虾池浮激植物初级生产力的研究

用黑白瓶测氧法对辽宁省庄河青堆水产公司虾池整个养殖期间（５－９月）浮游植物初级生产力进行研究。虾池浮游植物的初级生产力为（５．４５±２．３６）ｇＯ２／（ｍ＾２．ｄ），日Ｐ／Ｂ系数为２．３９（０．６７－６．６６），浮游植物对太阳有效辐射的利用率为０．７８（０．２４－２．１８）％，浮游植物毛产量到虾产量的转化效率为７．４１％；回归分析表明，浮游植物生物量和太阳有效辐射量是决定虾池浮游植物初级生产力大小     

江河船体网箱养鱼初步研究

单船（船体网箱）饲养面积１２８．７ｍ＾２，平均水深１ｍ，泊于涪江合川江段；年初投放丰鲤鱼种５Ｔ，经９０－２５７天饲养，产出成鱼２７．７３Ｔ平均单产２１５．４４ｋｇ／ｍ＾３，获得３．２５７万元，试验表明，在放养密度３５－４０ｋｇ／ｍ＾３，水温≥１５℃，积温４３００度日条件下饲养２００天，入箱鱼种规格（Ｘ，Ｇ／尾）与出箱成鱼规格（Ｙ１，Ｇ／尾及单位水体成鱼净产量（Ｙ２，ｋｇ／ｍ＾３畅之间的关系为：Ｙ１     

利用生物改善虾池底质试验

在老化污染虾池中移植沙蚕等底栖生物，明显改善了虾池底质。１９９３、１９９４年试验池比对照池分别增产４０．５％和５８．５％，平均规格大０．６９ｃｍ和０．４１ｃｍ，成活率提高１９％和８．１％。１９９４年１２月专家鉴定认为，本试验居国内领先水平。     

广西梧州地区若干水库浮游动物及其渔业利用

本文研究了梧州地区１５座重点水库的浮游动物种类组成、现存量以及渔业利用，该地区共有浮游动物６３属９２种，浮游动物的平均数量为１９０９个／Ｌ（１８４－４１９９个／Ｌ）；平均生物量为：１．３６１６ｍｇ／Ｌ（０．０７６５－３．９２５８ｍｇ／Ｌ）。浮游动物所提供的总鱼产量为９８５．５３ｔ。     

白莲湖水化学研究

本文对白莲湖精养期间的水化学进行了研究１）该湖属Ｓｉ＾Ｎａ含盐量，总碱度和总硬度均偏低。２）有效氮含量平均０．７２８毫克／升，其中ＮＨ４－Ｎ，占９７．５％，ＰＯ＾３－Ｐ平均０．０１５毫克／升，Ｎ／Ｐ平均４８．５，磷是限制性营养元素，硅酸盐（ＳｉＯ２）适中，３）ＰＨ，ＤＯ适宜，ＣＯＤ平均１２．１５毫克／升，ＤＯ和ＣＯＤ各对应的底表层均呈正相关。     

鱼用常用催产剂的性能及使用剂量

一、鱼用绒毛膜促性腺激素（ＨＣＧ） （１）用途：促进各种养殖鱼类产卵、排精。 （２）使用剂量（以下均为雌亲鱼剂量，雄亲鱼减半）。 ①鲢、鳙鱼亲鱼：ＨＣＧ８００－１２００ＩＵ／ｋｇ． ②草鱼亲鱼：ＨＣＧ８００ＩＵ／ｋｇ＋垂体２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（１ｍｇ垂体相当于１个０．５ｋｇ重的鲤鱼垂体）。 ③青鱼亲鱼：分两次注射，第一次注射垂体０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，间隔２０小时再第二次注射ＨＣＧ２４００－３００ＩＵ／ｋｇ． ④团头鲂亲鱼：ＨＣＧ１６００—２４００ＩＵ／ｋｇ． ⑤泥鳅： ＨＣＧ２５０－５００ＩＵ／尾或ＨＣＧ１５～２０…     

氨氮对三角帆蚌及鱼中毒死亡分析

在水温２８℃，ｐＨ９．５，ＤＯ５．５５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，总氨７４．３６ｍｇ／Ｌ，非离子氨５１．６７ｍｇ／Ｌ的水域，对不同年龄及同一年龄不同规格的三角帆蚌进行了比较。其结果是，不同年龄蚌，幼蚌（一龄蚌）死亡４９．５％，成蚌（三龄蚌）死亡５．１％，老蚌（六龄以上）死亡１１．７％；而同一年龄不同规格的幼蚌６．５－７．７ｃｍ的死亡７４．３％，７．５－９．８ｃｍ的死亡２３．８％。蚌、鱼直接经济损失２１０００多元。     

双齿围沙蚕人工育苗生产性试验

介绍了双齿围沙蚕育苗生产的全过程。６￣７月份，利用对虾育苗室及其设备，采捕自然海域上浮的异沙蚕体，孵化密度５０￣１００万粒／ｍ＾３，经３５ｄ培养，幼体平均体长１．５（０．５￣３．０）ｃｍ，１３６ｍ＾２出苗量４５５万条，平均３２６２５条／ｍ＾２。三刚节幼虫至四刚节幼虫成活率７０％，四刚节幼虫至底栖成活率４９．４％，底栖后至出池成活率４７．９％。     

网箱养殖鳜鱼的试验研究

本试验在河汉中进行，设置网箱３只，采用由大规格鱼种入箱、在一个网箱内一年养殖两荐和由夏花入箱、当年养成、在一个网箱内一年养殖在荐两种养殖方式。２年试验结果，共产鳜６２３Ｋｇ，平均单产为５．１３ｋｇ／ｍ＾３，饵料系数为５．３－５．９，增重倍数为５．４９－１８．７５，成本为２６．９８－３４．９２元／ｋｇ，利润２５．０８－３３．０２元／ｋｇ。     

对虾养殖围隔生态系浮游细菌的数量动态

对５个对虾养殖围隔生态系浮游细菌的数量动态进行了研究。结果表明：浮游细菌数量波动在（０．４１～１０．６３）×１０６ｍｌ－１之间，平均为（４．２９±２．４４）×１０６ｍｌ－１。随着养殖时间的推移，细菌数量逐渐上升，细菌数量昼夜间呈现较大波动。细菌数量与水温、总有机质的化学需氧量（ＴＣＯＤ）、溶解态有机质的化学需氧量（ＤＣＯＤ）呈现显著正相关，与颗粒态有机质的化学需氧量（ＰＣＯＤ）、浮游动、植物生物量无显著相关性。     

Intensive Culture Potential of Penaeus vannamei

Tank and pond rearing studies were conducted to assess the potential for intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Postlarvae were stocked in intensive nursery tanks at 500/ m². Growth and survival were compared for shrimp reared in control fiberglass tanks and in tanks with artificial substrates (fiberglass screen). Addition of substrate improved survival (82% versus 58%), but not growth. Juvenile shrimp (mean weight, 1.3 g) from the nursery trial were stocked into 6 m diameter tanks at densities of 10, 20 and 40/m². Growth rate was inversely related to stocking density, with mean sizes of 33.9, 32.5, and 26.7 g attained at the low, medium, and high densities respectively after 168 days. At harvest, standing crop biomass averaged 225.6, 442.0, and 685.4 g/m² for the three densities. To further test the intensive culture potential, two 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with hatchery-reared postlarvae at densities of approximately 40 and 45/m². The ponds were managed intensively using paddlewheel aerators and water exchange averaging 16–17%/day. The ponds were harvested after 138 and 169 days and yielded 6,010 kg/ha of 16.7 g (mean weight) shrimp and 7,503 kg/ha of 17.9 g shrimp, respectively. Average production was 6,757 kg/ha with a food conversion of 2.51. These data suggest good potential for intensive pond culture of P. vannamei in South Carolina and other areas of the continental United States.     

Growth Trial with the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica Using Shrimp Pond Water as Feed

This study was conducted to quantify the potential of Crassostrea virginica biculture using marine shrimp pond water. It was envisioned that this biculhre could avoid cost and reliability problems associated with the mass production of algae as oyster feed. Such problems contributed to the failure of previous attempts to commercialize oyster culture.
Oysters were reared in each of two flow through 310 L tanks receiving shrimp pond water from selected commercial semi-intensive shrimp ponds. In each tank, pond water was delivered to the upper trays and flowed downward through each of two seven tray stacks. For both tanks, mean oyster growth rate (2 g/wk) and survival (79%) from seed (0.04 g) to market size (55.0 g) compared favorably with previous reports and for the first time approximated the growth projected in a 1968 engineering study by American Cyanamid (Calbo et al. 1968).
Oyster growth within and between tanks indicated a relationship between biomass and exchange rates. During a 65 d controlled monitoring period mean oyster growth rates of 3.7 g/wk were achieved in upper trays of both tanks. Data are provided to estimate optimum pond water flow rate and oyster biomass relationships. The prospects for shrimp and bivalve co-culture appear promising.     

高位池地膜鱼虾混养试验

2003年3月27日—8月7日在海南省文昌市龙楼耶湾对虾养殖场采用高位池铺地膜进行南美白对虾和鲻鱼混养试验。试验结果：南美白对虾平均单产934kg／667m^2，鲻鱼平均单产40kg／667m^2，平均利润1．68元／667m^2；该养殖模式对改善池塘生态环境、减少病害发生和增产增收起着积极的作用。     

Pond production of Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed grain distillers dried yeast

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of four diets formulated to contain increasing levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg^?1 of diet) of grain distillers dried yeast (GDDY) in production diets for Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in outdoor tanks or production ponds. The production pond trial was carried out in 16, 0.1‐ha ponds using four replicates per diet. Juvenile shrimp (38.1 ± 4.26 mg, initial weight) were stocked at 30 shrimp m^?2 for a 16‐week period. The same four diets and a commercial reference diet were offered to shrimp maintained in outdoor tanks over a 12‐week period. A total of 20 tanks were stocked with juvenile shrimp (3.05 ± 0.22 g, initial weight) obtained from production ponds at a density of 30 shrimp per tank (40 shrimp m^?2). At the conclusion of these trials, mean final weight ranged from 19.77 to 23.05 g, yield ranged between 4760 and 5606 kg ha^?1, survival ranged from 69.6% to 89.4%, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was between 1.02 and 1.23. Shrimp reared in the outdoor tanks confirmed the results of the pond trial. Mean final weight ranged between 18.12 and 18.97 g, survival ranged from 93.3% to 98.3%, and FCR was between 1.25 and 1.29. In both trials, there were no significant differences regarding mean final weight, FCR and survival among dietary treatments. Based on this study, GDDY up to 150 g kg^?1 of diet can be used in L. vannamei commercial feed formulation.     

The Effect of Varying Biomass of Carryover Fish in Multiple‐batch Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Pond Production

The presence of carryover (fish >350 g stocked the previous year but not yet market size) channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in multiple‐batch production ponds has been shown to affect overall production performance and costs. However, little attention has been paid to effects of varying biomasses of carryover fish in ponds. Twelve 0.1‐ha earthen ponds were stocked March 20, 2007, with 15,000 catfish fingerlings per ha (mean weight 31 g), and carryover fish at either 726, 1460, or 2187 kg/ha (mean weight 408 g, range 204–703 g) to compare the effect of three different biomasses of carryover catfish on the production performance of understocked fingerlings. Gross and net yields increased with increasing biomass of carryover fish. Growth and mean weight at harvest of fingerlings were significantly greater at the lowest biomass of carryover fish (<1460 kg/ha), but there was no difference between the medium and high carryover density treatments. Net returns were highest with the highest biomass of carryover fish, but fell by $688/ha in Year 2 because of slower growth of fingerlings in Year 1.     

The Culture of Penaeus semisulcatus in Israel

Growth performance data on Penaeus semisulcatus under semi-intensive pond culture conditions were collected in Israel between 1985 and 1987. In 1985, shrimp growth, from PL to 21.5 g, was accomplished in separate nursery and grow-out phases. Pond production during the grow-out phase was 3,000 and 3,943 kg/ha, and mean weight was 21.5 g. Shipments to Europe revealed a need to produce larger shrimp to maximize revenues. Any increase in individual shrimp weight at harvest would require new management practices. Juvenile shrimp (3.4 to 6.3 g) were held during the winter of 1986 in open ponds and restocked in grow-out ponds in the spring of 1987. Shrimp survival during overwintering was 12 and 15%. A maximum mean shrimp weight of 25.6 g and a maximum pond production of 7,451 kg/ha were obtained in 1987 using this strategy. It is possible that comparable pond production results and shrimp weight, but with higher overall shrimp survival, could be obtained by headstarting shrimp in greenhouses. Two major problems that need to be solved before commercial shrimp culture can succeed in Israel are the formulation of a locally produced feed and the out-of-season induced maturation and spawning of P. scmisulcarus .     

Use of soy protein concentrate in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under field conditions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production response of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with production diets containing increasing percentages (0, 4, 8, and 12%) of soy protein concentrate (SPC). The diets were commercially produced and evaluated in outdoor tanks and 0.1-ha production ponds. In the outdoor green water tank system, the four test diets and a commercial reference diets were offered to juvenile shrimp (1.0 g initial weight) reared over a 10-week period at a stocking density of 30 shrimp per tank. At the conclusion of the tank trial, there were differences in final weight (13.5–15.0) biomass (399 g–432 g), and FCR (1.17–1.28) with the reference diet generally producing significantly better results than the test diets albeit there were no significant differences among the SPC test diets. In addition, the test diets were evaluated in 0.1-ha ponds using four replicates per diet. Nursed juvenile shrimps (0.013 g initial weight) were stocked at 35 shrimp m⁻² and were cultured under standardized pond production conditions for 18 weeks. At the conclusions, net yield (4,190–5,051 kg/ha), final mean weight (13.5–15.7 g), survival (86.7–93.3%), and FCR (1.3–1.59) were evaluated with no significant differences between dietary treatments. The results from this study demonstrated that SPC inclusion up to 12% SPC in soybean-based diet can be used in commercial feed formulations for L. vannamei without causing negative effect on growth, feed conversion, survival and net yield.     

Paddlewheel Effects on Shrimp Growth, Production and Crop Value in Commercial Earthen Ponds

The effects of continuous paddlewheel operation on shrimp growth, yield and crop value were studied in Hawaii. Six 0.4 ha earthen ponds were stocked with Penaeus vannamei at 25 postlarvae/m². Three ponds served as controls with no mechanical aeration or mixing. Each of the other three ponds had two 1 hp paddlewheel aerators (3.7 kw/ha) running continuously throughout the five month trial (29 April-8 October 1986). All other management factors were applied uniformly.
Daily water temperature and use were significantly different between treatments. Paddlewheel ponds had lower water temperatures (28.3 vs. 28.5 C) and lower water use (0.8% exchange per day vs. 2.2% exchange per day) than control ponds.
Faster shrimp growth in paddlewheel ponds was evident in week 8. At week 14, mean shrimp body weights and growth rates were significantly greater. Shrimp at harvest were 21.2 ± 2.6 g in paddlewheel ponds versus 15.3 ± 2.6 g in control ponds. Mean shrimp production was 2,852 ± 222 kg/ha in paddlewheel ponds compared to only 2,061 ± 558 kg/ha in controls. Mean crop value was $13,719 per pond per crop for paddlewheel ponds versus $9,111 for control ponds. Hence, paddlewheels afforded an increase of 42% in net crop value after subtracting purchase and operating costs.     

Disinfection, Microbial Community Establishment and Shrimp Production in a Prototype Biosecure Pond

Plankton community establishment and shrimp production in a prototype biosecure pond were compared to three control ponds. The biosecure pond was enclosed and intake water was disinfected, while control ponds were neither enclosed nor disinfected. All ponds were managed with no water exchange and stocked with 100 postlarvae/m², Litopenaeus vannamei . Residual oxidant concentrations in the biosecure pond dropped rapidly after cessation of chlorinated water addition. This was followed by a sharp increase in water column bacterial abundance, after which the pond was fertilized and inoculated with cultured Chaetocerous gracilis . After crash of the initial C. gracilis bloom in the biosecure pond, this species was not observed again. Following initial large fluctuations in biosecure pond bacterial abundance, phytoplankton biomass, oxygen consumption and nitrification rates, these parameters appeared to stabilize at levels similar to the control ponds. Early season compositional differences in phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacterial communities were observed. No differences were seen in late-season phytoplankton and bacteria; however, zooplankton biomass tended to be lower in the biosecure pond than in the control ponds throughout the season. Shrimp production in all ponds was greater than 9,000 kg/ha. Production in the single biosecure pond was not a significant outlier compared to production in the triplicate control ponds.     

Preliminary Comparisons of the Native Penaeus setiferus and Pacific P. vannamei White Shrimp for Pond Culture in South Carolina, USA

Two pond experiments were conducted at the Waddell Mariculture Center to compare production characteristics of the native Penaeus setiferus and Pacific P. vannamei white shrimp in South Carolina. In 1985, 7–9 day old postlarval P. setiferus were stocked in one 0.1 and one 0.25 ha ponds, while P. vannamei of the same age were stocked in one 0.1 and one 0.25 ha ponds, while P. vannamei of the same age were stocked in one 0.1, one 0.25, and one 0.5 ha ponds. Both species were stocked at 12 shrimp/m². The shrimp were fed a 25% protein commercial food and harvested by draining after 147 d. Sarvival in all ponds was > go%, but growth and production of the P. setiferus were considerably lower than values obtained for P. vannamei: 12.8 g and 1,555 kg/ha/crop for P. satiferus versus 19.7 g and 2,477 kg/ha/crop for P. vannamei. In 1989, duplicate 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with P. setiferus and P. vannamei at 60 shrimp/m², and two additional 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with P. setiferus at 40/m². The P. setiferus postlarvae were produced at the Waddell Center from captive-reared and wild South Carolina brood stock. Rearing procedures involved paddlewheel aeration (10 hp/ha), regular water exchange (averaging 16–21%/d in all ponds), and use of a 40% protein feed. Due to the availability of postlarvae, the various treatments were stocked at different times. Both P. setiferus treatments were reared for 145 d, while the P. vannamei were reared for 165 d. P. setiferus at the 40/m² density attained mean size, survival, and standing crop biomass at harvest of 13.5 g, 97.5% and 5,259 kg/ha/crop, respectively. The 60/m²P. setiferus treatment was stocked 2 wk earlier and yielded 15.2 g mean weight, 87.5% survival, and 7,995 kg/ha/crop at harvest. The P. vannamei 60/m² treatment, which was stocked 3 wk earlier than any of the P. setiferus, produced mean size, survival and standing crop biomass at harvest of 17.1 g, 69.5% and 7,187 kg/ha/crop. Both survival and production levels would have been higher had not one replicate experienced a partial mortality due to a feeding accident. The 1989 study yielded what is thought to be the highest production levels yet achieved with P. setiferus in pond culture. These results suggest that P. setiferus may be a viable alternative to P. vannamei for intensive cultivation in the continental U.S. when P. vannamei are unavailable. Further evaluation of this potential is needed.