number of eggs per spawning for fish receiving dietary protein levels of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% were 8.0 ±1.6, 8.4 ± 2.2, 8.5 ± 2.7, 8.4 ± 2.5 and 9.4 ± 2.1 spawnings, and 1167 ± 305, 1082 ± 410, 1288 ± 324, 1145 ± 389 and 1328 ± 311 eggs per spawning, respectively. Fish receiving 45% dietary protein spawned more frequently than fish receiving 25% dietary protein. The total number of eggs produced per female was significantly higher for females fed 45% protein feed than females receiving 25% and 30% protein feeds. No definite trend was found in the number of eggs produced per spawning and the number of eggs produced per gram in females fed at different protein levels. Based on weekly checking, the time interval between spawnings varied from 7 to 77 days, and mean spawning intervals ranged from 15.8 to 17.1 days. Sixty per cent of females spawned after an interval 14 days, 15% after 21 days, 13.6% after 7 days, 7.2% after 28 days, 1.8% after 35 days and 1.0% after 42 days, and the time interval was 49-77 days for the rest of the females (1.5%). In all treatments, maximum spawning activity was recorded from May to August, and thereafter, it gradually decreased and no spawning females were found in November.     

Effect of water temperature on individual reproductive activity of pollack (Pollachius pollachius)

The effects of water temperature on pollack (Pollachius pollachius) spawning features were individually assessed. During the spawning period, nine fish sets, each composed of one female and two males (mean body weight: 2.5±1.0 kg), were placed in small-volume tanks (2 m³). Fish sets were held at 8, 10, or 12 °C (n=3 for each temperature).Three females released eggs at 8 and 10 °C, while only two spawned at 12 °C. One hundred thirty-one individual spawns were collected from the eight spawning fish sets. The number of spawns collected per female was significantly lower at 12 °C (3.0±3.6), compared to 10 °C (17.3±10.1) and 8 °C (23.3±2.5). Egg number (eggs kg⁻¹ BW) was significantly lowered at 12 °C (26,068±35,989) compared to 10 °C (323,230±136,796) and 8 °C (599,612±249,545). The number of viable eggs (eggs kg⁻¹ BW) was significantly lower at 12 °C (4,175±7,167) compared to 8 °C (192,034±145,870).When incubated at a common temperature of 10 °C, hatching and malformation percentages were significantly enhanced for breeders maintained at 8 °C (respectively, 35.8±8.5–7.3±1.4%) compared to 10 °C (9.8±8.0–2.3±1.8%). Then, pooling data were recorded at the three temperatures; a significant decrease of egg diameter with time was observed.The individual reproductive activity of pollack experienced by breeders was deeply affected by temperature during the spawning period. A temperature of 12 °C is suggested to be close to the temperature reproduction upper limit in this species.     

GnRHa‐induced Multiple Spawns and Volition Spawning of Captive Spotted Rose Snapper,Lutjanus guttatus,at Mazatlan,Mexico

Sexual maturation and induced spawning treatments were carried out with captive spotted rose snapper, Lutjanus guttatus. A total of 3013 × 10⁶ eggs (64.7% were floating) were produced from eight treated females in 42 spawns induced with GnRHa implants during the course of the present study. GnRHa ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer effective doses were 204 ± 11 µg/kg in June 2005, and 224 ± 13 µg/kg in July 2005. General fertilization was 50.9 ± 34.5% and 12–14 h after spawning, viability of floating eggs was 90.4 ± 12.4%. Mean incubation period at 29–31 C was 18–20 h, and mean hatching was 94.4 ± 8.2% (73–100%). Newly hatched larvae were 2.18 ± 0.15 mm in total length (TL). One month after the last hormone experiment, previously GnRHa‐treated and untreated fish began spawning voluntarily. Hormone‐treated breeders had higher fecundity than untreated fish, producing 72.5 million eggs versus 13.9 million eggs for the untreated fish, over the following 11 mo. Combined data of volitional spawning for total egg fertilization, viability, hatching, and larval TL were 77.7 ± 1.8%, 90.3 ± 1.3%, 87.9 ± 2%, and 2.50 ± 0.12 mm, respectively. These results can ensure the sustainability of a commercial hatchery.     

Spawning site fidelity and apparent annual survival of walleye (Sander vitreus) differ between a Lake Huron and Lake Erie tributary

Fidelity to spawning habitats can maximise reproductive success of fish by synchronising movements to sites of previous recruitment. To determine the role of reproductive fidelity in structuring walleye Sander vitreus populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes, we used acoustic telemetry combined with Cormack–Jolly–Seber capture–recapture models to estimate spawning site fidelity and apparent annual survival for the Tittabawassee River in Lake Huron and Maumee River in Lake Erie. Walleye in spawning condition were tagged from the Tittabawassee River in Lake Huron and Maumee River in Lake Erie in 2011–2012. Site fidelity and apparent annual survival were estimated from return of individuals to the stream where tagged. Site fidelity estimates were higher in the Tittabawassee River (95%) than the Maumee River (70%) and were not related to sex or fish length at tagging. Apparent annual survival of walleye tagged in the Tittabawassee did not differ among spawning seasons but was higher for female than male walleye and decreased linearly as fish length increased. Apparent annual survival of walleye tagged in the Maumee River did not differ among spawning seasons but was higher for female walleye than male walleye and increased linearly as fish length increased. Greater fidelity of walleye tagged in the Tittabawassee River than walleye tagged in the Maumee River may be related to the close proximity to the Maumee River of other spawning aggregations and multiple spawning sites in Lake Erie. As spawning site fidelity increases, management actions to conserve population structure require an increasing focus on individual stocks.     

赣江下游丰城江段鱼类早期资源现状调查

对赣江鱼类早期资源的调查,可为赣江鱼类资源保护以及水利工程生态调度提供科学依据.2017年5-7月,在赣江丰城段使用圆锥网采集鱼卵和弶网采集仔鱼,对鱼类早期资源种类组成、产卵规模和产卵场进行分析.结果显示,调查期间共采集鱼卵11215粒,仔鱼12645尾,隶属于4目、8科、36种,其中产漂流性卵鱼类24种.估算调查期间通过丰城段卵苗径流量为66.66×１０^８粒(尾),其中鱼卵径流量63.84×10^8 粒,鱼苗径流量2.82×10^8 尾;“四大家鱼”卵苗径流量为0.11×10^8 粒(尾),其中鱼卵径流量0.07×10^8 粒,鱼苗径流量0.04×10^8 尾.调查期间出现3次产卵高峰,集中在6 月上、中旬.各类群鱼卵数量呈现出不同的时间动态,银鮈(Squalidusargentatus)产卵高峰期主要出现在5月,银鲴(Xenocyprisargentea)、鳊(Parabramispekinensis)、赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbuscurriculus)以及“四大家鱼”则主要出现在6月.研究表明,峡江水利枢纽运行后,邻近峡江水利枢纽的巴邱“四大家鱼”产卵场消失,但其下游的仁和、新干产卵场保存较完整,在离坝较远的大洋洲镇江段新调查到一处“四大家鱼”产卵场.建议开展生态调度及增殖放流活动,以保护赣江鱼类资源.